REVISTA ROMÂNĂ De STUDII ELECTORALE

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REVISTA ROMÂNĂ De STUDII ELECTORALE Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă REVISTA ROMÂNĂ de STUDII ELECTORALE Vol. VI, nr. 2, 2018 Revista Română de Studii Electorale Publicaţie bianuală editată de Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă (continuă Revista Expert Electoral) ISSN (print): 2601-8454 ISSN (L): 2601-8454 Consiliul știinţific: Rafael López-Pintor Paul DeGregorio – Universitatea Autonomă din Madrid Pierre Garrone – Asociaţia Mondială a Organismelor Electorale Robert Krimmer – Comisia de la Veneţia Toby James – Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology Ştefan Deaconu – School of Politics, Philosophy, Language and Communication Studies, University of East Anglia Sergiu Mişcoiu – Universitatea din Bucureşti Daniel Barbu – Facultatea de Studii Europene, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai Marian Muhuleţ – Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă, Universitatea din București Zsombor Vajda – Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă Constantin-Florin Mituleţu-Buică – Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă – Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă Consiliul redacţional: Alexandru Radu Daniel Duţă – director editorial Andrada-Maria Mateescu – redactor-șef Bogdan Fartușnic – redactor-șef adjunct Octavian Mircea Chesaru Camelia Runceanu Realizat la Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă Str. Stavropoleos nr. 6, sector 3, Bucureşti [email protected]; [email protected] Tel/Fax: (021)310.13.86 www.roaep.ro CUPRINS Daniel BARBU – Regim şi scrutin. Cum au cristalizat alegerile din 2004 sistemul politic românesc Alexandru ....................................................................................................................................................................... RADU, Daniel BUTI – Inegalități de reprezentare în sistemul electoral românesc. 213 Studiu de caz: alegerile parlamentare din 2012 Ciprian NEGOIŢĂ – On the Limits of the Parliamentary ............................................................................................. Immunity: A Legal and Conceptual 224 Response to the Critics Guillaume FICHET – La ............................................................................................................................................. réversibilité des votes et les biais électoraux à l’aune des élections 235 législatives françaises de 2017 Hygin KAKAI – Les variables lourdes ............................................................................................................................. explicatives du vote ethnique au Bénin 268 Alexey SZYDLOWSKI – Navalny’s Casus. Did the Central Election Commission................................. of the Russian 284 Federation Have Powers to Register Mr. Navalny as a Candidate for President of Russia? Review of Legal Grounds Florina CĂLIN – Les........................................................................................................................................................ quotas et les sièges réservés en fonction du genre. Le cas de la Bosnie-et- 287 Herzégovine et de la République de Moldova Jieun PARK – National Minorities and Voting ................................................................................................. Rights: An Analysis of Indonesian Migrants in 297 Malaysia and Migrants in India .................................................................................................... Camelia RUNCEANUBangladeshi – Intellectuels roumains à l’aube de la démocratie : les élections de 308 mai 1990 ............................................................................................................................................................................. English SUMMARY 320 ...................................................................................................................................................... 337 Regim și scrutin. Cum au cristalizat alegerile din 2004 sistemul politic românesc Daniel BARBU Datorită felului în care a plecat din istoria românilor, socialismul de stat a lăsat pe seama alegerilor sarcina de a deveni metoda politică a schimbării de regim. Cu toate acestea, în Româniaex post postcomunistă, guvernele nu sunt întotdeauna rezultatul democratic și previzibil al alegerilor legislative. De multe ori, alegerile legislative au fost mai degrabăregim un instrument dualist de legitimare a guvernelor constituite din iniţiativă prezidenţială. Politica românească pare1 să se afle, încă din 1866, sub imperiul a ceea ce am putea numi, prin analogie, un . Ca și în aranjamentele constituţionale ale celui de-al doilea Imperiu francez, ca în prima constituţie belgiană sau în Statutul Albertin, puterea executivă este exercitată în comun de Palat și defree Parlament. and fair Din 1866 și până în 1938, acest exerciţiu comporta următoarele mișcări: regele numea un prim-ministru, acesta organiza, mai precis manufactura, alegeri care, nefiind pe deplin , îi ofereau majoritatea parlamentară necesară validării proiectelor sale legislative până în momentul în care regele decidea, uneori discreţionar, rareori transparent, că a sosit timpul ca un alt politician, dintr-un partid diferit, să formeze un nou consiliu de miniștri care, la rândul său, convoca alegeri pe care avea grijă să le câștige fără drept de apel. Nici măcar socialismul de stat nu a aruncat dualismul la groapa de gunoi a istoriei, ci chiar s-a inspirat din mecanica acestuia, de vreme ce parlamentele socialismului de stat erau plebiscitate în cadrul unor alegeri desfășurate la comanda unor guverne numite de conducerea supremă a Partidului Comunist. În mod intuitiv și oarecum spontan, practicile2 constituţionale ale postcomunismului au recurs fără prea mare ezitare la logica dualistă . Hrănindu-se doctrinar atât din constituţionalismul precomunist, cât și din cel socialist, Constituţia revizuită în 2003 dispune ca președintele să nu fie al republicii − ca în Italia, Franţa sau Polonia, de exemplu −, ci al României. Altfel spus, președintele nu reprezintă corpul politic al cetăţenilor, deși este ales direct de aceștia, ci arhitectura instituţio- nală a statului. Modul popular de alegere a președintelui postcomunist induce impresia greșită că alesul ar fi un soi de tribun al poporului. Titlul pe care-l poartă și prerogativele ce-i sunt încredinţate îl poziţionează însă pe președintele României într-o situaţie de separare faţă de societate. Recuzita autorităţii prezidenţiale este concepută în așa fel încă să scoată în evidenţă atât alteritatea, cât și caracterul monarhic al funcţiei. La lucrările Consiliului Suprem de Apărare a Ţării, președintele ocupă, singur, latura lungă a mesei în formă de trapez, în vreme ce toţi ceilalţi participanţi, inclusiv prim-ministrul, se înghesuie pe cele trei laturi scurte. Când participă la ședinţele parlamentului, președintelui i se oferă un jilţ somptuos, detașat de băncile parlamentarilor, dar și de cele ale guvernului ori ale invitaţilor oficiali. Președintele, odată ales, devine prin efectul Constituţiei neasemănător cu societatea, ocupând o poziţie exterioară, teoretic una de arbitru între aceasta și autorităţile publice. O lectură riguroasă a Constituţiei făcută cu bună-credinţă conduce la următorul portret instituţional al președinteluiPouvoir. Les României, Génies invisibles întru de latotul Cité compatibil cu tradiţia dualismului. Potrivit 1 Republica absentă. Politică şi societate în România postcomunistă 2 V. Guglielmo Ferrero, , Librairie Générale Française, Paris, 1988, p. 111 – 114. Daniel Barbu, , Nemira, București, 2004, p. 175 – 177. 213 Vol. VI, nr. 2, 2018 Revista Română de Studii Electorale articolului 80 alin. (2), președintele este un mediator, pe de o parte între puterile statului, iar pe de altă parte între acesta și societate. Președintele nu este doar o componentă instituţională a puterii executive, ce ar fi astfel bicefală, așa cum își închipuie în unanimitate doctrina constituţională românească. Desigur, președintelui îi revin competenţe în domeniul politicii externe și în cel al apărării, formulate clar de articolele 91 și 92. În același timp însă, președintele are și atribuţii legislative conferite de articolul 77, ce îi permite să intervină în procesul de legiferare solicitând parlamentului reexaminarea legilor. În plus, președintele este un factor constitutiv al autorităţii judecătorești: potrivit articolului 125 alin. (1), de pildă, judecătorii devin inamovibili numai după numirea lor de către președinte, care în conformitate cu articolul 133 alin. (6) prezidează și lucrările Consiliului Superior al Magistraturii la care participă, așa cum, din încredinţarea articolului 87 alin. (2), prezidează ședinţele guvernului ori de câte ori este prezent, fie la cerere, fie prin invitaţie. Altfel spus, președintele este într-o relaţie perfect simetrică cu toate cele trei ramuri ale guvernământului, fiindu-le în același timp exterior. El este în fapt cheia de boltă a arhitecturii constituţionale românești. El nu se poate substitui niciunei autorităţi, dar are vocaţia de a le ţine împreună și de a veghea la buna lor funcţionare, în termenii articolului 80 alin. (2). El are un drept de control, dar nu și o capacitate de intervenţie. Cu o formulă a dreptului constituţional francez, magisteriul președintelui este unul de influenţă. Suficientă influenţă pentru a-l dota cu mijloacele necesare menţinerii în viaţă a caracterului dualist al regimului politic românesc. Caracterul structural dualist al regimului politic românesc a fost confirmat exemplar de alegerile parlamentare și prezidenţiale ce au avut loc simultan în anul 2004. Alegerile democratice constituie, în principiu, acea instanţă în
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