Yanan Talks: Revolutionary Literature & Art

Beijing'^r HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. 30. NO. 20 MAY 25. 1^87

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Guidelines for I.iieralurc Guidelines for Revolutionary Art EVENTSARENDS 5-9 Man vs Fire—Desperate • Forty-five years ago this month, Mao Zedong delivered two speeches entitled Talks at the Yanan Forum on Literature and Fight Art, jvhich later exerted a profound influence on the Chinese Sino-Dutch Ties Enter A revolutionary movement. Today in the new historical period, New Stage these talks are still important and remain correct guidelines for Compulsory Educaiiott the new literature and art. (p. 4). Stressed • Bonds Queues Seen in Beijing Weekly Chronicle (May 11-17) Tlie Press and Publications

INTERNATIONAL 10-13 • In January the State Council decided to establish the State DPRK: Rapid Devefopmenl Administration of News and Publications. On May 15, the Of Agriculture director and a deputy director of the new administration held a Thailand: Position on press conference at which they discussed the reasons for the administration's establishment, its tasks, the meaning of Kampuchean Issue Re- consolidation of the publications, and freedom of the press (p. afllrmed 14). Soviet Union: Seeking a Bigger Role in Middle F.ast Britain: Local Elections Battle Against Forest Fire Signal Thatcher Victory • A major forest fife has been raging since May 6 in China's Publishing: Unified northeastern timber base, killing about 200 people and driving Management 14 50,000 from their homes. While the battle against it goes on Yunnan Opens to Foreign unabated, a nationwide relief effort is under way (p. 5). 17 Ruilt: China^s Southwestern Yunnan Opens to Foreign Businesses Gate to Burma 22 The ABC of Investment in • In a recent interview with Beijing Review, Zhu Kui, deputy China

Published every Moodoy by Generoi Eiilteriol Offics Teh 693860 Subs<;f!pnoi» prices t1 yeor): USA US$23.00 Ei_Bi'5hJ>epartment Teh 890951-546 BEIJING REVIE-W Autlrdlia A.$22.0O Canada Can.$21.00 Distributed ay China Intefnalional Book Si34 Boiwonzhuong Rend, Seijlng Trading Corporolion (GUOJI SHUDIAN) Naw ZMtaad HZ430.00 The Peoplc'i Republic of China P.O Box 399, Beijing, Qiino UK £ia.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Guidelines for Literature by Our Special Commentator Chen Danchen*

orty-five years ago this month, was born. The Sun Shines Over the FMao Zedong delivered two Sanggan River, a novel by Ding seminal speeches to a forum of Ling; White-Haired Girl, an opera writers and artists. Entitled Talks by He Jingzhi and Ding Yi; at the Yanan Forum on Literature Hurricane, a novel by Zhou Libo (with the peasants' resistance to and Art, they constitute a classical the correct literary and artistic landlord exploitation and op• Marxist work which later exerted orientation, how to bring about pression as their main theme); profound influence on the Chinese the sound and sturdy development Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang, by revolutionary literary and artistic of socialist literature and, in the Li Ji, a long poem opposing feudal movement. building of an advanced culture marriage and extolling true love; China was then engaged in the and ethics, how to offer more all are outstanding representative war of resistance against Japanese outstanding and healthy works of works produced under the in• aggression, and Mao called upon art for the people — all remain to fluence of the Yanan Talks. promising writers and artists to go be studied and pondered by among workers, peasants and writers and artists in China today. soldiers and create literary and artistic works which could be It is felt that Mao's expositions loved by the masses. He stressed ao Zedong's on literature and life, literature that the question of "for whom" is and the people, the integration of expositions on literature and intellectuals with the labouring fundamental; that it is a question art made 45 years ago still of principle that revolutionary people, content and form, na• literature and art should serve the have importance. They tional cultural heritage, critical broadest section of the people. remain the correct guidelines inheritance and absorption of Mao also expounded on a number for today's literature and art. foreign culture, and the study of of literary and artistic questions Marxism — all still have their dealing with how to serve the important practical significance. masses. After nationwide liberation in They remain the correct guidelines 1949, Chinese literature and art. for the new literature. Following the talks, large travelled a tortuous course. In the numbers of writers and artists Under these circumstances, the new historical period during the went to villages, factories and Chinese literary and artistic circles last decade, the open cultural army units, where they saw a are sponsoring activities comme• policy has brought new life and completely new world. Impressed, morating the 45th anniversary of vitality to Hterature and art. The they produced a large number of the publication of the Yanan varied and colourful works have works reflecting the lives, feelings Talks. It is hoped that in the new been acclaimed at home and and aspirations of the working historical period, Mao Zedong's abroad. They have also more or people. These works are lively, thoughts on literature and art will less met the people's multifarious healthy and full of optimism. be carried forward and that needs. Large numbers of new Artistically, they drew on folk China's socialist literature and art writers and artists have emerged. literature and art, making them will develop more healthily. This fresh, straightforward and true to Some writers, however, have will again open up a vast new the Chinese national style. forgotten their social responsi• world for Chinese writers and bilities, producing bad and even artists and encourage them to From then on, the anti- vulgar works, spreading corrupt plunge themselves into the drive imperiahst and anti-feudal May ideas, blindly worshipping foreign for socialist modernization and 4th Literary Moverrtent, which culture and copying foreign things social reform and draw on new began in 1919, took a historic turn mechanically. This has been sources for their literary and and a new-type socialist literature resented and criticized by the artistic creation. People are masses. confidently greeting the new upsurge of literary and artistic * The author is deputy chief editor of Under the new historical Wen Yi Bao (Literary Gazette) circumstances, how to adhere to creativity. •

4, BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 EVENTSARENDS Man vs Fire —Desperate Fight

he worst forest fire in modern reinforcements arrived on May 10 insisted on staying in the area with TChina's history is still raging in from neighbouring regions inland, his family, said that he had bought the country's far northeast they . struggled in fierce thirst, 29 buffaloes just before the fire. Daxinganling Mountains, which starvation and peril for three days Now only four are left. The 20,000 have the richest timber resources and nights. Witnesses saw some yuan worth of paper money he in China, gobbling up large tracts soldiers covering a large oil tank kept at home is now ashes. A local of virgin forest, pressing on with wet quilts to prevent it from official said, "We are surviving on towards heavily populated re• exploding. Trucks laden with the 'roast beef from his buffaloes. sidential areas and threatening the women and children provided safe He is so kind that he even killed a lives of hundreds of thousands of evacuation from the scorching live one to feed other hard-hit firefighters. flames, while local officials, hoarse people." When the fire broke out on the from smoke atid exhaustion, co• As soon as the fire was reported afternoon of May 6 — almost ordinated rescue activities. to Beijing, the battle became one simultaneously at four spots in A middle-aged Muslim, who for the entire country under the China's northernmost Mohe and Tahe forest, Heilongjiang Province — local people rushed in to fight the blaze. Just as it began to die out the next day, a force 8 wind suddenly whipped up. Within an hour the soaring blaze had engulfed Xilinji, a Mohe county town inhabited by more than 10,000 households, and later three nearby railway stations were destroyed. The catastrophe claimed 119 lives in Xilinji, and then swept towards Tahe county with a population of 100,000. Local firemen, garrison troops and residents were soon organized 1. Mohe 2. Gulian to meet the emergency. Till 3. Tuqiang 4. Amur ' 5. Zhanglin 6. Take 7. Huzhong

The fire has reduced this mountain of stored timber to ashes. GUO JIANSHE m EVENTS/TRENDS

concerted effort of the central Tons of canned food, together government. About 40,000 troops with tents, windbreakers, medi• moved to the scene of fire. cine and other supplies have been Airfreighters, bombers, and civil shipped or dropped onto the area. planes, flew from Beijing and Some 200 medical workers have Shenyang to help. The country's arrived to take care of the Railway Department ordered its wounded firefighters and subordinates to give a green light evacuees. to all reinforcements and relief being shipped to the "front." At The Cultural Palace in Jiage- the same time, the central daqi, Inner Mongolia some 250 meteorological observatory has kilometres to the south of Tahe been keeping a close watch of the County, has been turned into a local weather, providing detailed relief centre, where policemen and satellite meteorological pictures young volunteers serve porridge daily to the frontline and distribute clothes to victims. headquarters. Such centres can also be found in

Vice-Premier U Peng Inspecting tlie disaster area. ZHANG CHUIAN

GUO JIANSHE In the hurry to get the quilts to the victims of the fire: they are thrown out m.. of the window.

other neighbouring cities and counties. Grave concern and humane ^^^^^^^ sympathy from people around the country have poured into the area. 1 ^ Up to May 16, 4 million yuan and 170,000 items of clothes and bedding had been donated by Heilongjiang citizens alone. Don• ations from other provinces and Homeless evacuees queue up for relief food. GUO JIANSH6 cities are mounting. Yang Wei, a 6-year-old girl, gave her 0.5 yuan coins to her teacher, saying, "These were for ice cream. But now please hand them to the poor children in disaster area." Vice-Premier Li Peng went himself on May 12-13 to the scene to see the victims and give on-the- spot direction. So far the death toll in the disaster has mounted to 191, with another 221 seriously injured. Five thousand people are homeless. tif'r'^ And losses are estimated at 450 million yuan (US$120 million) not including the burnt forest itself, as reported by the commanding

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 headquarters of the Forestry Ministry on May 17. An official from the headquar• ters disclosed on the same day that the northern border of the western fire zone was approaching China's northernmost town of Mohe 15 kilometres away, while the smouldering ashes of the east fire zone, rekindled by high tempera• tures and strong winds, posed a new threat to the town of Tahe. "We are doing everything we can to protect the county," he said. He said that the 40,000 soldiers, firefighters and local people are persistently fighting day and night against the inferno, with firemen stamping out new flames, troops coping with the remaining flames LI ZHIYUAN and local people making sure that Deng Xiaoping, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Central Advisory no blazes are still alive. Commission, meets Rudolphus Lubbers, Dutch Prime IMInlster. However, the official said, the situation still does not warrant any visit. In Beijing, he met Chinese such an agreement. However, he optimism as the fire in some areas, leaders and later described his added, it will take an arduous believed to have been put out, meetings, talks and discussions bargaining process for the two to might easily blaze up again in a with his Chinese hosts as friendly reach an agreement even though it wind. The spreading of fire makes and fruitful. is a tentative, regional one. reinforcement of firefighters and While meeting Lubbers on May "Neither superpower has altered distribution of materials difficult. 12, Deng Xiaoping stressed that its fundamental strategies. There• Dense smoke causes low visibility Europe is an important area in fore, it is hard to say if for planes to watch the fire. global politics, and both Eastern international tensions will really Nevertheless, he said, "We are and Western Europe should join be relaxed," Zhao said. trying our best to win the battle in forces for peace. "We wish to see a Zhao stressed that the disarma• a few days." united, strong and developing ment issue should not be Europe," he said, "that is why we by Wang Xin dominated by the two super• strive to develop our relations with powers alone. The two countries European countries." Deng noted should listen to the views of small Sino-Dutch Ties that China and the Netherlands and medium-sized countries. Enter a New Stage share identical views on the issues "It is our view that the number of war and peace. of mid-range missiles deployed in ino-Dutch bilateral relations He reiterated that China follows both Europe and Asia should be Sand economic co-operation an independent peaceful foreign reduced. And we do not agree with will be strengthened with the policy. "We don't play others' the Soviet Union who keeps mid- successful visit to China by cards — neither the card of the range missiles in Asia while Rudolphus Lubbers, Prime Mini• United States nor that of the removing those in Europe," Zhao ster of the Netherlands. Soviet Union — and we are also said. "Since security in Europe "The visit by Chinese Premier unwilling to be a card played by and Asia are equally important, Zhao Ziyang to the Netherlands in others," he added. mid-range missiles on these two 1985 and the current visit of the Lubbers said that international continents should be reduced in a Dutch Prime Minister have political issues have to be solved systematic way until they are marked the start of a new. period step by step in order to relax world totally eliminated." Disarmament for the development of Sino- tension. China occupies an should not be limited to nuclear Dutch relations," said Deng important place in this regard. weapons but should also include Xiaoping, Chairman of the During their talk on May 11, conventional arms, Zhao said, Chinese Communist Party Central Zhao Ziyang said that it is possible adding that China understands Advisory Commission. for the two superpowers to reach the concern expressed by western Lubbers arrived in Beijing on temporary or partial agreement on European countries about the May 10 for a week-long official arms control since they both need reduction of conventional arms.

MAY 25, 1987 7 EVENTS/TRENDS

Zhao said the unity and this results in the increasing strength of the western European Compulsory proportion of women among the countries, the strengthening of co• Education Stressed illiterates. operation between China and "The Chinese women have western Europe, and a closer great potential," the vice- relationship between eastern and ince the Compulsory Educ• S ation Law came into effect last governor said, signing. Some western Europe will play a great competent women feel vexed at role in maintaining world peace. year, more than 1,000 counties, or 50 percent of the country's total, being uneducated, especially when In reply, Lubbers said that Europe they reach middle- age. has become more united and is adopted measures to ensure at least six years of schooling for "Moreover," Liu said, "un• playing a more important role in educated mothers can hardly be disarmament. every child. But China is still relatively responsible for training the On bilateral relations, Zhao backward in basic education. younger generation. So raising the said, "after restoring diplomatic Elementary education still has not educational level of women is the relations to the ambassadorial been popularized in some regions, key to improving educational level (in 1984), China and the especially in the remote and quality of the whole nation." Netherlands have abided by the border areas. A new generation of In carrying out China's com• principles of mutual respect for illiterates is emerging. Girls' pulsory education law, Liu sovereignty and territorial in• education still remains a serious stressed, compulsory education tegrity, equality and mutual problem in China's rural areas, for girls should be addressed as a benefit." Contact and co• forming a stumbling block to the special issue, particularly in the operation between the two implementation of the nine-year remote areas and regions where countries in political, economic, compulsory education law. minority ethnic people hve in scientific, technological, and cul• Take Gansu Province for compact communities. Another tural sectors are developing example. According to Liu Shu, problem encountered in carrying rapidly. vice-govermor in charge of out compulsory education is that Zhao expressed China's wish to educafion work there, 157,300 of ramshackle schoolhouses, further political consultations and children of school age in the which are threatening the health economic co-operation with the province are not in school. Of and safety of both students and Netherlands. He invited Dutch them, 131,000, or 85 percent, are teachers. enterprises to invest in China in girls. Of the girls who are enrolled, the wake of the country's 80 percent can not finish their six- According to Wu Fusheng, an improving climate for overseas year primary education. official of Education, Science, investment. While progress is being made in Culture and Public Health Committee of the National Lubbers told Zhao that the urban areas in carrying out the nine-year programme, rural areas People's Congress, the State has Netherlands is confident of invested too little in the construc• China's economic development are lagging far behind and it is difficult to keep girls at school, Liu tion of primary and secordary and willing to provide financial schools for a long time. Now 38.6 and technical services. said. Rural girls over 10 are the main domestic helpers of their million square metres of dange• Trade between the two coun• rous buildings are in need of tries reached a record high last parents. They are asked to take care of younger siblings and do repair. In the countryside especi• year. Zhao said that the ally, many shcoolhouses are continuation of China's open household chores. In pastoral areas, they also have to herd the dilapidated and in danger of policy has made possible further collapsing. development of economic re• sheep. lations between China and the "This is not because the famers So there is an urgent need Netherlands and China and are not aware of the importance of during the Seventh Five-Year Plan western Europe, adding that Sino- investing in education, but period (1986-90) for the country to Dutch trade will be further because of the backwardness of put both money and manpower expanded this year. the local economy, and the limited into changing these dangerous An agreement to avoid double financial income for farmers' conditions, Wu said. taxation between the two coun• families," Liu noted. "Then there tries, and a memorandum of is also the traditional idea that The lack of money is not the understanding on scientific and boys should get the first chance for only problem, he pointed out. In technological co-operation with education because they are the many areas, a lot of money has' China's State Science and Tech• permanent members of families, been spent on non-productive nology Commission were signed while girls will get married and construcfion, like office buildings, on May 13. • move away," he said, adding that trade exhibition centres and even

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 temples. The official said that the Weekly Chronicle begins offering a correspondence 8.3 billion yuan invested in these (May 11-17) graduate course in comparative kinds of projects last year by 59 culture to Chinese students. The cities and counties surveyed is POUTICAL academy seeks to enroll foreign enough to repair all the dangerous academic organizations and indi• schoolhouses in the country. May 13 viduals, who may also receive Wu suggested that the govern• • According to Xinhua, personal consultations with ment pay great attention to China's State Council issued three Chinese scholars in Beijing. problems of dangerous school- new provisional regulations as houses. Those local authorities supplements to the Law on May 12 who fail to repair schoolhouses in Mineral Resources. The provi• • A coffin, unearthed from a their areas should not be allowed sions stipulate any individual or 400-year-old tomb in Shangrao, to invest in other non-productive unit wishing to exploit mineral Jiangxi Province, was found to projects. The state should increase resources, or engage in geological hold a body, still intact, except for funds to repair schoolhouses, prospecting activities in China the hair, according to the overseas especially in poor areas. And local must register with the pertinent edition of the People's Daily. The governments should provide part authorities. corpse's joints can be moved of the money. Donations from • Economic Daily reports, at a about easily, and when positioned, organizations and individuals recent State Council meeting the body can sit upright without should also be encouraged, he Premier Zhao Ziyang calls for support. said. B strict import limits on equipment for new chemical fertilizer plants, • China has sold a software and for speeding up production of patent to the US-based IBM Chinese-made equipment. Bonds Queues company. The patent holder, Wang Yongmin, has invented an Seen in Beijing ECONOMIC easy and efficient technique for using Chinese characters on a May 11 computer. It is the first such • Long queues formed by the • According to the State programme to earn a US patent. gates of the China Industrial and Statistical Bureau, China's in• American newspapers say it is a Commercial Bank (CICB) May 15 dustrial output value totalled 85.2 breakthrough by China in and the China People's Construc• billion yuan (more than US$23 software. tion Bank (CPCB) May 17 in billion) in April this year, an Beijing, waiting to buy bonds for increase of 15.2 percent over the raising money for the country's same period of 1986. This brought economy. the combined industrial output FOREIGN RELATIONS The biggest individual buyer for value of the first four months of CICB, according to Xinhua, this year to 312 billion yuan May 11 bought 600,000 yuan about (about US$84.3 billion), a rise of • Chinese President Li Xian- US$161,725). While for CPCB, 14.4 percent over the same period nian and Premier Zhao Ziyang the biggest buyer was an aged in 1986 or 32.7 percent of the send a message to Polish State professor who bought 100,000 country's plan for 1987. Council President Jaruzelski and yuan (US$26,954) worth of the Premier Messner extending their bonds. Mayl2 condolences over the death of 183 CICB is to issue 1.5 billion yuan • According to Economic people in a plane crash near (US$404 million) nationwide, and Daily, China is now speeding up Warsaw on May 9. its Beijing branch has issued 90 construction of four large petro• million yuan (US$24 million). The chemical projects in Daqing, Qilu, May 12 branch of the CPCB plans to issue Yangzi and Shanghai. When the • Deng Xiaoping, Chairman key construction projects bonds four projects are completed in of the Chinese Communist Parly worth 15 million yuan (US$4 1990 as scheduled, China will Central Advisory Commission, million). expand its total ethylene produc• tion capacity to two million tons meets visiting UN secretary The bonds issued by the CICB general Javier Perez De Cuellar in annually. have an annual interest rate of 9 Beijing. Deng says both China and percent for one-year-maturity CULTURAL the UN are concerned about the term, and those from the CPCB same issues—peace and develop• have an annual interest rate of May 11 ment. The UN is playing an 10.5 percent for a three-year- • Beijing's International increasingly important role in maturity term. • Academy of Chinese Culture settling these two issues.

MAY 25, 1987 9 • INTERNATIONAL

DPRK been vigorously promoting the mechanization of agriculture. The use of threshers increased 40 Rapid Development of Agriculture percent, tractors 50 percent, trucks 30 percent, rice transplan• ters over 50 percent, weeders 100 Since its founding, the Democratic People's Republic of percent and harvesters over 500 percent betweern 1977 and 1984. Korea (DPRK) has achieved great progress in socialist economic construction, especially in the technological Making full use of the water resources, the DPRK has brought revolution in agriculture. electricity to most of the nation's farmers. Hydro-electric generat• ing plants currently account for 50 percent of the country's total generated energy. In 1960, 92 percent of the villages and 60 percent of rural households had electricity. By 1969, however, the DPRK had basically completed eletrification of the entire country. DPRK began its use of chemical fertilizers comparatively late. But the work has achieved great progress since the 1970s. The amount of chemical fertilizer applied per hectare of farmland increased from 975 kilogrammes in 1975 to over 1,500 kilogrammes in 1980. The production of chemical fertilizers in 1984 was 32 times more than that of 1946. Weed killers are now used for all kinds of crops.

The first ground communication sateiiite station built in Pyongyang Because of this agricultural technological revolution, the grain output of the DPRK increased from 2.67 million tons in 1946 to 10 million tons in 1984. Paddy rice yield in 1984 was 2.8 times that of fter liberation in 1945, the 1967), the irrigating and draining 1946; the maize output increased A Korean Workers' Party systems for dry lands were 7.2-fold over that of 1946. (KWP) and President Kim II Sung constructed, and more than 40,000 The development of agriculture carried out a socialist transform• kilometres of water canals were has laid a base for improving the ation and defined the basic tasks built. By now , DPRK has built lives of the people. During the of an agricultural technological over 10,700 reservoirs and 23,700 1964-66 period, DPRK gradually revolution. Their goal was to bring pumping stations. The irrigated abolished the agricultural tax. In mechanization and electrification areas have amounted to 1.8 1974, it also adopted an important to the nation's agriculture, to million hectares. All farmlands measure to reduce the prices of irrigate all farmland, and to around the capital, Pyongyang, industrial products by 30 percent. introduce chemical fertilizers and have been irrigated since the end Thus, the real income of farmers other faj-m chemicals. of the 1960s. Now modern has kept increasing. In October North Korea's irrigation cons• irrigation networks cover all 1985, the DPRK introduced social truction has developed rapidly in farmland in both mountainous security to ensure peasants the postwar years. During the first and plain areas of Korea. right to free education, free Five-Year Plan (1957-61), its medical treatment and paid irrigated areas reached 80,000 While putting great effort into holidays. hectares. During the period of the the construction of irrigation First Seven-Year Plan (1961- works, the DPRK government has by Li Nengqing

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 THAILAND formation of a four-party coa• lition government including the Position on Kampuctiean Issue Reaffirmed Heng Samrin faction. During his visit to Thailand at the end of last March, the Soviet Thailand's Foreign Minister Siddhi Savetsila's visit to foreign minister claimed, perhaps Moscow proves that severe differences between Thailand and for the first time, that foreign troops should withdraw from the Soviet Union still remain on the Kampuchean issue, but the Kampuchea. The Soviet Union, a two sides desire to develop bilateral relations. main military supporter of Viet Nam, has strategic benefits vested in the country, in particular the military base in Cam Ranh Bay. uring his four-day visit to security of all countries." Repres• However, after Siddhi's visit, it Moscow (May 10-14), Thai enting the Association of South• D was clear that Moscow's position Foreign Minister Siddhi Savetsila east Asian Nations (ASEAN) he on the Kampuchean issue will not and Soviet leaders discussed said that ASEAN sees this as a change drastically in the near bilateral relations and intern• "test case" of the Soviet Union's future. ational issues, in particular the intentions. Kampuchean problem. At the meeting with President of Before his Soviet tour, Siddhi the Presidium of the Supreme According to a Soviet spokes• has had consultations with man, Soviet Foreign Minister Soviet of the Union of Soviet officials of the other five ASEAN Socialist Republic Andrei Eduard Shevardnadze said at members—Brunei, Indonesia, talks with the visiting Thai foreign Gromyko on May 12, Siddhi and Malaysia, the Phihppines and Gromyko expressed their desire to minister on May 11, that "any Singapore — for setting forth the settlement without the particip• strengthen political, economic and stand taken by them on the cultural ties including parliamen• ation of that country's Kampuchean question. ASEAN (Kampuchea's) current leadership tary contact. Soviet-Thai trade members demand that the Kam• reached US$96.1 million in 1986, would be built on sand." The puchean problem be solved in Soviet side held that "the policy of with Thailand having a US$52.2 accordance with the eight-point million surplus. The officials of national reconciliation and con• proposal set forth by the Coalition cord," pursued by the Heng the two countries have signed a Government of Democratic Kam• protocol to establish a joint Samrin regime, "lays the ground• puchea. The proposal calls for the work for efforts towards a Soviet-Thai trade commission. pullout of Vietnamese occupation by Chang Qing political settlement," the spokes• troops from Kampuchea and the man said. He did not mention if Moscow would urge Viet Nam to withdraw its troops from SOVIET UNION Kampuchea. The Thai foreign minister, however, maintained that foreign Seeking a Bigger Role in Middle East troops must withdraw from Kampuchea as quickly as po• ssible, so the Kampuchean people In an attempt to break the United States' monopoly on the would gain the right to self- peace process in the Middle East, Moscow is trying hard to determination and become an independent and neutral state not develop relations with countries in the region. threatening its neighbouring countries. During his talks with the Soviet he past few months have seen Council and other parties con• foreign minister, Siddhi said he Tan increasingly strong diploma• cerned, thus establishing itself as a hopes that the Soviet side will play tic offensive launched by Moscow major political force in the region. a role in settling the Kampuchean aimed at becoming involved in the From March 24-31 a Soviet issue. At a luncheon held for him peace process in the Middle East. delegation led by Vladimir Orlov, by the Soviet foreign minister on More specifically, it wants to vice-president of the Presidium of May 11, Siddhi stressed that "the convene an international peace the Supreme Soviet, visited Soviet Union is capable of playing conference on the Middle East Jordan. During the visit, Jordan a principal role in the resolution of attended by the five permanent and the Soviet Union agreed that this problem which threatens the members of the UN Security peace in the Middle East could be

MAY 25, 1987 11 INTERNATIONAL achieved only through an intern• between Soviet and Israeli con• pro-Israel policy of Washington ational conference attended by all sular officials in Helsinki last has led the peace process to an parties in the Arab-Israeli conflict, August ended prematurely amid a impasse. American raid on Libya as well as the five permanent strong response from the Arab and the notorious arms deal with members of the UN Security world. Contacts between the two Iran have seriously damaged US Council and the Palestine Liber• sides, however, did not cease. credibility and caused suspicion ation Organization (PLO). Early in April two senior officials and distrust on the part of those In early April, Soviet Deputy of the Soviet Communist Party Arab nations which maintain Foreign Minister Yuli Vorontsev met IsraeH Foreign Minister good relations with Washington. visited Libya and Algeria in the Shimon Peres in Rome during a It was against such a background capacity of envoy of the general meeting of the Socialist Intern• that Moscow is launching a secretary of the Soviet Communist ational. And on April 21, the diplomatic campaign in an effort Party. Soviet Foreign Ministry denied to replace Washington as the chief Also in April, another Deputy reports that a planned Soviet mediator in the Middle East Foreign Minister Vladimir Pet- consular visit to Israel had been conflicts. rovski visited Kuwait, the United cancelled. However, the Soviet proposafl to hold an international Arab Emirates, Oman and Iraq in It will not be a smooth road for conference was turned down by the Persian Gulf. He repeated his Moscow to achieve its objective, Israel, which insisted that the government's proposal to convene however. There are too many Soviet Union must establish an international conference on the complicated political factors in the diplomatic relations with Israel Middle East, saying that the region. For example, Iraq and first and loosen its restrictions on circumstances are now available. Syria are Moscow's main Arab S6viet Jews emigrating to Israel. He also expressed concern over allies, but Syria is supporting Iran the threat to free navigation in the Recent reconciliation of the against Iraq. Recent Iranian Gulf and proposed forceful various factions of the PLO in achievements in the war also measures of the UN to end the Algeria was also reported to be worry the Soviets because the war seven-year Iran-Iraq war. connected with the Soviet is going in a direction that overture. Moscow does not like. Soviet During April 23-25, Syrian The Soviet offensive came at a efforts to improve relations with President Hafez el Assad visited time when the United States, Israel are also blocked by the Moscow. It is reported that the which has dominated the peace possible negative reaction from main topic of the discussions process in the Middle East since Arab world, which will jeopardize between Assad and Soviet leader the Camp David accords of 1979, Moscow's position in the region. Mikhail Gorbachev was the is losing ground. The stubborn by She Duanzhi possibility of an international conference and Soviet aid to Damascus. A joint statement issued afterwards said the military BRITAIN co-operation between the two countries is of major significance in their bilateral relations and Moscow will continue to help Local Elections Signal Thatcher Victory Syria build up its defence capability. In the end, Gorbachev While no definitive statement can be made as to the outcome accepted Assad's invitation to visit of Britain's June election, recent opinion polls and local Syria. election results point to another victory for Margaret Relations between Moscow and Thatcher. Cairo also thawed in the wake of this effort. They had been at odds since the 1970s. However, Mos• ritish Prime Minister Mar• local elections that encouraged cow began to make overtures by Bgaret Thatcher announced on Mrs. Thatcher to make the move. offering to reschedule Egypt's May 11 the long-anticipated In the election for some 12,000 US$3 billion military debt, which decision to call an early general seats on 369 district councils in was incurred in the years prior to election on June 11. The date was England and Wales, the Conserva• 1972 when Moscow was Egypt's announced after Thatcher asked tive Party secured a net gain of 75 main arms supplier. Queen Elizabeth II to dissolve the seats, maintaining a 40 percent Israel, one of the key players in Parliament one year ahead of share of the national vote as it did the Middle East conflict, was of schedule. in 1983. The Labour Party course not ignored. A meeting It is the results of the May 7 suffered a net loss of 227 seats

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 while its share of the national vote billion to reduce the government's dropped from 34 percent four borrowing. barrier by the end of this month. years ago to 30 percent. The The government's strong finan• On foreign policy, the govern• Alliance of Social Democrats and cial position is due to record tax ment asserts that the Soviet Liberals gained most in the voting revenues generated by a record proposal to abolish intermediate- by registering a net increase of 453 consumer spending spree in 1986. range nuclear weapons in Europe seats, with its share of the national Government coffers contain some is proof that its policy of "peace vote climbing from 22 percent in £5 billion from the privatization of through strength" has brought 1983 to 27 percent, but it remains British Gas, British Airways and positive results. The exceptionally the third largest party in the other giant public utilities. The warm reception given to Mrs. country. British economy, which secured a Thatcher during her visit to the All these signals indicate that steady 2.6 percent growth rate last Soviet Union has helped boost the Mrs. Thatcher's party may be the year coupled with a robust 4.2 prime minister's image as a favourite in the upcoming general percent increase in the average real respected world leader. election, leaving little hope for the income of the employed, has However, no one is sure that the opposition parties to replace the benefited from both the recent Conservatives will win. First, Conservatives. The Labour Party drop in the US dollar's value and although the Conservative Party has been weakened recently by a the devaluation of the pound seems to be the most favoured series of internal policy arguments sterling against the Deutsche mark among the three largest parties in while the Alliance of Social and other major European Britain, its lead in popularity Democrats and Liberals has not currencies. The former has helped ratings as reflected in recent yet advanced enough to pose a reduce the cost of British opinion polls and the local serious threat to the Conserva• industry's imports while the latter elections has not been as long- tives. Moreover, since the two gives British exports a much- established as it was four years opposition parties continue to wanted competitive edge. ago. Secondly, the Conservatives fight against each other, as they Even the tide of unemployment, are also facing a determined did in the 1983 general election, England's biggest headache, opposition from the Labour Party the Conservatives are very likely seems now to be running in Mrs. whose campaign is widely believed to keep a 40 percent share of the Thatcher's favour. The official to be better organized than in national vote to win most of the unemployment figures, based on a 1983. The alliance, enjoying much seats in Parliament. Conservative revised method of counting, has more support than it did on the eve • Party Chairman Norman Tebbit been dropping with an average of the last national election, adds has predicted that the June 11- monthly rate of some 25,000 since the complexities of a three-horse election will give his party an last autumn. This is largely race. Given the present volatility overall majority of more than 100 because of the government's of the electorate, any significant seats in the 650-seat Parliament. expanded job-training schemes slippages during the campaign Independent analysts put the and a modest increase in could result in a decisive swing of figure at 30 to 60. Whatever the employment, mostly in the service the votes from the Conservatives figure is, Mrs. Thatcher is very sectors. The jobless total is to their rivals. hopeful of winning a record third expected to fall below the 3 million by Cheng Kexiong consecutive term of office. If re• elected for another five-year term, Thatcher will become the longest- serving British prime minister this century. Beijing Review SuLscniie ^Jlotuf Please enter my subscription to Beijing Subscription Rates Review for year(s). The Conservative government's Countrv 1 year 2 years 3 years I enclose in payment thereof. success is attributed to its lUSS) 22 37 52 important financial and economic Name USA measures. Last November, instead England (f| 12 22 30 Rest of Europe (US$1 16 27 37 of following its traditional policy Job lille Ausrtalia lASl 22 37 52 of curtailing public expenditures, Address the Thatcher government al• New Zealand (NZS) 30 52 72 located an extra £4.7 billion for Canada ICS) 21 36 50 education, health and other social Switzerland ISFl 45 77 lOB services, winning support among W, Germany 50 90 125 the middle and lower classes. In m) March this year, the government CounUY Austria ISchI 330 560 780 set aside £2 billion in the budget Italy (Lire) 29.000 49,000 68,000 for income tax reductions and £3 Please mail this form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the following addresses: • China Imernaiianal Book Trading Corporation (Cuo|i Shudian) PO Box 399. 8ei|ing, China, • Managerreni Deparimeni. Beijing Review. ?4 Baiwanzhuang Road. BetjiiQ. China, Readers in China may subscribe lo Beijing Review ai local posial oHices MAY 25, 1987 •1 ARTICLES

Publishing: Unified Management

In January the State Council announced that it had decided to set up the State Administration ofNews and Publications ofthe People's Republic of China. At a press conference in Beijing on May 15, Du Daozheng, director of the administration, and Liu Gao, deputy director, answered questions. Following are the main points as reported by our correspondent Lu Yun.

Its drafting of a publication law has been basically completed. The draft will be submitted to the Administration of Legal System of the State Council for examination and will finally be sent to the NPC Standing Committee for examin• ation. The draft includes a special chapter on newspapers, period• icals and guarantees for public• ation. Newspapers have been included because they are also publication. How to enact a news law is now under study. As I understand it, the reform of China's political structure must be carried out actively but steadily, Du Liu though a little faster in the short term. The State Administration of News and Publications should Reasons for the Establish• two years. Its establishment has share the responsibility for ment of the Administration something to do with the struggle against bourgeois liberalization, strengthening democracy and the but it is not the main reason. legal system. Du Daozheng: After the founding In his report on government of the People's RepubHc in 1949, work to the Fifth Session of the the General Administration of IVIain Tasl^s Sixth National People's Congress, News, and the General Administr• Premier Zhao Ziyang set forth the ation of Publications were set up As previously reported, the tasks of further consolidating, by the central people's govern• State Council has entrusted the supplementing and strengthening ment. The General Administr• State Administration of News and the position of the media. Under ation of News was disbanded two Publications with five tasks. One is the leadership of the Party and years later; the General Admini• examination. This means mainly government, consolidating new• stration of Publications, though examination after publication. Of spapers, magazines and publish• renamed several times, continues course, this does not completely ing houses will be a major task this to the present. exclude prior examination. For year for the State Administration China now publishes 1,574 example, important defence sec• and the bureaus of news and newspapers, 5,248 periodicals and rets, secrets of sophisticated publications being set up in has 446 publishing houses. The science and technology will be various provinces. many units and the resulting looked at before being published. Our attitude towards publishing problems call for the establish• This administration, which is a houses which turn out defective ment of a department of unified little over one month old, is now and poor-quality works, is that management. As far as I know, proceeding with a number of education must be conducted preparations continued for about tasks. there. Some Hong Kong news-

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 papers have described the con• resources (funds, offices, printing consolidation. For example, most solidation as something very shops or printers). of the 30 literary publications frightening, this is a Ten years ago, 75 publishing which have been consolidated in misunderstanding. houses in China published 186 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous The State Council set down two newspapers and 542 periodicals. Region resumed publication, but guidelines for this administration: Today, these figures are seven to there have been some personnal One is upholding the four cardinal 10 times higher. With this changes. increase, China was short of good principles and combating bour• The World Economic Herald of editors and paper. For example, in geois liberalization, the other is Shanghai is still in operation. one province which publishes 220 persisting in reforms and opening Whether it will be closed is a newspapers and magazines, there up and invigorating the domestic matter for the Shanghai municipal economy. The two are dialecti- are only 207 qualified editors. The government to decide. We hold cally unified and complement each nourishing publishing business is that this paper has made many other. Neglecting any aspect will therefore fraught with problems mistakes and needs education, lead to mistakes. such as random publication of consolidation and enhancement. periodicals and their inferior If its leaders can admit and correct quality. All this points to the need their mistakes, they will not be What Consolidation IVIeans for consolidation. punished.

Question: Does your administr• Q: Does your administration have ation have the right to stop the the power to discharge an editor- Relations Between the publication of newspapers and in-chief? Administration and the magazines? Du: In accordance with the Du: Our administration and the relevant laws, our administration Propaganda Department of bureaus of news and publications may reward or punish the director the CPC Central at the provincial level do have the or editor-in-chief of a certain Committee right to stop publication of press, provided that the govern• newspapers, periodicals and the ment department in charge operation of the press in approves our decision. Q: What kind of relationship does accordance with state law and the your administration maintain with the CPC Central administrative rules and regul• Q: How many newspapers have Committee's Propaganda De• ations promulgated by the govern• been ordered to close down? Will partment and the Press and ment. Consolidation of news• the "World Economic Herald" of Publication Bureaux under it? papers and magazines is now Shanghai be closed too? Du: This is related to the political under way. Those meeting the Du: Newspapers which are structural reform and separating following six standards can required to consolidate themselves Party from government. The continue publication. may continue operation. This is Communist Party of China is the • Having clearly defined work different from closing down ruling Party but its decisions apply purposes which match the four newspapers. For example, the only to its own members; it is not cardinal principles and can serve Shenzhen . Qingnian Bao (Youth the law. Meanwhile, all the socialist material construction and News), the Shenzhen Gongren Bao decisions and laws of the National the building of advanced culture (workers Paper), the Shanghai People's Congress and the govern• and ethics. Society Paper and the Science and ment have legal force over • Having a specialized busi• Technology Consultancy Paper in everyone, including Communist ness scope approved by the Anhui have all suspended circul• Party members. Strengthening the organization designated by the ation for consolidation. Some Party leadership should find state. Hong Kong newspapers said that expression mainly in the correct• • Having a management unit one-third of our newspapers have ness of its decisions and exemplary and department at the next higher been closed down; this is wrong. role of the Communist Party level which conscientiously as• However, if there is any members. sume the responsibility of newspaper which is found during leadership. consolidation to have the pro• Our administration maintains a • Having a well-organized blems I mentioned, such as very close relationship with the leading body. unnecessary overlapping, very Propaganda Department of the • Having a competent full- inferior quality or a profit CPC Central Committee. Our time chief editor (or editor-in- orientation, or if it has reached a administration and the bureaux of chief, or head of the press), and dead-end in its circulation, it will news and publications at the professional backbone force. be closed down. Other newspapers provincial level are to wield part of • Having adequate material will resume publication after the the state power.

MAY 25, 1987 15 i ARTICLES

Freedom of the Press tiously correct them. On the other because the goal of the two sides hand, the Party and government are identical: to build socialism should absolutely not bludgeon with Chinese characteristics. Q: What do you think of news such writers. An overall, historical Dui.Just as the city of Beijing has censorship In China? evaluation of his merits and to enforce strict traffic regulations Du: Whether the Party and the demerits has been made. I hope he on its 6 million bicycles and government have allowed enough will recognize and correct his 370,000 buses and cars, so the freedom of news, or have censored errors. As long as he does so and, if freedoms and rights of the press too much varied in different he wanted to rejoin the Party, the are not contradictory with the historical periods. When China Party would welcome him, I administration and laws enforced was under the correct leadership suppose. among them. of the Party and government, The campaign of adhering to there was appropriate freedom. the four cardinal principles and For example, the Party allowed Freedom of Speech Must combating bourgeois liberaliz• full freedom of the press during Match the Constitution ation is very important as it is the period of the War of aimed at maintaining political Liberation in the 1940s (I was an Q: What Is the relationship stabiUty and unity. Modern army reporter then). In the early between news censorship, press Chinese history proves that 1950s (I was a reporter for the consolidation and administr• turmoil would result if the Party's Xinhua News Agency) and in the ation of the publishing Industry leadership and the socialist system years after the downfall of the on the one hand and freedom of were shaken, and that without "gang of four" in 1976, those were speech and freedom of the press political stability the economic all times of freedom. We have had as stipulated in the Constitution reform, opening to the world, some problems with this in the on the other? enlivening the domestic economy, past few years, but during the Liu Gao: Our Constitution the realization of the "one "cultural revolution," there was provides for freedom of speech country, two systems" concept, no press freedom at all. and freedom of the press. Citizens the political democracy or whate• Q: The press can supervise the should exercise these rights within ver would all be empty talk. That government In the West. What the purview of the Constitution, is the situation in China. do you think of this? because that benefits the country Du: I have read something about and the people. The State this, but I am not clear what is the Administration of News and real situation. In China, the press Publications supervises and On Banning Bool

Yunnan Opens to Foreign Businesses

In a recent interview Zhu Kui, deputy governor of Yunnan Province, told "Beijing Review" about his province's successes and troubles in carrying out the open policy over the past few years. He also described new measures for improving the investment climate. A multinational frontier province, Yunnan is looking forward to co-operation with overseas businessmen in the exploitation of its rich resources, said Zhu. by Our Correspondent Lu Yun

Question: What are the recent Though we introduced the miUion in 1986 and the value of developments in implementing policy a bit later than other imports to US$100 million, the the open policy? provinces, remarkable success has main products imported being Zhu: During the Sixth Five-Year been achieved. rolled^^steel, chemical fertilizer and Plan period (1981-85), the The province's exports include additives for cigarettes. province's economy developed non-ferrous metals, phosphate Since 1.980, the province has rapidly. The total output value of ore, tea, tobacco and animal by• approved 53 foreign-invested industry and agriculture, the products, the total export volume projects with a total investment of provincial income and revenue of which has hovered around US$97 million. They include 22 increased by more than 140 US$100 million a year, but it has joint ventures, 15 compensatory percent as compared with 1980. grown rapidly in the last two and processing businesses, 13 The average annual increase of years. Trade ties have been set up international leasing businesses, each item was more than 10 with more than 90 countries and one commercial loan from percent, a faster rate than the years regions, including the United abroad, two governmental loans before 1981, thanks to the policies States, the Federal Republic of from other countries covering of reform, enlivening the domestic Germany, Hong Kong and metallurgy, chemical industries., market and opening to the outside Macao. The total export volume electronics, communications, world. increased to around US$170 building materials, hydro-power

MAY 25, 1987 17 ARTICLES and light industries, farming and animal husbandry, tourism and service trades. As for those projects already completed, good results have been achieved in accelerating technical renovation and advancement, improving product quality and management efficiency. In an effort to promote economic and trade relations with foreign countries, the province held in 1985 a co-operation and trade symposium for the first time in Hong Kong, at which more than 20 business contracts were signed. During the Sixth Five- Year Plan period, Yunnan brought in 165 items of advanced technology and equipment from abroad, most of which have achieved good results in produc• HUANG LUKUl tion. For instance. The Kunming Th6 marble goods produced in the province sell well at home and abroad. Cigarette Factory, known for its brand products such as Double key enterprises in the machinery province have in exploiting its Nine and Camellia cigarettes, and and electrical products industry resources? the Yuxi Cigarette Factory noted introduced 15 major installations Zhu: Yunnan is an inland province for its brand cigarettes Ahshima, with US$10 million in the past two with three features: Red Tower Mountain, Yuxi and years; these helped change the type 1. Mountainous terrain: ^the Happy New Year, improved their of exports and dramatically raised province in territory, 394,000 technology by bringing in advan• their sales. square kilometres 94 percent of ced foreign equipment including The province also reached which is mountainous and only 6 tobacco-cutting machines from agreements with their counter• percent plains. the FRG, cigarette-making ma• parts in Burma, Iraq and 2. Many nationalities: the chines from Britain and packing Mauritius to provide labour population of 34 million includes equipment from Italy. The service. During 1981-85, nine more than 11 milhon minority Yunnan Phosphate Fertilizer projects involving such service people, almost one-third of the Works used foreign capital to were completed, earning US$29 total. In addition to the Hans, import some advanced equipment million. Five were completed in there are 24 minorities. which has been put into operation 1986, earning US$12 million. and achieved good results. Some 3. Frontier conditions: the Q: What advantages does the province borders on Viet Nam, Laos and Burma with a total boundary line extending 4,061 kilometres. These features determined the unevenness in social and economic development of the various minorities. Except for a few developed areas, Yunnan, as a whole, lags behind other provinces. Yunnan's advantages lie in its abundant resources both above and underground. It is known as the "kingdom of flora and fauna," the "treasure-house of non- ferrous metals" and the "land of medicinal herbs." Specifically

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 speaking, the province has the rubber, fruits and vegetables has must put up at an inn if they fail to following five favourable developed rapidly in recent years. sell out their stock the first day. conditions; 4. Expansion of animal hus• The expense comes to one-third or 1. Rich mineral resources: The bandry: There is extensive, almost half of what they can earn mining of non-ferrous metals and unexploited grassland in the from the sale. The local govern• phosphate ore has been on a mountainous areas suitable for ment and people have spared no sizeable scale. The reserves of cattle pasturing. The number of effort to improve transport phosphate ore amount to 2 billion livestock at present ranks third condifions. In spite of difficulties tons with potential reserves and the average per-capita head of in highway construction here, reaching 20 billion tons. Most of cattle first in the country. Among more than 17,000 kilometres have the mines can be open-cast, where the minorities, people raise cattle been built since the winter of 1984. communications are convenient not for sale but for use as draft Our second problem is the lack and easy of access. Gejiu city has animals, for producing manure, or of information, as well as the ways long been known in history for its for demonstrating their wealth. and means to develop a commod• tin deposits. Yunnan's reserves of Though the head of cattle in the ity economy. tin, indium and potassium rank province reached 8.7 million, only Then we also lack funds. Today, first in the country and the 2 percent were put on sale during with very limited funds of its own, deposits of aluminium, zinc and the year. Great potential lies in the the province has to depend on germinium, second. Reserves of development of cattle raising. financial aid from the state to copper, managnese, antimony and 5. Excellent prospects for tou• develop its economy. tungsten are also huge. Phosphate rist trade: The province offers a Fourth, lack of talent. ore, quartzite and marble consti• unique landscape, scenic spots and Economic backwardness is closely tute most of the non-metal historical sites; the customs and linked to the low level of cultural reserves. Salt mines have also been way of life of the people are development. About 6 million developed. fascinating; all these are still to be young educated people in their 2. Abundant energy resources: fully tapped and made use of. Last rural areas are being trained in Exploitable water resources total year, about 100,000 tourists various skills under a unified 71 million kw, ranking second in visited the province, about half of programme. At the same time, the country. So far only about 1 them foreigners. new professional and vocational million kw have been tapped. schools are helping to speed up the Verified coal reserves of about 17 cukivation of skilled personnel. billion tons provide favourable In the light of the actual conditions for building thermal conditions in the province, we are power stations. looking forward to co-operation 3. Rich plant resources: Yun• with businessmen abroad in the nan is one of the four largest forest exploitation of the abundant areas in China. Despite serious natural resources. We warmly damage over the years, Yunnan welcome foreign businessmen, still has a reserve of 1.3 billion overseas Chinese and compatriots cubic metres of timber. from Hong Kong, Macao and The province's botanical re• Taiwan to invest in the province, sources of the tropical, subtropical and provide advanced technology and frigid zones can be readily and equipment. At present, the exploited. There are more than number of co-operation projects is 8,000 species of high-quality The ingots produced in GeJiu are small, while many problems exist plants, nearly half of which can be exported. HUANG LUKUI in their production and operation. directly developed and used, To improve the investment including rubber trees, sugarcane, Q: Are there any difficulties in climate, the provincial govern• spice, medicinal herbs, fruits, exploiting tliese resources? ment has formulated some shellac and special kind of timber. Zhu: One is the lack of regulations encouraging foreign Tobacco, sugar and tea have transportation. This has seriously businessmen to invest in ac• become the three economic pillars hampered the development of a cordance with the 22-articles of the province. The income from commodity economy. For in• published by the State Council. sales of cured tobacco and packed stance, there are some relatively The government has also allocated cigarettes provides 53 percent of inaccessible areas without proper special funds this year for invidng the province's revenue. The roads. Farmers who live in such professional technicians and man• productive capability of sugar places usually find it very difficult agerial experts from abroad. refineries has grown to 500,000 to sell their pigs. They need help to Q: What major steps will the tons a year. The production of tea, transport the pigs to market and local and central governments

MAY 25, 1987 19 m ARTICLES take to promote future Kunming to the western, south• Strengthening this capability development? western, northeastern and south• must be given primary consider• Zhu: At this stage, the state gives eastern parts of the province ation while economic and techn• top priority to the exploitation of during the Seventh Five-Year Plan ological co-operative projects are the economically developed areas (1986-90). An investment of 600 contracted with foreign partners. along the coastline and in the million yuan is needed to build the At present, the province is striving eastern part of China. At the turn 200 kilometre-long railway from to attract more foreign capital to of the century, however, the Chuxiong to Dali, but 200 million build up enterprises specializing in priority will be shifted to yuan has yet to be raised. Our non-ferrous metals, phosphate southwestern and northwestern phospherous chemical engineer• chemical engineering, communic• China, Yunnan Province in• ing and iron and steel industries ations, building materials, spice- cluded. So, preparations are under are now listed in the Seventh Five- processing and leather goods way for the coming large-scale Year Plan. Construction of the production. As to resources exploitation during the Seventh Manwan hydroelectric power development projects, they Five-Year Plan (1986-90). station (generating capacity 1.5 should, according to state regul• million kw) and another station ations, be granted the same In the province itself, the most (capacity 600,000kw) has started. preferential treatment as enjoyed important thing is to improve Besides guaranteeing supplies of by those in the coastal areas after transportation and plan the raw materials for processing they are approved by the state. construction of energy projects. industries in the coastal areas, the Q: Would you please explain The state has earmarked special province is preparing to develop what new regulations the funds for the reconstruction of its metal materials processing province offers for the en• four arterial highways radiating industry to strengthen its couragement of foreign from the provincial capital economic capability. investment?

Sun XIaohong, of the Jino nationality, teaches in a kindergarten.

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 Zhu: The new regulations pub• tax for another five years. If the deposited in a special bank lished by the province on annual export value of an export- account; this will be used by the December 30, 1986 cover the oriented enterprise exceeds 70 provincial department concerned following main points: percent of its output value in the to help balance the foreign Export-oriented and technically year concerned after its enjoyment exchange books of the foreign- advanced enterprises, except for of these preferential conditions invested enterprises. Priority those in downtown areas, will be expires, it will be free from the should be given to those foreign- exempted from fees for the use of local income tax for that funded enterprises which provide land for 5 years beginning from particular year. No industrial and the marketing channels to meet the date of their operation. commercial consolidated tax will their needs for funds to balance Starting with the sixth year of its be levied on products directly their exchange books. operation, an enterprise must pay exported by foreign-invested en• The autonomy and legal less than 1.5 yuan per square metre terprises or exported by entrusted interests of foreign-invested enter• of land annually for land use. The agencies of foreign trade or other prises should be protected. Within above-mentioned enterprises are companies, with the exception of the limits of Chinese law and the also exempted from all payments crude oil,. oil products and approved contracts, they have the for subsidies extended by the state products on whose export there right to run their own production to the Chinese employees. Other are separate state regulations. and operation and introduce foreign-invested enterprises are Under the supervision and advanced^ scientific managerial required to pay only 20 yuan to the management of the provincial methods conducive to improving local government as monthly sub-bureau of exchange control, productivity -and economic re• subsidies extended by the state to exchange of currencies is allowed sults. They can determine by each Chinese employee in those between foreign-invested enterpr• themselves their production and enterprises to cover food, oil and ises. If this still fails to balance operation programmes, organiz• fuel expenses. their foreign exchange books, ational set-ups, the number of During the period when the solvent enterprises may apply to employees, appointment of per• foreign-invested enterprises are the sub-bureau for loans in foreign sonnel, wage scale and awards exempted from the enterprise exchange. The foreign exchange system. Except for the department income tax according to state retained according to regulations authorized by the state to take regulations, they are also free from by Chinese trade companies that charge of foreign-funded enterpr• the local income tax. Those export products through market• ises, no other organizations or export-oriented and advanced- ing channels provided by the individuals are allowed to inter• technology enterprises, besides foreign partners of the foreign- fere in the production and enjoying the above-mentioned invested enterprises should be operation of these enterprises. preferential treatment, will be shared with the suppliers of the Improving efficiency. As for the exempted from the local income products, the remainder should be foreign-invested projects within the authority of the province, the Free market. organization concerned should give a written reply on the proposal and the feasibility studies report about the project within 40 days following their submission, decide whether an agreement, a contract or a statute is ratified within 20 days and issue an instrument of ratification within 10 days. Problems arising from the production and operation of these enterprises and their declarations should be studied and solved without delay by a joint office comprising the departments concerned. These regulations also apply to enterprises operated by firms and enterprises and other economic orgainzations or individuals from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

MAY 25, 1987 21 • ARTICLES

Ruili: China's Southwestern Gate to Burma by Our Correspondent Lu Yun uili, a remote county 900 km they are immediately issued visas paths are the only things to Rwest of Kunming, capital of by showing their identity cards. If separate China from Burma. The Yunnan Province, is regarded as they expect to stay in China for a Dai, Jingpo, Lisu and Benglong China's southwestern gate to while, they get a border pass, people live on both sides of the Burma. Hemmed in as it is by which enables them to go to the line. Naturally, cross-border mar• rugged mountains 1,200 metres designated commercial areas. riages are commonplace, and above sea level, the county enjoys Every day the Dunhong Ferry Chinese and Burmese residents abundant rainfall typical of the accommodates over 1,400 people. often drink water from the same subtropical climate. Its frostfree, Local people of both countries wells. Several years ago, wh^n a evergreen land of 856 square have always been on good terms Chinese house caught fire, a metres is home to 70,000 since 19^9, even during the Burmese fire brigade rushed to its inhabitants, mostly Dais and "cultural revolution." They go to rescue, and when a Burmese Jingpos. each other's fairs and celebrate the family lost its home, its Chinese The county is part-' of the Dai Water-SprinkHng Festival neighbours immediately sent in Tehung Dai and Jingpo Auto• together. Local officials, too, goods and relief nomous Prefecture, a region that exchange visits during festivals. The two countries' public thrived on the busy trade traffic The two nations are so closely security departments also help between China, Burma and India linked in this area that the border• each other in fighting drug on the "Southwestern Silk Road" line often runs through densely trafficking and other criminal during the Tang Dynasty (618- populated villages and in some cases. Debt, divorce and other 907). places, bridges, ditches or narrow civilian cases are tackled through Today, traditional Sino- Burmese exchanges remain very much alive in Ruili, which borders Burma on three sides. Symbohc of this is the constant stream of boats sailing up and down the Ruili The Dai Nationality There are also rich deposits of River. The river meanders its way copper, iron, gold and silver. through the county and flows on he 1982 national census put the The Dais, with a recorded southwest to join the Irrawaddy TDai population at 839,000. history dating back to the first River in Burma. Most of them live in the Xishuang century A.D., has its own spoken Banna Dai Autonomous Prefec• and written language. Most Dais ture in Yunnan Province, the are Buddhists. In Xishuang Tehung Dai and Jingpo Auto• Banna, boys are sent to live in "Sibling" Affection nomous Prefecture and Kengma temples for a while before they are and Menglien Autonomous considered men, and some of them The Dunhong Ferry service Counties, and the rest are stay on and become monks. Most between China and Burma scattered in 30 other counties in Dai festivals are of a religious consists of four boats plying back Yunnan Province. Most Dais Hve nature. During the Water- and forth across the Ruili River. in valleys surrounded by hills. Sprinkling Festival, for instance, Nearby stands the newly built Villages are scattered amidst green the local people pray for a good Irontier inspection station, whose bamboo groves skirted by spar• harvest. ^ roof is graced with a fluttering kling streams. Local products five-star red flag and a signboard include grain, sugarcane, cam• The Dai nationaUty also has its blearing the words: "Ruili, China." phor, coffee, rubber, shellac and own calendar and a rich legacy in When the Chinese travellers lemongrass. Xishuang Banna is literature and art, and virtually disembark, they travel on by bike known for its Puer tea, mangos, every Dai is a good folk dancer or tractor. The incoming Burmese pineapples, coconuts and and singer. The Peacock dance, stop for simple formalities at the bananas. The forests abound in the Xiangjiao drum (a drum on a station before entering the teak, red sandalwood, devilpepper pedestal shaped like an elephant's Chinese territory. and cinchona trees and wild leg, used by several monority According to Cheng Shukui, elephants, tigers, leopards, deer, nationahties in Yunnan) and the head of the inspection station, if rhinoceros, golden-haired mon• Mang gong are part of the Dai the Burmese come for a day trip, keys, peacocks and hornbills. tradition. 22 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 Ruili County's Economy in the 1980-85 Period

1980 1985 Average annual increase

Ruili's total industrial and agricultural output value 28.96 million yuan 48.62 million yuan 11 percent Average per-capita income 413 yuan 715 yuan 11.5 percent Average farmers' per-capita net income 167 yuan 431 yuan Total volume of retail sales 30.9 million yuan 86.13 million yuan 22.7 percent Sideline production (excluding grain) out of total agricultural output value 9.27 percent 54.58 percent Marketing rate of agricultural & sideline products 73 percent 81 percent friendly consultations. temples in the area. The Jiele both sides of the Sino-Burmese The Ruili County Hospital, Golden Pagoda, a magnificent borderline often believe in the with 110 beds and more than 120 18th-century structure, has always same religion. For example, the staff members, is knoWn for its low served as the religious centre for Dais and Benglongs are Buddhists charges and good service. Every local Buddhists of both countries. and the Jingpo people are either year more than 1,000 Burmese In 1983, when it was reopened Catholics or Christians. In 1985, patients visit the hopital, and after a major refurbishment, a when a patriofic Christian com• Burmese doctors often come to grand ceremony was held. Over mission was established in Ruili, learn and swap experiences with 10,000 Burmese Buddhists, in• more than 1,800 Burmese Christ• their Chinese colleagues. An cluding 100 old people who ians took part in the inaugural amateur Chinese theatre troupe arrived after a five-day journey, celebration. They were delighted has performed for residents across joined their Chinese friends for the to see the new pastors and places the Ruili River on several occassion. Recently the pagoda of worship and a Jingpo-language occasions. was again surrounded by scaffold• version of the Bible. Religious Activities ing and many painters were The Hansa Temple is yet working on it. another religious attraction in In Ruili, many people are Ruili. When it was destroyed Buddhists. There are many Members of an ethnic group on during the "cultural revolution,"

Outside the Hansa Temple.

«««

MAY 25, 1987 23 ARTICLES

Wubinya-Wensa, the 57-year-old living Buddha, was forced to leave the place and went to Burma. Wubinya returned in 1983, when the policy for freedom of religious belief struck deeper root and the Hansa Temple wSs rebuilt. Today, the Hansa Temple with its 19 monks keeps in close touch with Buddhists at home and abroad. Famous Buddhists from Rangoon and members of the Thai royal family have come all the way to visit it. Dai Buddhists come to pay homage in July, August and September, and sometimes the temple receives over 5,000 visitors a day.

Out of Poverty Interior of a Dal "specialized household.' LU YUAN The traditional dress for women production, has markedly aug• hotel in 1983, which covers an area in Ruili is long, colourful skirts mented the farmers' income. Some of 400 square metres and has 41 matched with a big turban, and of the wealthier farmers in the beds and a dining hall. Last year, many still dress this way. Their village have bought trucks and the Yangs earned 9,000 yuan, no healthy complexion and colourful tractors. small amount according to attire are sure signs of an Ruanhanxiaodi, 31, is a Dai Chinese standards. improving living standard. Ac• farmer in Daizengkan village who cording to local government recently bought a 25-seater bus to The Market sources, half of Ruili's farmers run a service between Ruili and Ruili's county seat is clustered have moved into new houses over Wanding and makes good money with hotels, banks, restaurants the last few years. this way. He has bought a colour and bookshops that stand along In Shuijing village there are 386 TV and built a beautiful house. wide, clean streets. The free residents in 63 households. Most Yang Fuxi is a Han farmer who markets offer a wide choice of of them are Dais, and the others married a Dai woman in 1967. The fresh vegetables, fruit, eggs, meat, , are Nus, Lisus and Hans. Recent family now has six members who, aquatic products, grain, etc. years have seen a steady increase while doing a good job in farming According to Zhang Xuemin, a in the production of grain, under the responsibility system, leader of the county's administra• sugarcane and potatoes. This, also make reinforced concrete tive bureau of industry and coupled with thriving watermelon telegraph poles. They opened a commerce, commodities sold on the free market increased from 300 kinds in 1980 to 860 in 1986, while the volume of business increased include rubber, tea, coffee, oil from 960,000 yuan to 19.2 million The Jingpo Nationality tung trees, shellac and kapok. The yuan. Local residents account for forests are teeming with tigers, 47 percent of the customers, and he 1982 national census put the leopards, bears, muntjacs, boas, the others come from other parts TJingpo population at 93,000. pheasants and parrots. of China and from Burma. In Most of them live in the Tehung The Jingpo nationality has its 1984, only 35 percent of the Dai and Jingpo Autonomous own language and alphabetic commodities sold in Ruili were Prefecture, and the others live in writing. According to historical local products but now the figure the Nuchiang Lisu Autonomous data, forefathers of the Jingpos is 52 percent. Prefecture and Kengma and moved from the southern part of In May 1985, Ruili opened Lantsang Counties. The mountai• the Tibetan Plateau to Yunnan in evening markets to the delight of nous areas where the Jingpo ancient times. After the 16thdweller s and visitors. They include people live are usually 1,500 century, most of them immigrated fruit stalls, midnight snack bars, metres above sea level, rich in to the area now known as the and over 80 booths selling mineral resources and rare timbers Tehung Dai and Jingpo Auto• and medicinal herbs. Cash crops nomous Prefecture. (Continued on p. 27)

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 THE ABC OF INVESTMENT IN CHINA (II) Legal Protection for Investors by Yue Haitao

S there any legal guarantee for foreign economic organizations foreign economic organizations in I investment in China?" This is a and individual foreigners to invest China, as well as joint ventures question often haunting foreign in China and to enter into various with Chinese and foreign invest• businessmen and a reflection of forms of economic co-operation ment located in China, shall abide the inadequacy of China's legal with Chinese enterprises and other by the law of the People's system. Fortunately, the situation economic organizations in ac• Republic of China. The has improved considerably in the cordance with the law of the Constitution's protection of the last eight years. People's Republic of China. All investors' lawful rights and The roles of the National foreign enterprises and other interests is the most effective People's Congress and its Stand• ing Committee as China's legisla• tive bodies have been brought to full play. So far, the relevant economic laws already enacted and promulgated and administra• tive rules and regulations for• mulated by the State Council have exceeded 200 in number. They include 50 laws and regulations on relations with foreign countries. Of these laws and regulations, the most important ones include the Law on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment, Regulations for the Implement• ation of the Law on Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures, the Law on Foreign Enterprises, Regulations on the Registration of Sino- Foreign Joint Ventures, Regul• ations on Labour Management in Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures, Income Tax Law Concerning Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures, Detailed Rules for Implement• ation of the Income Tax Law, Economic Contract Law, the Income Tax Law Concerning Foreign Enterprises, Individual Income Tax Law, Patent Law, Trademark Law and Bankruptcy Law. The Chinese and foreign- language texts of these laws and regulations on relations with foreign companies can be ob• tained from Chinese officials and negotiators. Article 18 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1982 stipulates: "The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other

MAY 25, 1987 25 •1 ARTICLES

guarantee. All laws, decrees, rules Welfare Expenses; and Measures his company to open a factory in and regulations formulgated by for the Management of Imported China. General Manager Howard the central and local governments Materials and Parts Needed by Young also said that political should not contradict the Foreign-Funded Enterprises for stability and rich natural resources Constitution. Implementing Product Export place China in a more advan• Contracts. Another five sets of tageous position than other Asian To deal with the existing regulations soon to be published countries and regions. problems concerning investment are: Measures of the People's climate, the State Council pro• Bank of China for Foreign- On July 10, 1986, in answering mulgated on October 11 last year Funded Enterprises to Use questions put to him by Moirko Certain Regulations for En• Foreign Exchange as Mortgage on Djekic, Chief Editor of couraging Foreign Investment Loans in Renminbi (People's Yugoslavia's News Weekly in (called the "22-points" for short). Currency); Provisional Regul• Belgrade, Premier Zhao said, The regulations guarantee ations on Confirming and Chec• "Allowing and encouraging fore• foreign-funded enterprises full king Export-Oriented and Techni• ign investment is an important right to determine their own cally Advanced Enterprises component of China's policy of production and management, Among Foreign-Funded Enterpr• opening to the outside world." including the right to hire and ises; Rules Concerning Foreign- dismiss employees. According to Funded Enterprises Applying for The Chinese government also the regulations, technically advan• Import and Export Licences; guarantees foreign investors' re• ced and export-oriented enterpr• Rules Concerning Foreign- mittance of profits, funds and ises are granted preferential Funded Enterprises Purchasing personal income abroad. Article treatment in taxation, service Products on the Home Market for 10 of the Law for Joint Ventures charges and fees on the use of land. Export to Balance Their Foreign Using Chinese and Foreign They decreed that government Exchange Books; Provisional Investment stipulates: "The net organizations concerned should Regulations on Proportion Be• profit which a foreign participant raise work efficiency and service tween Registered Capital and receives as his share after quality. Total Investment of Foreign- executing his obligations under Funded Enterprises. the pertinent laws and agreements The "22-points" are now being and contracts, the funds he implemented across the country However, it cannot be said, as receives at the time when the joint and have been warmly welcomed yet, that the legal protection China venture terminates or winds up its by foreign investors. Mr. Howard provides for overseas investors has operations, and his other funds Young, general manager of John been perfected, law-making work may be remitted abroad through Swire & Son (China) Ltd., said still continues. For example, Law the Bank of China in accordance that the new regulations are Concerning Sino-Foreign Co• with the foreign exchange regul• definitely a positive measure that operative Enterprises, Company ations and in the currency or will be well received. He said he Law and Bill Law have not yet currencies specified in the con• believed that the regulations been formulated. Most foreign tracts concerning the joint ven• would encourage foreign business• investors say that such laws and ture." Ariticle 11 stipulates: "The men to invest in China. Mr. Don regulations should be an in• wages, salaries or other legitimate St.Pierre, general manager of the dispensable, component part of income earned by a foreign worker Beijing Jeep Co. Ltd., said that the the laws and regulations on or staff member of a joint venture, "22-points" represented a major economic relations with foreign after payment of the personal step forward to attract and countries. income tax under the laws of the guarantee foreign investment. "If People's Republic of China, may you have a quality product and a Of course, foreign investors are be remitted abroad through the practical management plan, China concerned with the stability of Bank of China in accordance with will definitely step in to lend you a China's political situation and its the foreign exchange regulations." hand." open policy. Developments since 1978 have shown that there is no In order to provide further legal Of the detailed rules and problem in that respect because protection for investors, the regulations worked out for the China-s current policies are Chinese government has signed implementation of the "22- correct and effective and are bilateral investment protection points," four have been pro• supported by the people. The agreements, investment insurance mulgated, including Regulafions general manager of a joint venture agreements, agreements on avoi• on Foreign-Funded Enterprises' set up in the Tianjin Economic dance of dual taxation and on tax Autonomy to Employ Workers, to Development Area deems it evasion with many countries the Determine Wages, Insurance and politically secure and reliable for world over. •

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 •i TOURISM

Youren, a founding member of the Tengchong: A Border Town Kuomintang, saying, ""source o^ culture." There are a brief acci. of the history and culture of Tengchong County, and the pictures and descriptions of 24 prominent figures born in Teng• chong in ancient or modern times. Accounts of people from Teng- chong who made notable contri• butions to national independence and development and fought for the freedom and happiness of the people over the past 1,000 years are all there.

Heshun township has a history of 603 years. Over 5,500 people live there now, most of them are farmers and 80 percent are returned overseas Chinese. There are 8,000 Heshun people abroad, and 6,000 others working else• The inscription in Yu Youren's handwriting. where in the country. Heshun is set in a picturesque country of green engchong County in Yunnan levelled. The Cemetery of the mountains and clear waters. In the TProvince has been a place of Martyrs, built in memory of the township, there are stone arch economic and military importance Kuomintang army's generals and bridges, stone memorial gateways on the southwestern Chinese fighters who died in the battle, was and platforms surrounded by border since ancient times. On the renovated in 1985. With some stone pillars. Secondary education highway leading to Burma and illustrations of the battle, it is now is universal in the township. India, it became a vital junction open to the public. Heshun library, built in 1928, is linking the three countries up to In Laifeng Park which is green reckoned to be China's No. 1 rural the ninth century during the Han all the year round, a replica of library with 61,000 books, includ• and Tang dynasties. Aided by the Ming Dynasty Tengchong (com• ing ancient woodcut threadbound US air force, a Chinese expe• pleted in 1445) was built on a scale books and rare editions. The ditionary army recaptured Teng• of 1.5:10,000. Quiet and beautiful, Yuanlong Pavilion in the Heshun chong from Japanese aggressors in Laifeng Park is much like the tourist resort was built in 1762. Its September, 1944 during the War gardens to the south of the superb workmanship, beautiful of Resistance Against Japan. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River. In decorations and a limpid pool two sides fought fiercely for over the main hall in the park, there is inside make it a real attraction to 40 days and the whole city was an inscription written by Yu tourists. •

(Continued from p. 24) canal dug after liberation have prompted the county to expand its improved the local irrigation sugar refinery in 1984, which Ruili: Gate to Burma conditions. However, during the handles 175,000 tons of sugarcane ""cultural revolution" the local a year. For many years in the past, imported clothes, nylon fabrics, people failed to tap the rich Ruili relied heavily on state cosmetics, and household goods. natural resources, as they were subsidies; today, with industry Ruili abounds in coal, iron and working single-mindedly to boost growing alongside an equally water resources. Its forests cover grain output. Since the economic thriving agriculture, the county an area of 28,600 hectares. Ruili's reform started in 1979, the local has achieved the beginning of nature reserve is the habitat for people have diversified their prosperity. In 1985, it delivered peacocks, elks, hornbills and economy by planting fruit trees, 350,000 yuan of revenue to the many other exotic animals. The vegetables, sugarcane and rubber. state; in 1986 the figure increased two reservoirs and an irrigation Expanded sugarcane cultivation to 1.1 million yuan. •

MAY 25, 1987 27 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

of time convincing people holding this opinion, asking them to He Jingzhi on Liu Binyan and Liu Xinwu evaluate Liu Binyan for all his achievements and errors and give a slanderer according to law. In him a chance to correct his "LIAOWANG" order to educate and redeem Liu, mistakes. Liu Binyan is not an (Outlook, Overseas Edition) the Party Central Committee enemy and his problem is spent a lot of time trying to contradiction among the people. persuade the people, and at the He said that the Party still riter Liu Binyan is still at his same time, criticized him for his places high hopes on Liu Binyan Wpost as vice-chairman of the mistakes on many occasions. But, and expects him to work hard and Chinese Writers' Association, Liu Binyan refused to accept the correct his mistakes, so that he will even though he has been expelled criticisms. On the contrary, he continue to enjoy the confidence from the Party. If he really realizes went further to attack the Party's of the people when the Chinese and corrects his mistakes, and leadership and socialist system. Writers' Association holds elec• wishes to return to the Party, the Liu Bitfyan has totally lost the tions next time. Party will bid him welcome. He qualifications necessary for Party When asked to comment on the Jingzhi, deputy head of the Pro• membership. The Party had to errors of Liu Xinwu, former paganda Department of the CPC expel him according to the Party editor-in-chief of the Literary Central Committee, said this in an Constitution. Journal (People's Literature), He interview with a reporter not long Jingzhi said, the nature of Liu ago. To expel Liu Binyan from the Party does not mean treating him Xinwu's mistake was quite When asked to comment on a as an enemy. He Jingzhi said. Liu different from that of Liu Binyan. joint letter by some overseas Binyan is still a writer and at his Liu Xinwu was temporarily writers about Liu Binyan's post as vice-chairman of the suspended from his post because expulsion from the Party, He Chinese Writers' Association. On he agreed to the publication in his Jingzhi said that it is under• this question views also vary at magazine of a novel vilifying the standable that some overseas home. He said. Some people say, Tibetan people, causing great people have various misgivings the constitution of the Chinese indignation among the people, because they don't know clearly Writers' Association stipulates especially Tibetans, who asked about the matters within the that the members of the associ- that he be relieved from his post Communist Party of China. afion must follow the Party's and punished. After patient He said, the expulsion of Liu leadership. Liu Binyan refused to persuasion the relevant leaders Binyan from the Party was accept the leadership of the Party, made the decision to suspend Liu decided as a result of overall why is he still allowed to hold the Xinwu from his post and asked consideration of Liu's all achieve• post as vice-chairman of the him to make a public self-criticism ments and errors. Maybe his writers' association, they ask. in newspapers. This has won starting point was fine when he Some leaders of the Party Central understanding from the Tibetans. wrote some of his reports. But, Committee have spent a great deal (No. 18.1987) he had committed a mistake of big proportions, that is, what he called "speaking one's mind without reservation." In A IVIoslem Street in Beijing fact, what he meant was to change the nature of the Communist Party of China and ask the Party "RENMIN RIBAO" wearing white caps are prostrate to do things according to his (People's Daily, Overseas Edition) at a big white carpet. wishes. This Mosque, which is the In addition, in many of his oldest one in Beijing, was closed reports, he vilified some grass• during the ten-year "cultural roots Party organizations and ituated in the southwestern revolution" (1966-76). It was leading cadres as "lackeys of the Spart of Beijing, the Niujie reopened only in 1979 as a place of "Gang of Four" while exposing Street has Beijing's biggest religious activities after large-scale unhealthy tendencies. As a result, Moslem community. renovation. Now, five prayers a number of fine people suffered At the centre of the street there take place there each day, from this injustice and many of is a Mosque. Wang Lianzhong, a attracting a large number of them complained to the Party 86-year-old imam, is leading Moslem believers. The number of Central Committee, demanding prayers in the Mosque and several pilgrims exceeds 1,000 during the that judicial organs punish him as hundreds of devoted believers time of the Lesser Bairam.

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 Seventy percent of the residents official Chinese marriage However, there are complaints. in Niujie Street are Hui people. certificates. Shortage of housing is one. Now Added with those hving in several each household in Niujie lanes round Niujie Street, the The funerals are even more Street has bought or is planning to population of Hui people in the strictly in keeping with the Islamic buy a colour television and a area amounts to more than custom of burying the dead in the refrigerator. More and more 12,000. ground. There is a Moslem people complain that their houses On the doors of all provisions undertaker on Niujie Street, who are too old, too simple and too shops in the street are specially cares for dead Moslems crowded. inscriptions of "Moslem" in by washing their bodies with clear A pjan to reconstruct Niujie Arabic. In the morning, the water, wrapping them with white Street has been placed on the peddlars from the Hui villages in cloth and burying them in the agenda of the municipal govern• the suburbs of Beijing roam the ground. Over the past few years, ment. In the not too distant future, street on bicycles selling fresh another few Hui cemeteries have new buildings with Islamic mutton. Old ladies who are been established close to the architectural style will rise in fastidious about instant-boiled Lugou (MafcoPoio) Bridge. Even Niujie Street. mutton come hurrying out of their though it is an official policy that Last year, more than 2,300 houses to bargain with the all dead people in Beijing are people from 77 countries and peddlars over fresh sheep's legs. cremated, the dead Moslems are regions went to the Mosque or With an ample supply of goods, excluded due to the government's visited Niujie Street. Moreover, there are several beef and mutton special policy towards minority Eight Moslems from Niujie went stores in Niujie Street. Of ethnic groups. All old people in on pilgrimages to Mecca over the which, one is the special supply Niujie Street express satisfaction past two years. centre of the City of Beijing, with the practice. (March 22. 1987) selling the finest beef and mutton. With special supply cards issued by the government, the Hui people can freely choose beef and mutton of any cut they like and the purchasing amount is without limit. The Niujie Street has two kindergartens, one of them was contributed by Hei Hongku, a Hui businessman from Hong Kong born in Niujie. The lovely babies there sing popular songs with high spirits and the aroma of the stir- fried mutton spills out through the special canteen. There are also two primary schools and a middle school for Hui children. Schools lay stress on the teaching of the history of the Hui nationaUty and its heroes. In the Beijing Islam Doctrine College within the Mosque, more than 10 select young people diligently study the Koran every day and they will become imams in the future. In recent years, the Islamic rites of weddings and funerals have resumed. For instance, some young couples also ask imam to write Islamic marriage contracts for them and receive their congratulatory scripture recit• ation although they have got

MAY 25, 1987 29 • BUSINESSARAPE

it will also help the lAA admit new China-Yugoslavia Trade Keeps Up Chinese members, draw more membership dues, improve relev• Yugoslav trade exhibition, the the bilateral relations is co• ant information exchange between A third of its kind in Beijing since operation in industrial produc• China and other countries, 1979, will be held at the Beijing tion. By the end of last year, the organize academic exchanges, International Exhibition Centre two countries signed a total of 61 train employees and provide May 25-31. It is based on a steady contracts for industrial co• consulting services. increase in bilateral trade. operation and completed 26 of In order to enhance the co• According to Zvone Dragan, them. Another 29 contracts were operation between China and Yugoslavia's ambassador to concluded this year, 10 for co• other countries, China is organiz• China, the 1983 trade value was operation in production, 10 ing a 5-day advertising conference US$58 million, in 1985 it was offering Yugoslav technology and for third world countries, which US$190 milhon. Last year the equipment and other 9 for will begin in Beijing on June 16. planned target of US$400 million exporting Chinese technology and The China National Council was not reached owing to a production equipment. Asian Federation of Advertising shortage of foreign exchange. So far no joint ventures or co• Association will be set up very Thanks to the adoption also of operative enterprises have been soon. compensatory and barter trade, established between the two by Yao Jianguo this year will see a marked increase countries, but the ambassador in the volume of trade between the said the two countries intend to two sides. By the opening of the improve economic and trade co• exhibition, the two countries have operation further. China is at the signed US$200 million worth of moment considering a recent China, FRG Team Up contracts out of this year's suggestion made by Yugoslavia In Technology planned US$500 million worth. for scientific and technological co• China and Yugoslavia maintain operation. An airline service a balance in their trade. Yugo• between Belgrade and Beijing he first jointly sponsored slavia mainly exports non-ferrous which resumed on May 1 this year TBeijing-Essen Welding Exhi• and ferrous metals, chemicals, should help the exchanges be• bition was held in Beijing from tourist buses, cars, refrigerators, tween the two countries. May 12 to 18. furniture, telephone exchanges, The Yugoslav exhibition in• On display were the latest chicken-raising equipment and volves 160 factories and 30 foreign welding machines, computer con• processing machines while China trade organizations. During the trolled cutting machines and other exports in the main petroleum, exhibition, 23 symposia will be related equipment from about 100 cotton, textile materials, chem• held to discuss problems of barter factories in China, West Germany icals, raw materials for medicines, trade, the possibilities for organiz• and some other countries. leather, non-ferrous minerals, ing production in a free trade During the exhibifion, scientists household articles and foodstuffs. zone, and economic co-operation. of the two countries discussed One of the important aspects of by Han Baocheng welding technology and related equipment, materials, design and quality controls. China Joins World Ads Association This co-operation started in 1984 when the Deutscher Verband fur SchweiBtechnik and the he International Advertising ten advertising companies. With Welding Research Institute under TAssociation (lAA), founded in the implementation of the open China's Machinery Engineering 1938, has over 70 chapters and policy and the development of Association reached an agreement 3,000 members. commerce, advertising developed on helping China establish a The China Chapter Intern• rapidly. By late 1986, there were quality control system and two ational Advertising Association 6,944 advertising units with 81,130 training centres in Harbin and (CCIAA) was established in employees producing advertising Daqing in northeast China. Beijing on May 12. For the first worth 845 million yuan. time, 31 Chinese advertisers have On the one hand, the China Over the past few years, several become personal members of the Chapter will help strengthen the hundred welding workers and lAA. ties between China and the rest of instructors have been trained, and Tian Shuqian, CCIAA presi• the world and promote the three of them won the first three dent, said the Chinese advertising development of Chinese advertis• places at the national welding industry began in 1979 with just ing and trade. On the other hand. competition which was held in

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 to export 10,000 such masseurs mainly to France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, Sweden, Norway and the United States, as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan. The masseur, a combination of traditional Chinese acupuncture, clinical massage and modern electronic technology, can be used to stimulate acupuncture points to build up the body's resistance to disease. Clinical records in Fujian Province's eight hospitals show that the instrument is very effective in treating backache, cervical and vertebral diseases, toothache and tieadache. The plant plans to market two other Kangle brand clinical instruments: Nan-bao useful main• Daqing and attended by 500 help establish such centres in other ly in curing common diseases people. Chinese cities where German including kidney failure, im• Herr Sossenheimer, standing engineers would do the training. potence and premature ejacul• member of the board of directors At present, plans are being ation and Yan-hao used to prevent of the presidium of the German drawn to build Sino-German myopia. association said that the training scientists and technicians ex• by Li Rongxia centres in Harbin and Daqing change centre in Beijing. would improve Chinese welding, adding that his association would by Yao Jianguo Trade News in Brief • The Netherlands signed a contract with China on May 8 in China, US Co-operate In Courier Service Beijing for providing a govern• ment loan of24.63 million guilders (or about US$12.26 million) to China-US international while post for abroad will be China. With the loan, China will courier service began oper• delivered within two to seven days. A purchase equipment for the ation this month for a delivery Established in December 1985, Beijiao Dairy Products Factory on service to 172 countries and the China Courier Service has Beijing's northern outskirts; and regions. opened branches and delivery equipment for the Mudanjiang This service is offered jointly by stations in 50 cities including Pharmaceutical Factory in Hei- the China Courier Service, which Beijing, Shanghai and Guangz• longjiang Province. The equip• handles all pickups and deliveries hou. Its business volume in and ment should be delivered in 8 to 12 within the country, and Airborne out of the country last year months. Express of the United States which amounted to 400,000 pieces of is responsible for express traffic mail. The recent installation of • The Zhoushan Port on the between China and the rest of the computer terminals provided by southern tip of Zhoushan Archi• world. The domestic mail, which Airborne Express has linked the pelago, Zhejiang Province, should be dehvered within a day company directly with Airborne's opened to foreign ships on May 5. between cities in China, is covered worldwide communications The port boasts 56 berths for 500- by domestic express networks. network. • ton ships or heavier, including six for 3,0()0-ton ships and three for 10,000-ton ships. The navigation China Sells Masseurs Abroad channels are 17.6 metres deep even at low tide. The port has a working he Xiapu Electronics Plant in welcomed by overseas Chinese water surface of 82 square TFujian Province has sold 50,000 doctors and arousing interest in kilometres and can accommodate Kangle brand LY-5 electronic various business circles. 150,000-ton ships entering and masseurs internationally, much This year, the plant is expected leaving.

MAY 25, 1987 31 m CULTURE/SCIENCE •••••••••••••••••1

Daur Folk Culture Interests Visitors

ow do the Daur people in a kind of close-fitting dress with pearls hang from the bottom of the Hhunting society live? In what high neck and slit skirt called a qi cradle producing rhythmic ways do they differ from people in pao. When winter comes, they sounds, which lull the baby to modern society? These are ques• wear blue cotton robes. Their sleep. tions that have long interested cloth shoes are embroidered with flower designs. When attending a Visitors also can enjoy the historians and anthropologists. pleasure of a Daur wedding A recent exhibition of the ethnic wedding ceremony or going out to visit their relatives, the Daur ceremony by watching a TV film. group held in the Cultural Palace When a Daur boy reaches the of Nationalities drew streams of women often put on additional silk sleeveless jackets, lined with marriage age, his parents would Beijing visitors. The exhibition ask a matchmaker to make an displayed more than 200 photo- furs of marten, squirrel or leopard, with a small hand-bag offer of marriage to the family of a graphes and 400 artifacts. A TV girl. By custom, the matchmaker's film shown at the exhibition gave hung on their left shoulder. The colourful ornaments and clothing overture to a girl's parents serves visitors a more lively impression of the same purpose as a signed the Daur's life and culture. at the exhibition tell visitors that the Daurs have the tradition of marriage contract. After the The Daur is an ethnic group of engagement, the boy's family 100,000 people. They live mainly wearing ornaments and dressing themselves up. Young women would give the girl's family in Hulun Buir League of Inner presents, including horses, oxen, Mongolia, Heilongjiang Province often trim their clothes with beautiful lace, and wear silk pigs, goats and wine. One month and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous before the wedding ceremony, the Region. They speak the Han, flowers and jewellery made of gold, silver, or jade. future bridegroom should prepare Uygur, Kazakh and Manchu oral all new clothes and quilts for his languages. However, the Daurs Daur thatched-roof cottages bride. The wedding ceremony is had no written language of their are usually built along rivers with usually held in spring time. own until the Qing Dynasty when their backs against the mountains. According to custom, the bride• they began using Manchu written The windows open to the south groom greets his bride at sunrise. language. After the 1911 Revo• and west so as to let in the most This is said to be a good omen for lution, which overthrew the Qing sunlight, and the floor of the store the newly married couple. On the Dynasty, they used the Han house stands about 80 cm off the way to greet his bride, the language, too. ground for ventilation. bridegroom is supposed to be very Living in isolation throughout kind and give any passerby a much of their history, the Daurs Inside the house, there is a living portion of wine, meat or some have evolved their own traditional room and a bedroom separated by refreshment to share his jubi• customs. four elaborately checked and lation. The wedding ceremony is Most of the Daur clothes on sculptured doors. followed by a horse race with display are fur or leather, which One item that captured the young people from both' sides reflect that hunting is their major interest of many visitors was a participating. Afterwards, they productive activity. There was a Daur baby cradle. It looks like a are treated with a local feast. roe deer fur hat with two ears suspended flat boat — narrow, remaining upright. Wearing the and about 12 cm in depth, but it The Daur people practise in hat, one looks as if he himself were inclines gently towards the Shamanism, the belief in nature growing horns. This acts as ground. A baby could sleep inside and in the power of shamans to camouflage when stalking covered with a small quilt and influence them. A small number of animals. The fur boots they wear, strapped in by a leather belt. The Daurs believe in Lamaism. In called chikami, are warm and outside of the cradle is em• May of every lunar year, many light, enabling them to walk on broidered with designs of butter• Daur people gather together in snow. flies, and Chinese characters such front of a pile of earth or stone, In spring, summer and autumn, as "happiness" and "longevity." offering sacrificial cattle or sheep the Daur women usually dress in a Many chicken leg bones and to the gods of heaven, earth,

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 mountain and river. They pray the culture. blowing it with the mouth. The gods for bringing them a good At the exhibition hall, one can player changes the tune by harvest and peaceful life. Usually, see colourful Daur folk arts and alternating the sizes of the oral hunters offer sacrifices to the god crafts, such as small tobacco bags, cavity. When night falls, one can of mountain, while woodsmen and belts, hand bags, pillows and hear melodies played by young fishermen pray to the god of river. shoes, all of them embroidered ladies on the instrument, sitting by Most shamans were women, but with patterns of flowers, trees, windows, or under trees, or near men become involved later. They birds, animals, mountains, rivers, streams. Many young men and are by no means witches. When sun and moon. women blow mukulian to ex• the religious rite is performed, Among the arts and crafts change their feelings of love. believers dress in special clothes exhibits are carved wood Buddhas The Da\^r nationality has a and hats and pray to gods, while with fine workmanship, birch great oral folk literature. Many of singing, dancing and striking bark vessels inlaid or carved with the stories talk about the origins of drums. various patterns, and a wide human beings, the origin of their When someone dies, the corpse variety of papercuts. clan, and of worshipping nature. is placed in a coffin that would be A kind of paper-folded figurine, One of the stories loved by the buried in a graveyard of the clan. named hanika, about 8-10 cm Daurs is one which describes The burial pit is strictly defined, high, is the Daur girls' favourite. about the Daur national heroes in with the older generation buried in Its facial features are vividly their fight against national the north and the younger presented with a few strokes. oppression and feudal ruling class generation in the south. Funeral Other girls will draw facial in the latter part of the 19th objects are those the dead person features on an egg shell which century. used in his or her lifetime, serves as the head of paper figure. Wuchun is a kind of narrative including jewellery, small pans, Girls often play games with poem, popular with the Daur spoons, bowls, knives, grain and hanika, in which paper figures play people. It is spoken with rhyme small wooden boats. On the left different characters, full of local schemes between lines. They side of the coffin is a cut-out paper flavour. depict the life of labour, reflect the sun, and on the right are designs of The Daur people are fond of sharp contrast between old society moon and other celestial symbols. singing and dancing. Their dances and new one, expose the political The Spring Festival is as date back to the ancient hunting corruption in old society and give important to the Daur people as it age. These traditional dances, advice to people. is to the Hans. On the eve of every often group dances, are called The Daurs like sports activities New Year, family members offer luvigele, meaning "flame," and are too. The nationality has a long sacrifices to their ancestors, and rich in contents and forms. history of playing field hockey. light firecrackers outside their When Spring Festival falls, Since the Daur people established houses. Each room is ablaze with people begin enjoying themselves its own field hockey team in 1978, lights. People have parties all night with dancing. That night, girls the team has taken part in eight long. On the first day of the New usually have their hair combed national competitions. It won six Year, young people put on their smoothly, pinned up with beauti• championships. The current na• holiday best and pay their respects ful flowers. Young ladies like to tional field hockey team and the to their elders. All day people wear silk shoes to dance, even youth team have leading players wearing beautiful clothes pay new women at middle age don the from the Daur team and have year calls to each other. Steahied colourful silk clothes which they visited 10 countries, including cakes are specially prepared for wore at their marriage ceremony, Spain, the German Democratic the Spring Festival. Whenever their hair worn in a high bun Republic, Japan, India, Singapore visitors come in, they will be decorated with a purple flower. and Pakistan. treated with steamed cakes. The Daur dances reflect their Now, the Daur nationality Celebrating Spring Festival will daily life—picking up peas, culture is in a stage of transition last to the "Ash Day" that falls on carrying water, washing their from that of traditional hunting the 16th of the first lunar month. faces, looking in a mirror, and life to feudal civilization.according On that day, the Daurs daub dark combing their hair. Some dance to experts concerned. ashes on their faces. It is said that movements imitate actions of The exhibition not only helps if they don't do so, they will be birds or animals. visitors know more about the unlucky in the new year. Another favourite recreation Daur nationality, but also is In their long years of hard work, for Daur young people is playing valuable in terms of sociology, the Daurs have created their own mukulian, a kind of local mouth history, ethnology, folklore, and material and ethnic wealth, organ. It looks simple, fixed with a aesthetics. enriching the treasures of Chinese piece of reed. One plays it by by Hong Lanxing MAY 25, 1987 33 China City Pianning Review

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BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 21 Sailboats Reflected In ttie South China Sea.

Prints by Zhang Jiarui

Zhang Jiarui born in 1 934 in Dalian, Liaoning Province, works in Dalian Daily. He specializes in lively decorative black and white prints.

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