DOCSLIB.ORG

Nomascus Hainanus )

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nomascus Hainanus ) Developing a conservation evidence-base for the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus ) Jessica V. Bryant Division of Biosciences, University College London (UCL) Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University College London April 2014 1 Declaration I, Jessica Victoria Bryant, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated and appropriately referenced within the thesis. © The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author and any such use should be explicitly acknowledged. 2 Abstract The Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus ) is the world’s rarest ape, with a single population of an estimated 25 individuals surviving in approximately 15 km 2 of suboptimal forest within Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. The existing biological evidence-base for the species is inadequate for conservation planning, precluding evaluation of appropriate recovery actions. I derived comprehensive new baseline data on Hainan gibbon ecology, behaviour and genetics to clarify the species’ biology and population status, and inform urgently required conservation management for the species. Rigorous re- evaluation of Hainan gibbon spatial requirements indicated the species’ home range is much smaller than previously estimated (c. 1.5 km 2) and in line with closely related Nomascus species in similar ecological conditions. Molecular assessment of the genetic status of the surviving population within the context of the species’ historical genetic diversity revealed that the Hainan gibbon has suffered a significant decline in genetic diversity following its past population bottleneck. The current population also shows a high level of relatedness and male-biased offspring sex ratio. Predictive models examining reportedly ‘anomalous’ Hainan gibbon ecological and behavioural traits within a phylogenetic framework indicated that large, polygynous groups may be evolutionarily characteristic for the species, but home range requirements are influenced by both intrinsic factors and current extrinsic conditions. Finally, Population Viability Analysis demonstrated that the species is highly likely to become extinct in the near future without active management, and that multiple actions mitigating extrinsic threats, enhancing habitat carrying capacity and improving survivorship will be required to reduce extinction risk. Together, these findings suggest that landscape-level management actions and intensive manipulation of the population may be necessary to safeguard the future of the Hainan gibbon. This research also has wider implications for improved understanding of gibbon ecology and conservation of species of extreme rarity. 3 Chinese Summary 构建极度濒危物种海南长臂猿 (Nomascus hainanus) 的保护学依据 杰西卡 布莱恩特 英国伦敦大学学院, 生命科学系 伦敦动物学会，动物研究所 提交英国伦敦大学学院的博士学位论文 2014 年 4 月 摘要 极度濒危的海南长臂猿 (Nomascus hainanus ) 是全球最为珍稀的类人猿，它们仅存一个由 25 个个体组成的种群，栖息在中国海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内约 15 km 2 的次优林 中。由于现有的关于该物种的生物学研究不足，理论依据的匮乏进一步限制了制定及评 估其适宜的种群恢复行动。本研究为海南长臂猿的保护构建了一个综合的、全新的基础 数据库，包括反映其生物学及种群现状的生态学、行为学和遗传学方面的数据，同时提 出了该物种亟需的保护管理要求。本研究对海南长臂猿的空间需求进行了一次严谨的二 次评估，结果显示该物种的活动范围比之前估计的 (1.5 km 2) 要小得多，与在相同生态条 件下的、与其十分相近的黑冠长臂猿属一致。另外，针对现存种群进行的种群遗传学分 子评估发现，受到过去种群数量的瓶颈限制，海南长臂猿的遗传多样性与其历史相比经 历了严重的下降。现有的群体表现出了高度的亲缘性及后代的雄性性别偏向性。预测模 型在系统发生学的框架下进一步分析了海南长臂猿的“反常”生态及行为特征，揭示了大 的、一夫多妻的种群可能是该物种的进化特点，而其对活动范围的需求则同时受到内在 因素和当前外在条件的影响。最后，种群生存力分析演示了该物种可能面临的灭绝风险 ，若不采取积极的、多元化的保护管理以缓解外界威胁、提高栖息地承载力及增加存活 率，该物种很可能在不远的将来面临灭绝。总而言之，本研究的发现认为采取景观层面 的宏观管理行动及实施强力的种群保护操作是保证海南长臂猿长远生存的必要手段。同 时，本研究促进了对长臂猿生态学及针对极度稀少物种保护方面的了解，具有更为广泛 的影响及参考意义。 4 Acknowledgements When first contemplating this project I knew I was in for a challenge, that was the lure, but I had little idea it would take me on quite such an epic journey both professionally and personally. I am sincerely grateful to my supervisors, Sam Turvey, Helen Chatterjee, John Fellowes and Guy Cowlishaw, for giving me the opportunity to embark upon this adventure, and for the continual support and guidance throughout. Applied postgraduate research projects at the very coalface of conversation don’t come along very often, and I count myself as extremely fortunate to have been permitted to study and hopefully actively contribute to the conservation of this remarkable animal. A very special thanks to Sam, whose eternal optimism and absolute determination to conserve our world’s biodiversity, often in the face of a seemingly endless barrage of obstacles, can only inspire. Xiè xiè l ǎo sh ī! Wǒ f ēi cháng g ǎn xiè for the endless enthusiasm, constant encouragement, and just for the experience, most especially the eggs in beer! And to Helen for keeping me grounded, focused on the output, and mindful of the learning experience. I am grateful to all of my funding sources for believing in this project. Funding for this study was provided by University College London, Institute of Zoology (Zoological Society of London), and Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong, with additional backing from the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. I would like to say a special thanks to Harold and Olga Fox for financial support awarded via the Harold and Olga Fox Prize in Biology, and to ZSL for funds awarded from the Daisy Balogh Memorial Travel Fund. This study was made possible through collaboration with the Bawangling National Nature Reserve Management Office, Hainan Bawangling Forestry Bureau, Hainan Provincial Forestry Department, Hainan Provincial Taxation Bureau, and Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFGB) Hong Kong. My earnest thanks to all parties for your approval and support to carry out this research, without which this thesis would not have been possible. Particular thanks to Directors Zeng Xinyuan, Wang Chundon, Zheng Linmin; Vice Directors Huang Jincheng, Hong Xiaojiang and Wang Yongcun; Deputy Chief Yang Min, and Director’s Assistant Yang Shibin. I’m also extremely grateful to Bosco Chan, Jay Wan and Michael Lau, for the initial introductions and logistical support, and for championing my project (and me!) to a multitude of people in Hainan, from provincial authorities to Bawangling locals. Wǒ h ěn g ǎn xiè to the Bawangling Hainan Gibbon Monitoring Team: Li, Bio, Tao, Chong, Wei, Hai, Mao, Chang, and Neng. I’m sure you all thought I was insane with my constant requests to stay in the forest and stay with the gibbons, but I am enormously appreciative and indebted to you for your xīn k ǔ (hard work), without which I would have had few data! 5 I have several people I would like to thank for assistance with specific components of my thesis. Huge thanks to Dada Gottelli and Chris Durrant for technical guidance with genetic laboratory work and relevant analyses. To the National Museum of Ireland (Dublin), Natural History Museum (London), Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin), South China Institute of Endangered Animals (Guangzhou), and Thomas Geissmann for providing key historical samples. Selina Brace and Ian Barnes for guidance regarding DNA extraction from museum specimens. Thanks also to Dr Bob Murphy for the introduction to your (and now my) collaborators at Kunming Institute of Zoology and Yunnan University, Kunming, and to those collaborators, Professor Zhang Yaping and Dr Jing Luo for permitting my lab visit, and Ms Jing Chai for assistance during that vital lab work. I would also like to thank Rob Freckleton, Valerie Olson and Sarah Whitmee for your statistical insights, which helped me navigate my way through my comparative analysis. And to all those gibbon researchers who very generously provided data for that analysis, it made the analysis substantially more representative and robust. Particular thanks to Ben Rawson and Susan Cheyne for numerous stimulating discussions and allowing me to mine the depths of your individual gibbonological knowledge-banks. Access to the information locked inside key Chinese-text references was made possible through the help of a number of people. I am grateful to Ms Ping Chen, Ms Hu Xiaoyan, Ms Kenisha Yeung and Tim Jeffree for assistance with text translation. I would also like to say xiè xiè to all in Bawangling township and nearby villages, and m̀ hgòi to Billy Hau, Teressa Ma and all at KFBG (Ruthie, Hill, Carrie, Hong Yun, “Mao Ma Mi”), for making me feel so welcome and being so accommodating and kind during my time in Hainan, and Hong Kong, respectively. Back in the UK, my home away from home, I have been kept (mostly!) sane through the love and support of my friends and London-family. Thanks for the tea and sympathy Amelia, Frankie, Jen, Zoe, Melly, Nads, Shane, Siobhan, Elsa, Martina, Emma, Johanna, and Braddles. I am also grateful to everyone at the IoZ for being always approachable and ever happy to help. Finally, a massive thank you to my wonderful family whose support is boundless and borderless. Mum and Dad, your encouragement and belief in me have allowed me to pursue something I am deeply passionate about, and your interest and enthusiasm (even when you have no idea what I am talking about!) are greatly appreciated. Thank you Daniel, for your design help, and for always being just the other end of a web camera for a much-needed chat. And of course, to Justin, for your unconditional patience, reassurance, and love. 6 Table of Contents Declaration _________________________________________________________________ 2 Abstract
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Food Selection by Northern Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbons (Nomascus Annamensis)In Northern Cambodia
    Food Selection by Northern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbons (Nomascus annamensis)in Northern Cambodia Naven Hon A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand 2016 i Abstract Tropical regions have extremely high plant diversity, which in turn supports a high diversity of animals. However, not all plant species are selected by animals as food sources, with some herbivores selecting only specific plants as food as not all plants have the same nutrient make up. Animals must select which food items to include in their diets, as the amount and type of nutrients in their diet can affect lifespan, health, fitness, and reproduction. Gibbon populations have declined significantly in recent years due to habitat destruction and hunting. Northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) is a newly described species, and has a limited distribution restricted to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbons play an important role in seed dispersal, yet little is currently known about this species, including its food selection and nutritional needs. However, data on food selection and nutritional composition of selected food items would greatly inform the conservation of both wild and captive populations of this species. This study aims to quantify food selection by the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbons by investigating the main plant species consumed and the influence of the availability of food items on their selection. The study also explores the nutritional composition of food items consumed by this gibbon species and identifying key plant species that provide these significant nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibbon Journal Nr
    Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – May 2009 Gibbon Conservation Alliance ii Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – 2009 Impressum Gibbon Journal 5, May 2009 ISSN 1661-707X Publisher: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zürich, Switzerland http://www.gibbonconservation.org Editor: Thomas Geissmann, Anthropological Institute, University Zürich-Irchel, Universitätstrasse 190, CH–8057 Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Assistants: Natasha Arora and Andrea von Allmen Cover legend Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), adult female, Yangon Zoo, Myanmar, 22 Nov. 2008. Photo: Thomas Geissmann. – Westlicher Hulock (Hoolock hoolock), erwachsenes Weibchen, Yangon Zoo, Myanmar, 22. Nov. 2008. Foto: Thomas Geissmann. ©2009 Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Switzerland, www.gibbonconservation.org Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – 2009 iii GCA Contents / Inhalt Impressum......................................................................................................................................................................... i Instructions for authors................................................................................................................................................... iv Gabriella’s gibbon Simon M. Cutting .................................................................................................................................................1 Hoolock gibbon and biodiversity survey and training in southern Rakhine Yoma, Myanmar Thomas Geissmann, Mark Grindley, Frank Momberg, Ngwe Lwin, and Saw Moses .....................................4
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Sota3 Chapter 7 REV11
    200 Until recently, quantifying rates of tropical forest destruction was challenging and laborious. © Jabruson 2017 (www.jabruson.photoshelter.com) forest quantifying rates of tropical Until recently, Photo: State of the Apes Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation 201 CHAPTER 7 Mapping Change in Ape Habitats: Forest Status, Loss, Protection and Future Risk Introduction This chapter examines the status of forested habitats used by apes, charismatic species that are almost exclusively forest-dependent. With one exception, the eastern hoolock, all ape species and their subspecies are classi- fied as endangered or critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (IUCN, 2016c). Since apes require access to forested or wooded land- scapes, habitat loss represents a major cause of population decline, as does hunting in these settings (Geissmann, 2007; Hickey et al., 2013; Plumptre et al., 2016b; Stokes et al., 2010; Wich et al., 2008). Until recently, quantifying rates of trop- ical forest destruction was challenging and laborious, requiring advanced technical Chapter 7 Status of Apes 202 skills and the analysis of hundreds of satel- for all ape subspecies (Geissmann, 2007; lite images at a time (Gaveau, Wandono Tranquilli et al., 2012; Wich et al., 2008). and Setiabudi, 2007; LaPorte et al., 2007). In addition, the chapter projects future A new platform, Global Forest Watch habitat loss rates for each subspecies and (GFW), has revolutionized the use of satel- uses these results as one measure of threat lite imagery, enabling the first in-depth to their long-term survival. GFW’s new analysis of changes in forest availability in online forest monitoring and alert system, the ranges of 22 great ape and gibbon spe- entitled Global Land Analysis and Dis- cies, totaling 38 subspecies (GFW, 2014; covery (GLAD) alerts, combines cutting- Hansen et al., 2013; IUCN, 2016c; Max Planck edge algorithms, satellite technology and Insti tute, n.d.-b).
    [Show full text]
  • An Efficient Method for Simulating Typhoon Waves Based on A
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article An Efficient Method for Simulating Typhoon Waves Based on a Modified Holland Vortex Model Lvqing Wang 1,2,3, Zhaozi Zhang 1,*, Bingchen Liang 1,2,*, Dongyoung Lee 4 and Shaoyang Luo 3 1 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] 2 College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China 3 NAVAL Research Academy, Beijing 100070, China; [email protected] 4 Korea Institute of Ocean, Science and Technology, Busan 600-011, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (B.L.) Received: 20 January 2020; Accepted: 23 February 2020; Published: 6 March 2020 Abstract: A combination of the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model and a modified Holland vortex model is developed and studied in the present work. The Holland 2010 model is modified with two improvements: the first is a new scaling parameter, bs, that is formulated with information about the maximum wind speed (vms) and the typhoon’s forward movement velocity (vt); the second is the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure. In order to convert the wind speed, as reconstructed by the modified Holland model, from 1-min averaged wind inputs into 10-min averaged wind inputs to force the WW3 model, a gust factor (gf) is fitted in accordance with practical test cases. Validation against wave buoy data proves that the combination of the two models through the gust factor is robust for the estimation of typhoon waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Spectrum Characteristics of Eastern Black Crested Gibbons
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 13 (2): 347-351 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2017 Article No.: e161705 http://biozoojournals.ro/nwjz/index.html Sound spectrum characteristics of Eastern Black Crested Gibbons Huaiqing DENG#, Huamei WEN# and Jiang ZHOU* School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China, E-mail: [email protected] # These authors contributed to the work equally and regarded as Co-first authors. * Corresponding author, J. Zhou, E-mail: [email protected], Tel.:13985463226 Received: 01. November 2016 / Accepted: 07. September 2016 / Available online: 19. September 2016 / Printed: December 2017 Abstract. Studies about the sound spectrum characteristics and the intergroup differences in eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) song are still rare. Here, we studied the singing behavior of eastern black crested gibbon based on song samples of three groups of gibbons collected from Trung Khanh, northern Vietnam. The results show that: 1) Song frequency of both adult male and adult female eastern black crested gibbon is low and both are below 2 KHz; 2) Songs of adult male eastern black gibbons are composed mainly of short syllables (aa notes) and frequency modulated syllables (FM notes), while adult female gibbons only produce a stable and stereotyped pattern of great calls; 3) There is significant differences among the three groups in highest and lowest frequency of FM syllable in males’ song; 4) The song chorus is dominated by adult males, while females add a great call; 5) The sound spectrum frequency is lower and complex, which is different from Hainan gibbon. The low frequency in the singing of the eastern black crested gibbon is related to the structure and low quality of the vegetation of its habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 8: Damages Caused by Natural Disasters
    Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Draft Finnal Report APPENDIX 8: DAMAGES CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTERS A8.1 Flood & Typhoon Table A8.1.1 Record of Flood & Typhoon (Cambodia) Place Date Damage Cambodia Flood Aug 1999 The flash floods, triggered by torrential rains during the first week of August, caused significant damage in the provinces of Sihanoukville, Koh Kong and Kam Pot. As of 10 August, four people were killed, some 8,000 people were left homeless, and 200 meters of railroads were washed away. More than 12,000 hectares of rice paddies were flooded in Kam Pot province alone. Floods Nov 1999 Continued torrential rains during October and early November caused flash floods and affected five southern provinces: Takeo, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh Municipality and Pursat. The report indicates that the floods affected 21,334 families and around 9,900 ha of rice field. IFRC's situation report dated 9 November stated that 3,561 houses are damaged/destroyed. So far, there has been no report of casualties. Flood Aug 2000 The second floods has caused serious damages on provinces in the North, the East and the South, especially in Takeo Province. Three provinces along Mekong River (Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Cham) and Municipality of Phnom Penh have declared the state of emergency. 121,000 families have been affected, more than 170 people were killed, and some $10 million in rice crops has been destroyed. Immediate needs include food, shelter, and the repair or replacement of homes, household items, and sanitation facilities as water levels in the Delta continue to fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Visitor Attraction Trends England 2003 Presents the Findings of the Survey of Visits to Visitor Attractions Undertaken in England by Visitbritain
    Visitor Attraction Trends England 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VisitBritain would like to thank all representatives and operators in the attraction sector who provided information for the national survey on which this report is based. No part of this publication may be reproduced for commercial purp oses without previous written consent of VisitBritain. Extracts may be quoted if the source is acknowledged. Statistics in this report are given in good faith on the basis of information provided by proprietors of attractions. VisitBritain regrets it can not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this report nor accept responsibility for error or misrepresentation. Published by VisitBritain (incorporated under the 1969 Development of Tourism Act as the British Tourist Authority) © 2004 Bri tish Tourist Authority (trading as VisitBritain) Cover images © www.britainonview.com From left to right: Alnwick Castle, Legoland Windsor, Kent and East Sussex Railway, Royal Academy of Arts, Penshurst Place VisitBritain is grateful to English Heritage and the MLA for their financial support for the 2003 survey. ISBN 0 7095 8022 3 September 2004 VISITOR ATTR ACTION TRENDS ENGLAND 2003 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS A KEY FINDINGS 4 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 12 1.1 Research objectives 12 1.2 Survey method 13 1.3 Population, sample and response rate 13 1.4 Guide to the tables 15 2 ENGLAND VISIT TRENDS 2002 -2003 17 2.1 England visit trends 2002 -2003 by attraction category 17 2.2 England visit trends 2002 -2003 by admission type 18 2.3 England visit trends
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Search and Rescue (SAR) Organizations in Taiwan
    CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT & HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE An Introduction to Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Search and Rescue (SAR) Organizations in Taiwan WWW.CFE-DMHA.ORG Contents Introduction ...........................................................................................................................2 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Organizations ..................................3 Search and Rescue (SAR) Organizations ..........................................................................18 Appendix A: Taiwan Foreign Disaster Relief Assistance ....................................................29 Appendix B: DOD/USINDOPACOM Disaster Relief in Taiwan ...........................................31 Appendix C: Taiwan Central Government Disaster Management Structure .......................34 An Introduction to Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Search and Rescue (SAR) Organizations in Taiwan 1 Introduction This information paper serves as an introduction to the major Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Search and Rescue (SAR) organizations in Taiwan and international organizations working with Taiwanese government organizations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in HADR. The paper is divided into two parts: The first section focuses on major International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs), and local NGO partners, as well as international Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working in HADR in Taiwan or having provided
    [Show full text]
  • EAZA NEWS Zoo Nutrition 4
    ZOO NUTRITION EAZANEWS 2008 publication of the european association of zoos and aquaria september 2008 — eaza news zoo nutrition issue number 4 8 Feeding our animals without wasting our planet 10 Sustainability and nutrition of The Deep’s animal feed sources 18 Setting up a nutrition research programme at Twycross Zoo 21 Should zoo food be chopped? 26 Feeding practices for captive okapi 15 The development of a dietary review team 24 Feeding live prey; chasing away visitors? EAZA Zoonutr5|12.indd 1 08-09-2008 13:50:55 eaza news 2008 colophon zoo nutrition EAZA News is the quarterly magazine of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) issue 4 Managing Editor Jeannette van Benthem ([email protected]) Editorial staff for EAZA News Zoo Nutrition Issue 4 Joeke Nijboer, Andrea Fidgett, Catherine King Design Jantijn Ontwerp bno, Made, the Netherlands Printing Drukkerij Van den Dool, Sliedrecht, the Netherlands ISSN 1574-2997. The views expressed in this newsletter are not necessarily those of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Printed on TREE-FREE paper bleached without chlorine and free from acid who is who in eaza foreword EAZA Executive Committee Although nourishing zoo animals properly and according chair Leobert de Boer, Apenheul Primate Park vice-chair Simon Tonge, Paignton Zoo secretary Eric Bairrao Ruivo, Lisbon Zoo treasurer Ryszard Topola, Lodz Zoo to their species’ needs is a most basic requirement to chair eep committee Bengt Holst, Copenhagen Zoo chair membership & ethics maintain sustainable populations in captivity, zoo and committee Lars Lunding Andersen, Copenhagen Zoo chair aquarium committee aquarium nutrition has been a somewhat underestimated chair legislation committee Jurgen Lange, Berlin Zoo Ulrich Schurer, Wuppertal Zoo science for a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • In Our Hands: the British and UKOT Species That Large Charitable Zoos & Aquariums Are Holding Back from Extinction (AICHI Target 12)
    In our hands: The British and UKOT species that Large Charitable Zoos & Aquariums are holding back from extinction (AICHI target 12) We are: Clifton & West of England Zoological Society (Bristol Zoo, Wild Places) est. 1835 Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (Jersey Zoo) est. 1963 East Midland Zoological Society (Twycross Zoo) est. 1963 Marwell Wildlife (Marwell Zoo) est. 1972 North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo) est. 1931 Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (Edinburgh Zoo, Highland Wildlife Park) est. 1913 The Deep est. 2002 Wild Planet Trust (Paignton Zoo, Living Coasts, Newquay Zoo) est. 1923 Zoological Society of London (ZSL London Zoo, ZSL Whipsnade Zoo) est. 1826 1. Wildcat 2. Great sundew 3. Mountain chicken 4. Red-billed chough 5. Large heath butterfly 6. Bermuda skink 7. Corncrake 8. Strapwort 9. Sand lizard 10. Llangollen whitebeam 11. White-clawed crayfish 12. Agile frog 13. Field cricket 14. Greater Bermuda snail 15. Pine hoverfly 16. Hazel dormouse 17. Maiden pink 18. Chagos brain coral 19. European eel 2 Executive Summary: There are at least 76 species native to the UK, Crown Dependencies, and British Overseas Territories which Large Charitable Zoos & Aquariums are restoring. Of these: There are 20 animal species in the UK & Crown Dependencies which would face significant declines or extinction on a global, national, or local scale without the action of our Zoos. There are a further 9 animal species in the British Overseas Territories which would face significant declines or extinction without the action of our Zoos. These species are all listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List. There are at least 19 UK animal species where the expertise of our Zoological Institutions is being used to assist with species recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • A White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon Ethogram & a Comparison Between Siamang
    A white-cheeked crested gibbon ethogram & A comparison between siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) Janet de Vries Juli – November 2004 The gibbon research Lab., Zürich (Zwitserland) Van Hall Instituut, Leeuwarden J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 2 A white-cheeked crested gibbon ethogram A comparison between siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) By: Janet de Vries Final project Animal management Projectnumber: 344311 Juli 2004 – November 2004-12-01 Van Hall Institute Supervisor: Thomas Geissmann of the Gibbon Research Lab Supervisors: Marcella Dobbelaar, & Celine Verheijen of Van Hall Institute Keywords: White-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), ethogram, behaviour elements. J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 3 Preface This project… text missing Janet de Vries Leeuwarden, November 2004 J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 4 Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Gibbon Ethograms ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Goal ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of Stirling Clare Cunningham Department Of
    UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING CLARE CUNNINGHAM DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive Flexibility in Gibbons (Hylobatidae): Object Manipulation and Tool-Use Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor Dr James Anderson September 2006 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, my thanks go to James Anderson, my supervisor during this research. I thank him for his help and support during the last three years and his considerable help in revising and editing. Also, to Hannah Buchanan-Smith whose comments and help have been invaluable. To Alan Mootnick at the Gibbon Conservation Center (GCC), California, USA, I offer my sincerest gratitude for allowing access to the gibbons and his home during data collection. I also thank Erin Bell, facility supervisor at GCC, who was most supportive during my time there. The staff and management at Twycross Zoo, West Midlands, UK, were also very helpful and accommodating. To my family and partner, I offer my thanks; although there have been times when I have been difficult to live with during the past few years, their support has been unwavering. My particular thanks go to Mark Miller for listening to me talk about gibbons and for proof reading some of this thesis. I would also like to thank the Evolutionary Psychology group at the University of Liverpool, Robin Dunbar, John Lycett, Susanne Shultz and Craig Roberts. They have been very understanding while I have been completing this thesis and willing to offer help and discussion at all times. I am also thankful to my examiners for their time in reading this work. Finally, to the gibbons who made the many hours of ape-watching enjoyable, informative and frustrating.
    [Show full text]