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Hubungan Agama Dan Negara Dalam Negara Pancasila Pasca

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Hubungan Agama Dan Negara Dalam Negara Pancasila Pasca PENELITIAN UNGGUZAN HUBUNGAN AGAlMA DAN NEGARA DALM NEGm PANCASILA PASCA REFORMAS1 MENURUT ORGANISASI NAHDLATUL ULAMA (NU), M-IYAH, HIZBUT TAHRIR INDONESLA (HTI), DAN MAJELIS MUJAHltDIN INDONESIA (MMI) Oleh: Dr. Dl%. Mrrnt~ha,SH, M*Ag Dm. Ydmi, M. Ag. DIREKTORAT PENELITIAN PENGABDLAN SYARAKAT UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA - A HALAMAN PENGESAHAN Bahwa Penelitian yang berjudul; HUBUNGAN AGAMA DAN NEGARA DALAM NEGARA PANCASILA PASCA REFORMASI MENURUT ORGANISASI NAHDLATUL ULAMA (NU), MUHAMMADIYAH, HIZBUT TAHRIR INDONESIA (HTI) DAN MAJELIS MUJAHIDIN INDONESIA (MMI) Nomor: D-DPPM - 790 Tim Peneliti: PENELITI BIDANG KEILMUAN JABATAN I I Drs. Yusdani, M. Ag I Syariah Peneiliti I1 I I 1 Muhammad Iqbal Zein 1 Syariah Peneliti I11 Fathul Mun'im Hukum Peneliti IV Dinyatakan telah selesai dan memenuhi syarat - syarat yang ditentukan oleh ~irektoratPenelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Islam Indonesia Mengetahui Yogyakarta, Maret 2014 Kepala Pusat Penelitian Ketua Peneliti -, Univ Jaka sriy6, S.E., M.Si., PhD. Dr. Drs. Muntoha, S.H., M. Ag NIP. 933130101 NIP. 914100101 Menyetujui Direktur DPPM UII Dr. Ing. Widodo, q.Sc. w C Assalamu'alaikum Wr.wb Puji syukur Alhamdulilah kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang atas karunia-Nya sehinga laporan penelitian ini terselesaikan. Ucapan terimakasih kami sampaikan kepada Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Direktur Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat UII yang telah membiayai penelitian ini hingga selesai. Pemyataan terimakasih tak lupa dihaturkan kepada para narasurnber dan para pimpinan organisasi keagamaan (NU, Muharnmadiyah, HTI dan MMI) yang telah berkenan berbagi informasi berkenaan dengan thema yang diangkat. Tidak lupa pula ucapan terimaksih kepada segenap tim peneliti lapangan, terkumpulnya berbagai data riset yang dibutuhkan adalah karena jasa mereka. Tanpa mereka, kiranya sulit bagi kami melakukan pengayaan informasi dan data yang diperlukan. Kami selaku peneliti sungguh berharap bahwa krja-kerja akademik yang kami lakukan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi banyak pihak terutama mereka yang bergelut mengenai relasi agama dan Negara dalam Negara Pancasila. Tentunya kesalahan, yang terjadi dalam penelitian ini kami mohon dimaafkan. Meski begitu, tanggungjawab terhadap kerja-kerj a riset ini sepenuhnya menj adi tanggungjawab pada kami selaku peneliti. Wal akhir, semoga Allah SWT sumber kebenaran atas segalanya, selalu membimbing kita semua dalam segala aktifitas kita. Amin. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. DAFTAR IS1 HALAMAN MUKA .................................................................... 1. HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ....................................................... ...11 KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................ 111 DAFTAR IS1 ............................................................................ iv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................ v ABSTRAK .............................................................................. vi BAB .I . PENDAHULUAN ......................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................... 1 1.2 Pertanyaan Penelitian .......................................................... 5 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................... 5 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................... 6 1.5 sistematika Pembahasan .......................................................... 7 BAB I1 .TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................... 9 2.1 Tinj auan Pustaka ............................................................... 9 2.2 Kerangka teori ..................................................................... 12 BAB 111 .METODE PENELITIAN ................................................ 3.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................ 3.2 Disain Riset Road Map ........................................................ 3.3 Sumber Data .................................................................... 3.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ................................................... 3.5 Subyek Penelitian ............................................................ BAB IV .HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ....................... A . Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) ......................................................... B . Muharnrnadiyah ................................................................... C . Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) ................................................ D . Majelais Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI) ........................................ BAB V .KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................. 125 A . Kesimpulan ..................................................................... 125 B . Saran .............................................................................. 131 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................. 132 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui dinamika hubungan agama dan negara setelah reformasi menurut pandangan NU, Muhammadiyah, HTI, dan MMI. Aspek penting yang digali penelitian ini dibanding dengan penelitian lain yang telah membahas Pancasila, karena penelitian ini berusaha di samping membahas bentuk-bentuk hubungan agama dan negara, juga membahas sudut pandang Pancasila tentang hubungan agama-negara pasca reformasi dari kacamata Ormas-Ormas Islam, dan bagaimana mereka menyiasati ketidakpuasan atau kepuasan akibat reformasi dalam hubungan agama-negara, yang belurn banyak dibahas. Penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan kontribusi bermanfaat bagi upaya mainstreaming pengembangan Islam keindonesiaan berorientasi rahmatan lilalamin yang memperkuat gagasan dan filosofi Pancasila; dan bisa menjadi basis dasar pertimbangan dari organisasi-organisasi Islam, organisasi sosial-politik, dan segenap lapisan bangsa untuk memikirkan kembali relasi tersebut dari sudut arti penting Pancasila yang dikemukakan oleh Ormas-ormas Islam pasca reforrnasi, guna menatap masa depan bangsa yang lebih baik. Temuan penelitian ini, menggambarkan di kalangan umat Islam yang dipresentasikan ormas-ormas Islam, sama sekali tidak tunggal dalam melihat hubungan agama dan negara, khususnya Pancasila. Mereka berbeda melakukan siasat untuk melakukan artikulasi wacana yang ingin diarusutamakan. Baik NU, Muhamrnadiyah, HTI, dan MMI, semuanya kurang puas terhadap reformasi, khususnya dalam pengkonstruksian hubungan agama dan negara. vii RINGKASAN PENELITIAN PENDAHULUAN Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui dinamika hubungan agama dan negara setelah reformasi menurut pandangan NU, Muhammadiyah, HTI, DAN MMI. Aspek penting yang digali penelitian ini dibanding dengan penelitian lain yang telah membahas Pancasila, karena penelitian ini berusaha di samping membahas bentuk-bentuk hubungan agama dan negara, juga membahas sudut pandang Pancasila tentang hubungan agama-negara pasca reformasi dari kacamata Ormas- Ormas Islam, dan bagaimana mereka menyiasati ketidakpuasan atau kepuasan akibat reformasi dalam hubungan agama-negara, yang belum banyak dibahas. Penelitian ini menggunakan teorilparadigma Integralistik (unified paradigm) dan paradigma Simbiotik (Syimbiotic Paradigm) sebagai pisau analisisnya. Dalam paradigma integralistik ini, seperti disebutkan Spinoza, Adam Muller dan Hegel bahwa dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara peran dm fimgsi negara tidak sekadar menjamin seseorang atau golongan melainkan juga menjamin kepentingan masyarakat secara holistik sebagai sebuah kesatuan. Negara adalah kesatuan masyarakat yang organis dan tersusun secara integral. Di dalarnnya segala golongan, segala bagian, semua individu berhubungan erat satu sama lainnya. Pemikiran ini didasarkan pada prinsip persatuan antara pimpinan dan rakyat dan persatuan dalam negara seluruhnya. Sedangkan paradigma simbiotik, agama dan negara dipandang berhubungan secara simbiotik yaitu suatu hubungan yang bersifat timbal balik dan saling memerlukan. Dalam ha1 ini agama memerlukan negara karena dengan negara, agama bisa berkembang. Sebaliknya negara juga memerlukan agama, karena dengan agama, negara dapat berkembang dalam bimbingan etika dan moral. Dalam artian kata, paham ini mengkonsepsikan bahwa agama dm negara memiliki hubungan timbal balik. Pemikiran ini di anut kalangan ulama Islam seperti Ibnu Taimiyah, Muhammad Abduh, Jamaludin Al-Afghani, Yusuf Al- Qardawi, Al-Mawardi dan lain-lain. Selanjutnya penelitian ini hendak mengetahui. Pertama,Bagaimana konstruksi filosofi hubungan agama dan negara di era reformasi dalam kenegaraan RI. Kedua, Bagaimana bentuk-bentuk hubungan agama dan negara dilihat dari sudut pandang Pancasila dan direspon oleh ormas-ormas Islam? Ketiga, Apakah bentuk kebijakan dan bangunan hubungan agama dan negara di era reformasi telah memenuhi aspirasi mereka, dan bagaimana mereka menempatkan ketidakpuasaan atau kepuasaan yang ada menurut konstruksi Penelitian ini bertujuan pertama, menjelaskan konstruksi filosofis hubungan agama dm negara setelah reformasi. Yang kedua,mendeskripsikan bentuk dan bangunan hubungan agama dan negara yang dihasilkan semasa viii reformasi, dan bagaimana sudut pandang Pancasila tentang bentuk-bentuk itu dan pandangan Ormas-ormas Islam mengenainya, dan ketiga,menganalisis gagasan Ormas Islam menyikapi bentuk-bentuk dan filosofi hubungan agama dan negara Pancasila pasca reformasi yang masih terus mencari bentuk. A. Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Pandangan NU, Muharnmadiyah, HTI dan MMI 1. Konstruksi filosofi agama-negara era reformasi dalam kenegaraan RI Tentang
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