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University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Space, Place, and Music in New Orleans A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology By Julie Michelle Raimondi 2012 © Copyright by Julie Michelle Raimondi 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Space, Place, and Music in New Orleans By Julie Michelle Raimondi Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Anthony Seeger, Chair This dissertation explores ways in which many people in New Orleans use, experience, form emotional attachments to, and make sense of space through music. It analyzes how music intersects with geography and how the musical experiences of New Orleanians bring meaning to the built form. It examines the role of the agent in the social construction of space, and how people use music as a spatial enabler in New Orleans. It proposes that music enables people to socially construct space because it accesses the nexus of memory and emotion, operates in a greater cultural context, and is a useful tool for variable expression. In order to present varied experiences with the musical construction of space, this dissertation approaches its subject through four case studies: place attachment through the “second line” parading tradition and North Claiborne Avenue, the fixing of memories in space at the Ernie K-Doe Mother-in-Law Lounge, the negotiation of public space through musical performances in various contexts, and the creation and growth of a music community in the New Orleans Habitat Musicians’ Village. In so doing, it illustrates that New Orleans, as a musical city, is greater than a soundscape or a cultural identity—it is the sum of myriad musical experiences that individuals in New Orleans have had as they interact with the space around them. ii The dissertation of Julie Michelle Raimondi is approved. Timothy D. Taylor James Weldon Newton Robert W. Fink Anthony Seeger, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vi Acknowlegements .................................................................................................................. vii Vita/Biographical Sketch ..................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Exploring Space in New Orleans .......................................................................... 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Sound and Music in New Orleans ...................................................................................... 3 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 6 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 13 Topics not Fully Addressed................................................................................................ 17 Chapter Overviews ............................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: Music and Place in New Orleans ....................................................................... 29 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 29 Socio-political History, Peoples, and Key Musical Spaces ............................................. 29 Pre-European Conquest (1000 BCE – 1682) .............................................................. 30 Pre-Louisiana Purchase (1682 – around 1803) ........................................................... 31 Antebellum, Civil War, and Post-Bellum Periods (1803 – around 1890) ................. 35 Pre-jazz and Jazz Ages (1890 – 1930s) ........................................................................ 43 Pre-Katrina (1930s – 2005) .......................................................................................... 47 Post-Katrina to the Present (2005 – 2012) ................................................................. 53 Defining the New Orleans Musical Sound ........................................................................ 61 Geography and Spatial Understandings in New Orleans ............................................... 70 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 3: Second Lines and Place Attachment ................................................................. 85 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 85 Second Line Parades and New Orleans Brass Bands ..................................................... 87 Place Attachment in New Orleans .................................................................................... 93 North Claiborne Avenue ................................................................................................... 97 The Overpass as Home, the Overpass as Process .......................................................... 101 The Efficacy of Music in New Orleans Place Attachment .............................................107 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 109 Chapter 4: Music, Memory, and Place Making at the Ernie K-Doe Mother-in-Law Lounge ............................................................................................................................. 116 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 116 The Lounge and its Key Contributors ............................................................................. 118 The Objects ...................................................................................................................... 124 The Place ........................................................................................................................... 127 The Community ............................................................................................................... 130 A Sense of Place: Five Senses and Three Spatial Levels ................................................133 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 137 iv Chapter 5: New Orleans Music and the Politics of Spatial Negotiation .......................... 146 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 146 Public Space and Music in New Orleans ....................................................................... 149 Brass Band Music and the Politics of Spatial Negotiation ............................................ 156 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 173 Chapter 6: The Musicians’ Village ...................................................................................... 177 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 177 The Musicians’ Village .................................................................................................... 180 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 183 Design and Intent ............................................................................................................ 188 Experiencing the Village .................................................................................................. 191 A New Model? .................................................................................................................. 199 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 205 Chapter 7: Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 208 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 208 A review of Space and Agency ........................................................................................ 210 Summary of Music and the Social Construction of Space in New Orleans................. 214 Music as a Spatial Enabler ............................................................................................... 217 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................221 v TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Statue of Louis Armstrong in Algiers Point. ............................................................ 28 Fig. 2: The string band Yes Ma’am, busking on Royal Street in the French Quarter ...... 28 Fig. 3: Clave, Tresillo, and Cinquillo rhythmic figures. ...................................................... 65 Fig. 4: Trumpet Call .............................................................................................................
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