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Fire Management Notes),P.O United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Fire Management Volume 49, No.3 1988 Notes United States Department of Fire Agriculture 2!~~'!'kd Forest Service Mootneos Volume 49, NO.3 N( devoted to forest fire management 1988 Fire ManagementNotes Is published by the Forest service of the United Slates Contents Department01 Agriculture,Washington, D.C. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the-publication 01 this p&Jiodical is 3 Fire Protection Project in China necessaryin the transaction 01the public Fred A. Fuchs business required by raw ot this Department. Subscriptionsmay be obtained from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting OtIice, Washington, 8 Downbursts and Wildland Fires: A Dangerous D.C. 20402 Combination NOTE·· The use of trade, Ilrm, or corporation Donald A. Haines names in this publication is lor the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not ccnsntute an official endorsementof any product or service by the 11 Celebrity Wildfire Prevention U.S. Department of Agriculture. Maynard Stoddard Disclaimer: Individual authors are responslblefor the technical accuracy 01 the materialpresented In Fire Mimagement 12 Georgia's Fire Simulator Notes. John R. Burns, Jr. Send suggestions and artICles to Chiel, Forest Service (Attn: Fire Management Notes),P.O. Box 96090, U.S. Departmentof 14 Interagency Regional Training Groups Agriculture, Washington, DC 20090-6090. Richard E. lyng, Secretary James B. Whitson U.S. Department01Agriculture F. Dale Robertson,Chief 16 Estimating Slope for Predicting Fire Behavior Forest ServICe Patricia L. Andrews LA. Amicarella, DJrector Fire and Aviation Management Frands R. Russ, 19 Railroad Fire Prevention Course General Manager James Miller 22 The Georgia Rural Fire Defense Program Don C. Freyer 24 Production Guidelines for Initial Attack Hotspotting Dennis Quintilio, Peter J. Murphy, and Paul M. Woodard 28 Wildland Interagency Engine: A Pilot Program Troy Corn 32 Fourth International Forest Firefighting Course Paul J. Weeden 34 Fire Management in Israel Kimberly Brandel. Mike Rogers, and Gordon Reinhart 38 Let's Stop Fighting Forest Fires William B. Martini Co~er: Fire lookouttower in Israel. See story on p. 34. 2 Fire Management Notes Fire Protection Project in. China Fred A. Fuchs As.\"isfant director, USDA Forest Service. Fire and Aviation Management, Washington, DC In May 1987, a huge fire burned started May 6. 1987, and lasted 28 The DXAL is the main timber 1,330,000 hectares (3,286,385 acres) days, blackening an area of base in China. Its current forest area in the northeastern part of the Peo­ 1.330,000 hectares (3,286,385 acres) is 10 percent of China's total forest, ple's Republic of China, damaging and damaging a forest area of the standing volume 13 percent. It 870,000 hectares (2,149,770 acres) 870,000 hectares (2,149,740 acres). has a mean standing volume of 100 of forest area, 10,08 I homes in 3 It was the most serious loss since the cubic meters (3,53 I ft') per year. towns, and much equipment. foundation of the People's Republic The dominant species, larch (Larix The fire occurred in the Daxingan­ of China (1949). gmelini), constitutes 70 percent of ling Forest Area (DXAL) lying in the China classifies fire in the four fol­ the total standing volume; the second northwestern comer of northeast lowing ways (one sets the size limits most common species or 19 percent China and covering the most north­ for a warning fire; the other three for of the total is white birch (Betula erly parts of Heilongjiang Province forest fires): spp.). Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Size Classification var. mongolica), oak (Quercus spp.), Region. This forest region is the Less than I ha Warning fire poplar (Populus spp.), spruce (Picea largest resource of natural forest in 1-100 ha Fire koraiensis), and others make up the China. It is separated from the Union 100 -1,000 ha Big fire remaining portion. of Soviet Socialist Republics on the 1,000 ha or In recognition of the rising demand north and east sides by the Heilong­ larger Huge fire for forest products and the country's jiang (Amur) River and on the west In the DXAL, there are nearly 200 shrinking natural forest resources, the side by a major tributary, the Ergun warning fires and 100 forest fires Chinese have embarked on a long­ He. The region measures some 740 each year with a total burned area term program of forestry and forest kilometers (460 mil from south to hefore 1980 of 150,000 hectares industry development designed to north and ranges from 203 to 583 (370.500 acres), a forest damage rate make China self-sufficient in wood­ kilometers (125 to 360 mil east to of 0.9 percent, a much higher rate based projects. The disastrous fires west. Its geographic coordinates are than in other areas in China. The of May 1987 in Heilongjiang, the 4T to 53° north latitude and I 19° to burned timberland average is 1,300 country's major source of industrial 127° east longitude. hectares (3,200 acres) per fire. For timber, have further exaggerated the example, before 1980, in the Song­ already precarious situation of declin­ The Fire Problem in the DXAL ling and Yangshu Forestry Bureaus, ing forest resources in which the and its Importance huge fires broke out every 3 to 5 country finds itself today. Since this years. Now most of these two for­ region started its development, much Forest fires are frequent and severe estry bureaus have been changed into work has been done, and some in China's forest areas. The DXAL open forests and bared mountains achievements in fire have been has more frequent fire occurrence with a forest coverage of only 10 to gained. However, the severe fire sit­ than any other part of China. Forest 20 percent. uation has not been essentially fire loss constitutes 20 to 25 percent The DXAL is often struck by changed, resulting in a decline of the of China's fire loss. From 1966 to lightning. causing 15 percent of the forest resource area because, on aver­ 1986, there were 73 huge fires in fires. In the northern forest area of age, fires burn more forest acreage Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia or the DXAL, 23 percent of the fires per year than is planted. 80 percent of China's total number of were caused by lightning. In the huge fires. There were 7 huge fires southern forest area of the DXAL, Climate and Land Features with a burned area of more than lightning fires usually occur between 65,992 hectares (163,000 acres) mid-May and June 10, while the The climate is continental cold­ each. The longest fire lasted 47 days. northe-rn forest area is struck mainly temperate, characterized by long, The most recent devastating fire in late June. cold, dry winters and short, warm, 1988 Volume 49, Number 3 3 CHINA DAXINGANLING FOREST FIRE REHABILITATION PROJECT .:.•:.:~'::';':': Forest Fire AHected Area ---:::::>- Rivers Forest Area Prefecture Boundaries Roads Province Bovndaries 5" 5" Future Roads International Boundaries Roilroads Elevotion in meters: ~1500 ! 1000 L ..I 0 '-'_0""""""''''''''.'' ,,, ~~..., ~, ".' "",...., "'_""''''°,,..,.-.0'''''.. .. •."0 '0' m, "'...,.,..... ""'~" 0,'~.,'~" ""'0'''''''', ""'~ ,....",' '.". ,.,,,,, H.... • '"''''< ~"''''~'O'''' "~''''' ,"","'''~, 52' u. S. S. R. u. S. S. R. 50' 50' MONGOLIA .... MARCH 1988 Figure I-Map (?f lraxinganting Forest Fire Rehabilitation Project. (This map \\'l1S prepared hy the World Bank for its lise and the use of the International Finance Corporation.} humid summers. Mean annual tem­ spreads rapidly in the grassland and for assistance. I was loaned to the peratures vary from 0 to - 6 'C (32 causes severe damage. World Bank as a consultant for this to 21 'F), with a minimum of - 50 The elevation of the rolling hills of project. The team consisted of Horst 'C ( - 58 'F) and a maximum of 35 the region ranges from 198 to 1,524 Wagner, team leader and World 'C (95 'F). Frost-free days vary from meters (650 to 5,000 ft) above mean Bank senior forester; Bill Jones, 80 to 120 days per year and annual sea level. The dominant soil types World Bank senior economist; pri­ precipitation varies from 36 to 56 are the brown podsolic forest soils on vate consultants, Derek Paul, a sil­ centimeters (14 to 22 in). It is dry the slopes grading into dark brown viculrurisr from England, and Karl and windy in spring because of the forest soils and hammock (bog) soils Kehr, a logging and transport spe­ monsoon from Siberia, with a spring in the valley bottoms. Over 70 per­ cialist from Germany; and me, Forest rainfall (from March to May) of only cent of the area is covered with shal­ Service aerial suppression specialist. 2 centimeters (0.8 in) or 4 percent of low soils of 30 centimeters (12 in) or annual precipitation. However, the less depth. Field Trip to Daxinganling Forest average evaporation during the same Area period is 17 centimeters (6.7 in). Government Action and From mid-April to mid-May, there International Assistance The mission was scheduled for 3 are more than 10 days that the wind weeks in October but due to visa blows above Wind Force 5, with a After the huge May 6 fire, leaders delays was put off until the first 3 peak of Force 7 to 8 winds (62 to 70 of the State Council and the Central weeks of November. A mission in km/h or 38 to 43 mi/h) lasting I to 3 Government are paying close atten­ September or early October would days. The Wind Force equivalents tion to forest fire control. The State have been much more productive, as are as follows: Council, in its report "On Dealing November was far too cold and past Wind Force 5 44 krn/h (27 rni/h) with the Huge Fire Disaster in the the fall fire season.
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