Ahlu Al-Sunnah Wa Al-Jamaah Dalam Perspektif Said Aqil Siradj

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Ahlu Al-Sunnah Wa Al-Jamaah Dalam Perspektif Said Aqil Siradj 33 Nidhomul Haq Vol 3 No: 1 Maret 2018 ISSN 2503-1481 AHLU AL-SUNNAH WA AL-JAMAAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF SAID AQIL SIRADJ Muhammad Endy Fadlullah Dosen Institut Agama Islam Ibrahimy Banyuwangi [email protected] Abstract The discourse about Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah is still very interesting among academics. This term becomes an idol for every stream and is raised within the scope affirming its status as a surviving stream of the world and the hereafter (firqah al-Najiah). Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah became fertile because it is supported by the hadith of the Prophet who indeed came from 73 groups of Islam only one who survived the Ahlu al- Sunnah wa al-Jamaah group. Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah by Said Aqil as People who have a method of religious thinking that covers all aspects of life based on the foundations of moderation, maintaining balance and tolerance. Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah is a school that will become a Manhaj al-Fikr, as it is only an attempt to find a middle ground between the various streams. Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah there is no limitations and provisions that should be the same as Imam Abu Hasan al-Asy'ari or al-Maturidi but the pillars of Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah understand this must-have differences and opinions in interpreting the source of religion not become the gulf as long as still holding pillars (rukn) Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah namely the divinity (uluhiyah), apostles (Nubuwah) and the end (al-Ma'd). Keywords: Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah, Said Aqil Siradj Geliat para pemikir muslim untuk A. PENDAHULUAN merekonstruksi konsep Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al- Diskursus tentang Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al- Jamaah di era modern juga menggugah Ketua Jamaah (Aswaja) masih sangat menarik Umum Pengurus Besar Nandlatul Ulama diperbincangkan di kalangan akademisi. (PBNU) periode 2015-2020 Said Aqil Siradj. Istilah ini diperebutkan setiap aliran dan Konsepsi Ahlu al Sunnah wa al-Jamaah yang dimunculkan di permukaan dalam rangka diprakarsai oleh pendiri Nahdlatul Ulama meneguhkan statusnya sebagai aliran yang (NU) Hasyim Asy’ari dan dipegang teguh selamat dunia dan akhirat (firqah al-najiah). selama ini direkonstruksi ulang. Konsep yang Perdebatan dan perebutan istilah Ahlu al- selama ini disakralkan oleh mayoritas warga Sunnah wa al-Jamaah menjadi subur karena Nahdliyin dianggap perlu dirubah dan didukung oleh hadits Nabi yang menegaskan disesuaikan dengan tuntutan zaman modern. bahwa dari 73 golongan Islam hanya satu Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah mestinya tidak yang selamat yaitu golongan Ahlu al-Sunnah dipahami secara tekstual dan terbatas namun wa al-Jamaah. Term ini menjadi topik yang harus dipahami secara kontekstual dan menarik karena (1) Aswaja menjadi sebuah berkemajuan. Secara historis munculnya identitas teologis yang diperebutkan oleh istilah ini disebabkan merebaknya sekte yang berbagai aliran maupun organisasi Islam, (2) mengklaim bahwa mereka lebih baik substansi Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah dibanding sekte atau oraganisasi yang lain. masih menjadi pemahaman yang Maka Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah muncul kontroversial di kalangan pemikir-pemikir sebagai sebuah jawaban atas perpecahan yang muslim; dan (3) pemahaman Ahlu al-Sunnah terjadi di kalangan umat Islam di masa itu. wa al-Jamaah ternyata belum tuntas di Sebagai sebuah solusi atas pertikaian dan kalangan umat Islam. perdebatan ini Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah mestinya muncul untuk memberikan ruang Muhammad Endy Fadlullah/Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah 34 Nidhomul Haq Vol 3 No: 1 Maret 2018 ISSN 2503-1481 seluas-luasnya bagi berbagai aliran dan Ummu al-Qura jurusan Perbandingan pemahaman yang beragam untuk bersatu Agama.2 dalam bingkai Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah. Intelektualitas Said terlihat saat puncak Sebab secara historis munculnya Ahlu al- studi doktoralnya, disertasinya yang berjudul Sunnah wa al-Jamaah ditandai dengan Shillatu Bi Al Kalam Fi Al Tasawuf Al Falsafi tampilnya banyak tokoh yang bersikap (Relasi Tuhan Dengan Alam Kosmos: moderat dan netral atas segala konflik Perspektif Tasawuf Falsafi) sempat menjadi teologis dan politis yang terjadi waktu itu. kontroversi di kalangan intelektual Ummu al- Hasan Basri, Fudhail Ibnu Iyadh, Ibnu Sirrin, Qura yang notabene mengharamkan diskursus Malik Ibnu Dinar, abdul Wahid Ibnu Zaid, tasawuf falsafi, meski demikian Said mampu Sufyan al tsauri lain-lainnya. Itulah cikal mempertahankan disertasinya yang bakal dari madzhab Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al- dilengkapi dengan seribu lebih literatur ilmiah Jamaah. Mereka bersikap netral dan tidak dengan predikat cumlaude. memihak salah satu partai yang ada dan Setelah menyelesaikan studi doktoralnya mereka juga lebih moderat, berorientasi pada Said kembali ke Indonesia dan langsung kegiatan ilmiah dan jauh dari kegiatan politik diangkat menjadi wakil Katib Am Syuriah di prakstis pada waktu itu. PBNU, salah satu Ormas Islam terbesar di Indonesia. Selama dalam kepengurusan, Said B. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN kerap memunculkan pendapat dan wacana- Biografi Said Aqil Siradj wacana kontroversial. Pernyataan- Said Aqil Siradj lahir pada 3 Juli 1953 dari pernyataannya dalam wacana teologi, pasangan Aqil Siradj dan Afifah Harun. Said madzhab, dan tasawuf cenderung dianggap tumbuh dari keluarga religius berkultur berani dan keluar dari pakem ortodoksi bagi pesantren. Ayahnya adalah seorang kyai yang kalangan Nahdliyin yang mayoritas bercorak cukup disegani, pengasuh pondok pesantren konservatif. Orasinya seputar latar belakang Tarbiyatul Mubtadiin di daerah Kempek lahirnya ahlus sunnah wal jamaah mendapat Palimanan Cirebon Jawa Barat. Sejak kecil kritikan tajam dari berbagai pihak, sampai Said sudah dididik dengan sistem pendidikan muncul pengkafiran dirinya dari 12 kiyai NU pesantren, pendidikan selalu menjadi prioritas kala itu. Akan tetapi saat diadakan forum keluarganya.1 tabayyun oleh para kiyai-kiyai NU, justru Pendidikan Said diawali di pesantren disitulah tampak kecerdasan dan keluasan ayahnya sendiri dengan pola tradisional khas referensi keilmuan Said dalam memahami pesantren (salafiyah), dia juga berlajar secara Islam. Sehingga Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul formal di Sekolah Rakyat (SR). Said Ulama (PBNU) merasa perlu menggelar kemudian melanjutkan studi ke pondok halaqah khusus untuk merekonstruksi pesantren Hidayatul Mubtadiin Lirboyo pemahaman ahlus sunnah wal jamaah, suatu Kediri asuhan KH. Mahrus Ali, mulai dari doktrin yang selama ini cenderung Madrasah Tasanawiyah (MTs) hingga disakralkan.3 menyelesaikan tingkat menegah atas (SLTA) Epistimologi Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al- pada rentang tahun 1965-1970. Said Jamaah kemudian melanjutkan pendidikannya di Sebelum Rasulullah SAW meninggal Pesantren al-Munawwir Krapyak Jogjakarta dunia, beliau pernah bersabda bahwa umat asuhan KH. Ali Ma’sum di pondok pesantren Islam akan berpecah-belah sebanyak 73 Krapyak tahun 1972-1975. Setelah menimba golongan, di antara sekian banyak itu hanya ilmu di Jogjakarta Said menempuh satu golongan yang dianggap benar dan pendidikan di Universitas King Abdul Aziz dijamin bebas dari siksa api neraka, yaitu cabang Makkah bidang pendidikan usuluddin golongan yang disebut Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al- dan dakwah, setelah lulus pada tahun 1982, Jamaah. Sedang lainnya akan dimasukkan ke Said melanjutkan ke jenjang magister (lulus dalam api neraka sebagaimana hadis berikut: 1987) dan doktoral (lulus 1994) di Universitas 2 Said Aqil Sirad, Islam Kebangsaan Fiqh 1 Mohammad Dawam Sukardi, NU Sejak Lahir Demokratik Kaum Santri, (Jakarta: Pustaka (Dari Pesantren Untuk Bangsa; Kado Buat Kyai Ciganjur, 1999), iv. Said), (Jakarta: SAS Center, 2010), 12. 3 Said Aqil Siradj, Islam Kebangsaan Fiqh...., iv. Muhammad Endy Fadlullah/Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah 35 Nidhomul Haq Vol 3 No: 1 Maret 2018 ISSN 2503-1481 Perpecahan yang terjadi di kalangan umat َع ْن أَبِى هُ َر ْي َرةَ قَا َل قَا َل َر ُسو ُل هَّللاِ -صلى َّللا عليه وسلم- » Islam yang diterangkan di hadits ini menurut ا ْفتَ َرقَ ِت ا ْليَه ُو ُد َعلَى إِ ْح َدى أَ ْو ثِ ْنتَ ْي ِن َو َس ْب ِعي َن فِ ْرقَةً َوتَفَ هرقَ ِت ُ Syaikh al-Bagdadi dalam kitabnya al farqu النه َصا َرى َعلَى إِ ْح َدى أَ ْو ثِ ْنتَ ْي ِن َو َس ْب ِعي َن فِ ْرقَةً َوتَ ْفتَ ِر ُق أ همتِى baina al firaq, sebagaimana dikutip Nur َعلَى ثَﻻَ ٍث َو َس ْب ِعي َن فِ ْرقَةً. Dari Abu Hurairah RA, Rasulullah SAW Sayyid Santoso, sebenarnya tidak bersabda; kaum Yahudi telah terpecah menunjukkan arti bilangan sesungguhnya menjadi tujuh puluh satu (71) golongan atau tetapi betapa banyaknya perpecahan itu tujuh puluh dua (72) golongan, dan kaum terjadi, sehingga menimbulkan golongan- Nasrani telah terpecah menjadi tujuh puluh golongan yang sulit dihitung satu persatu. satu (71) atau tujuh puluh dua (72) golongan, Kemudian satu dari 73 golongan tersebut dan ummatku akan terpecah menjadi tujuh ialah golongan yang selamat dari siksaan api puluh tiga (73) golongan (HR. Abu Dawud). neraka yakni yang disebut ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-jamaah4. Pemahaman Jumlah satu َع ْن أَنَ ِس ْب ِن َمالِ ٍك قَالَقَا َل َر ُسو ُل هَّللاِ َصلهى هَّللاُ َعلَ ْي ِه َو َسله َم إِ هن golongan yang selamat ini juga masih بَنِي إِ ْس َرائِي َل ا ْفتَ َرقَ ْت ُ menjadi perdebatan, sebagian memahami َعلَى إِ ْح َدى َو َس ْب ِعي َن فِ ْرقَةً َوإِ هن أ همتِي َستَ ْفتَ ِر ُق َعلَى ثِ ْنتَ ْي ِن siapapun akan selamat selama memegang َو َس ْب ِعي َن فِ ْرقَةً ُك ُّلهَا فِي النها ِر teguh Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah, yakni إِ هَّل َوا ِح َدةً َو ِه َي ا ْل َج َما َعة ُ. Dari Anas bin Malik RA berkata: kelompok yang mengikuti apa yang diajarkan Rasulullah SAW bersabda; sesungguhnya Nabi dan sahabatnya sebagaimana dijelaskan bani Israil telah berpecah belah menjadi
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