DOCSLIB.ORG

Maia/,1 [X 1112/ Patented July 28, 1931 1,816,432

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Maia/,1 [X 1112/ Patented July 28, 1931 1,816,432 July 28, 1931. w. H. HILL 1,816,432 ' INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Filed Feb. 7. 1929 9 Wm!2. , Maia/,1 [x 1112/ Patented July 28, 1931 1,816,432 UNITED‘ STATES PATENT OFFICE "WILLIAM H. HILL, or oAN'romonIo INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Application ?led February 7, 1929. Serial No. 838,233. The invention relates to internal combus duced at the point of highest temperature, tion engines and especiall to the design and preferably over or near the center of the pis arrangement of the com ustion chamber. ton; a radial passage extending from the ini In the usual type of combustion chamber tial chamber and communicating tangen 5 such as is in general use, the mixture after tially to an. annular secondary chamber 55v compression is ignited by a spark produced whlch may be a complete annulus or only a by a spark plu within the combustion portion of an annulus as desired. - chamber and the ame radiates more or less ~ ‘A further object is to so construct the en from the spark plug, raising the 'ressure glne that the walls of this secondary, annu 10 and consequently the tem erature o the un lar chamber are formed partly in the piston, 60 - burned portion of the mlxture as the ?ame partly in the cylinder and the remainder in progresses. This unburned portion, under the head o?dzhe cylinder. this high temperature, is catalytically dls An embodiment of the invention is illus associated where it contacts with the com trated in the accompanying. drawings, in 15 bustion chamber walls. which ' 65 As the disassociation occurs, a great Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of the amount of radiant energy is liberated which. upper portion of one cylinder of an internal is realized as extreme heat and actinic rays combustion engine of the sleeve valve type, (ultra-violet) . _ :onstructed in accordance with the inven 20 This energy causes the unburned portion ion; ' ' not in contact with the walls to be ignited in- ‘ Fig. 2, a similar view showing the appli ternally, causing'an instantaneous explosion cation ofthe invention to .an overhead valve - of this portion which, being burned under type of engine; and ‘ constant volume conditions, produces ex Fig. 3, a fragmentary plan sectional view 25 treme momentary pressure which is .mani through an overhead valve type engine, 75 fested as a “knock”. _ showinglthe secondary chamber in the form The disa-ssociation of the hydrocarbon of a partial ‘annulus. ‘ ' - 1 causes a separation and deposition of molecu Similar numerals refer to similar parts lar carbon which to a certain extent is left throughout the drawing. 30 on the combustion chamber walls. ‘ Referring ?rst to Fig. 1 of the drawings, 80 Now, therefore, if the unburned, high tem the invention is shown as applied to a sleeve 1 perature portion is isolated from the combus valve motor inwhich the inner and outer tion chamber walls before disassociation can sleeves 10' and 11 may be of usual construc take place, this portion can be burned nor tion and slidably mounted around the piston ' mally under higher temperature conditions, 12 and within the cylinder 13. 8." and if it detonates, i. e., burns internally, the The piston head may have the‘central ?at . excessive momentary pressure is cushioned portion 14 and the annular recess 15 sur- . by the enveloping gases. 1 rounding the same and extending to the pe ' The object of the improvement is to pro rlphery of the piston to form a portion of the 40 vide a combustion chamber which will per wall of the secondary combustion chamber to ' mit the use’ of a much higher compression be later described. than is common inaengines now in general The initial combustion chamber 16 is cen use and which will at the same time eliminate trally located within the cylinder-head 17, detonation or knocks and consequently elim the lower wallgof which is substantially ?at, 45 inate the formation of carbon on the piston forming, with the ?at portion 14 of the piston and walls of the combustion chamber. ' ’ head, a ?at passage 18 communicating ra The above and other objects may be at 'dially with the central or initial combustion " tained‘by providing a substantially central chamber 16. _ > initial combustion chamber where the igni - - The ‘downwardly curved peripheral rim 50 tion of the first portion of the mixture is pro portion 19 is provided upon the cylinder100 2 1,816,432 head and, together with the annular curved mainder by the annular curved portion 19a portion 15 of the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder head. The usual poppet of the sleeve 10, forms an annular secondary valves 10a and 1111 are provided for inlet and combustion chamber 20 substantially circu exhaust in usual manner. lar in cross section, the ?at radial passage 18 In the operation of ‘this type of engine, 70 communicating tangentially therewith as the ignition will take place in the manner shown in Fig. 1. as above described regarding Fig. 1, the mix— ' The complete combustion chamber thus ture being initially ignited in the central comprises the central initial chamber 16, the or initial chamber, the ?ame being projected radial passage 18 and the annular secondary through the radial passage into the secondary 75 chamber 20, a spark plug, as shown at 21, chamber Where it will envelop the central being located in the initial chamber, directly portion of the mixture while in a high state over the center of the. piston and in the hot of rotation, which is accelerated by expansion test portion of vthe entire combustion of burnt gases from the initial chamber. 80 chamber. - In each of the forms above described, the As the charge is compressed by the up secondary chamber is shown as a complete ward movement of the piston, the greater annulus entirely surrounding the piston but portion of the mixture will be forced from it should be understood that the invention the initial chamber, through the ?at radial may be carried out by forming the second 85 20, passage 18, into the secondary chamber in ary chamber as only a partial annulus in the which it will be rapidly rotated in the direc manner illustrated at 20?) in Fig. 3, this sec tion of the arrows shown on the drawings, at ondary chamber extending only a portion the instant of ?ring. ' of ‘the way around the piston 12?) and ter When the spark is ?red, the mixture within minating at each end in the tapered end por the initial chamber will ignite first and will tions 22 communicating at their extreme ends 90 be burned under the initial compression with the radial passage which is provided in pressure, the pressure gradually rising, but the same manner as above described, ‘to form before it reaches the detonation stage, the communication between the initial cham ?ame will be projected through the radial ber 16b and the secondary chamber 206. 95 30 passage 18 into the secondary chamber,where The valves 10?; and 11b, of usual construc in the mixture will be burned by the sheet tion, may be provided for the inlet and ex of ?ame issuing from the initial chamber haust and otherwise the engine may be sub and enveloping the central portion of the stantially as illustrated and described with mixture in the secondary chamber, while the reference to Fig. 2. same is in a high state of rotation, which By providing the tapered ends to the sec will be accelerated by the expansion of the ondary chamber, the mixture will be caused burnt gases from the initial chamber. to rotate therein throughout the entire - Thus the mixture in the secondary cham length of the chamber-and there being no ber will be ignited by .a sheet of ?ame en straight or dead ends to the secondary cham 105 40 veloping the central portion of the mixture ber, all portions of the unburned mixture and insulating the same from the walls of therein will be enveloped! by the rotating the chamber during the combustion at the ?ame and held out of contact with ‘the walls‘ higher pressure developed. during the explosion. Fig. 2 of the drawings shows the applica I claim: 110 45 tion of the invention to an overhead valve 1. An internal combustion engine includ type of engine. In this form of the inven ing‘ a cylinder provided with a head having tion the piston is shown at 12a and the cylin an ‘initial combustion chamber formed der at 13a, the head of the piston being ?at as therein, a piston reciprocating in the cylin shown at 14a and provided with the annular der, the cylinder, head and piston forming 115 50 roove -0r recess at its peripheral portion as a peripheral secondary combustion chamber indicated at 15a. terminating in tapered end portions, the _ The initial combustion chamber 16a is head and piston when at the upper limit of ' substantially centrally located in the cylin its stroke forming a ?at passage communi der head 17a and provided with the usual cating radially with the initial chamber and spark plug 21a substantially over the center communicating tangentially with the sec 120 of the piston and in the hottest portion of ondary chamber. the entire combustion chamber. 2. An internal combustion engine includ The radial passage 18a is formed between ing a cylinder provided with ,a head having the ?at head 14a of the piston and the under an initial combustion chamber formed 125 69 side of the cylinder head and communicates therein, a piston reciprocating in the cylin tangentially with the annular secondary der, the cylinder, head and piston forming a chamber 200:, the walls of which are formed peripheral secondary combustion chamber partly by ‘the annular curved portion 150.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    Hattak Móma Iholisso Ishtaa-aya Ámmo'na Holisso Hattakat yaakni' áyya'shakat mómakat ittíllawwi bíyyi'ka. Naalhpisa'at hattak mómakat immi'. Alhínchikma hattak mómakat ishtayoppa'ni. Hookya nannalhpisa' ihíngbittooka ittimilat taha. Himmaka hattakat aa- áyya'shahookano ilaapo' nanna anokfillikakoot nannikchokmoho anokfillihootokoot yammako yahmichi bannahoot áyya'sha. Nannalhpisa' ihíngbittookookano kaniya'chi ki'yo. Immoot maháa'chi hattakat áyya'sha aalhlhika. Nannalhpisa' ihíngbittooka immoot maháahookya hattakat ikayoppa'chokmat ibaachaffa ikbannokmat ilaapo' nanna aanokfillikakoot yahmichi bannahoot áyya'sha. Hattak mómakat nannaka ittibaachaffa bíyyi'kakma chokma'ni. Hattak yaakni' áyya'shakat nannalhpisa'a naapiisa' alhihaat mómakat ittibaachaffa bíyyi'kakma nanna mómakat alhpi'sa bíyyi'ka'ni. Yaakni' hattak áyya'shakat mómakat nannaka yahmi bannahoot áyya'shakat holisso holissochi: Chihoowaat hattak ikbikat ittiílawwi bíyyi'kaho Chihoowaat naalhpisa' ikbittooka yammako hattakat kanihmihoot áyya'sha bannakat yámmohmihoot áyya'sha'chi. Hattak yaakni' áyya'shakat mómakat yammookano ittibaachaffahookmaka'chi nannakat alhpi'sa bíyyi'ka'chika. Hattak mómakat ithánahookmaka'chi. Himmaka' nittak áyya'shakat General Assemblyat Nanna mómaka nannaka ithánacha ittibaachaffahookmakoot nannaka alhíncha'chikat holisso ikbi. AnompaKanihmo'si1 Himmaka' nittakookano hattak yokasht toksalicha'nikat ki'yo. Hattak mómakat ittíllawwi bíyyi'kacha nanna mómaka ittibaachaffa'hitok. AnompaKanihmo'si2 Hattakat pisa ittimilayyokhacha kaniyaho aamintihookya
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
    Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzo Umyaka Nwere Ike Iji Luso Nje Koso (COVID-19)
    Dike M Ka Ị Bụ Ụzọ ụmụaka nwere ike iji luso nje koro (COVID-19) ọgụ! Mmepụta “Dike M Ka Ị bụ” Akwụkwọ a bụ aka ọrụ nke ndi òtù ‘Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group na ndi na-eleta ndi isi mmebi n’ ọnọdụ ihe mgberede (IASC MHPSS RG). Ndị ọkachamara bụkwazị ndi òtù ‘IASC MHPSS RG’ sitere n’ ụwa niile, mpaghara na mba niile, ndị nne na nna, ndị nlekọta, ndị nkụzi na ụmụaka sitere na mba dị otu narị na anọ kwadoro atụmatụ a. E mere nnyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ n’ asụsụ Arabic, Bekee, Italian, French na Spanish iji wee tulee ọnọdụ ahụike na mkpa metụtara echiche na akparamaagwa nke ụmụaka n’ oge ntiwapụ ọrịa COVID-19. Mwube isiokwu dị mkpa nke akụkọ a ga-eleba anya bụ nke e meputara site n’iji ihe a chọpụtara na nnyocha e mere. E ji akụkọ ifo a kọọro ụmụaka si na mba dị iche iche nke ọrịa ‘ COVID-19 metụtara wee kọwapụta ihe dị n’akwụkwọ a. Ọ bu nzaghachị ụmụaka, ndị nne na nna na ndị nlekọta nyere ka e ji tụgharịa ma melite ya bụ akụkọ. Ihe karịrị otu puku na narị asaa mmadụ ndi gụnyere ụmụaka, ndị nne na nna, ndị nkuzi sitere na gburugburu ụwa wepụtara oge ha nọrọ kọtụrụ anyị ka ha na ije ụwa si aga kemgbe ndapụta ọrịa COVID-19. Nnukwu ozi ekele ka anyị na-enye ụmụaka ndị a, ndị nne na nna ha, ndị nlekọta na ndị nkuzi ndị mere ka ihe nnyocha anyị nwee isi n’imepụtakwa akụkọ a.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Cyrillic in Unicode*
    Old Cyrillic in Unicode* Ivan A Derzhanski Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The current version of the Unicode Standard acknowledges the existence of a pre- modern version of the Cyrillic script, but its support thereof is limited to assigning code points to several obsolete letters. Meanwhile mediæval Cyrillic manuscripts and some early printed books feature a plethora of letter shapes, ligatures, diacritic and punctuation marks that want proper representation. (In addition, contemporary editions of mediæval texts employ a variety of annotation signs.) As generally with scripts that predate printing, an obvious problem is the abundance of functional, chronological, regional and decorative variant shapes, the precise details of whose distribution are often unknown. The present contents of the block will need to be interpreted with Old Cyrillic in mind, and decisions to be made as to which remaining characters should be implemented via Unicode’s mechanism of variation selection, as ligatures in the typeface, or as code points in the Private space or the standard Cyrillic block. I discuss the initial stage of this work. The Unicode Standard (Unicode 4.0.1) makes a controversial statement: The historical form of the Cyrillic alphabet is treated as a font style variation of modern Cyrillic because the historical forms are relatively close to the modern appearance, and because some of them are still in modern use in languages other than Russian (for example, U+0406 “I” CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I is used in modern Ukrainian and Byelorussian). Some of the letters in this range were used in modern typefaces in Russian and Bulgarian.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Cyrillic
    LEARNING CYRILLIC Question: If there is no equivalent letter in the Cyrillic alphabet for the Roman "J" or "H" how do you transcribe good German names like Johannes, Heinrich, Wilhelm, etc. I heard one suggestion that Johann was written as Ivan and that the "h" was replaced with a "g". Can you give me a little insight into what you have found? In researching would I be looking for the name Ivan rather than Johann? One must always think phonetic, that is, think how a name is pronounced in German, and how does the Russian Cyrillic script produce that sound? JOHANNES. The Cyrillic spelling begins with the letter “I – eye”, but pronounced “eee”, so we have phonetically “eee-o-hann” which sounds like “Yo-hann”. You can see it better in typeface – Иоганн , which letter for letter reads as “I-o-h-a-n-n”. The modern Typeface script is radically different than the old hand-written Cyrillic script. Use the guide which I sent to you. Ivan is the Russian equivalent of Johann, and it pops up occasionally in Church records. JOSEPH / JOSEF. Listen to the way the name is pronounced in German – “yo-sef”, also “yo-sif”. That “yo” sound is produced by the Cyrillic script letters “I” and “o”. Again you can see it in the typeface. Иосеф and also Иосиф. And sometimes Joseph appears as , transliterated as O-s-i-p. Similar to all languages and scripts, Cyrillic spellings are not consistent. The “a” ending indicates a male name. JAKOB. There is no “Jay” sound in the German language.
    [Show full text]
  • AIX Globalization
    AIX Version 7.1 AIX globalization IBM Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 233 . This edition applies to AIX Version 7.1 and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2010, 2018. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this document............................................................................................vii Highlighting.................................................................................................................................................vii Case-sensitivity in AIX................................................................................................................................vii ISO 9000.....................................................................................................................................................vii AIX globalization...................................................................................................1 What's new...................................................................................................................................................1 Separation of messages from programs..................................................................................................... 1 Conversion between code sets.............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Halh Mongolian As Spoken in MONGOLIA
    Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Halh Mongolian as Spoken in MONGOLIA Halh Mongolian, also known as Khalkha (or Xalxa) Mongolian, is a Mongolic language spoken in Mongolia. It has approximately 3 million speakers. 1. Special handling of dialects There are several Mongolic languages or dialects which are mutually intelligible. These include Chakhar and Ordos Mongol, both spoken in the Inner Mongolia region of China. Their status as separate languages is a matter of dispute (Rybatzki 2003). Halh Mongolian is the only Mongolian dialect spoken by the ethnic Mongolian majority in Mongolia. Mongolian speakers from outside Mongolia were not included in this data collection; only Halh Mongolian was collected. 2. Deviation from native-speaker principle No deviation, only native speakers of Halh Mongolian in Mongolia were collected. 3. Special handling of spelling None. 4. Description of character set used for orthographic transcription Mongolian has historically been written in a large variety of scripts. A Latin alphabet was introduced in 1941, but is no longer current (Grenoble, 2003). Today, the classic Mongolian script is still used in Inner Mongolia, but the official standard spelling of Halh Mongolian uses Mongolian Cyrillic. This is also the script used for all educational purposes in Mongolia, and therefore the script which was used for this project. It consists of the standard Cyrillic range (Ux0410-Ux044F, Ux0401, and Ux0451) plus two extra characters, Ux04E8/Ux04E9 and Ux04AE/Ux04AF (see also the table in Section 5.1). 5. Description of Romanization scheme The table in Section 5.1 shows Appen's Mongolian Romanization scheme, which is fully reversible.
    [Show full text]
  • RUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET Sunday, 08 April 2012 20:15
    RUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET Sunday, 08 April 2012 20:15 {joomplu:1215 left} The CYRILLIC ALPHABET is the official alphabet of the Russian Federation. When coming to Russia, one might be very intimidated by the strange letters and words that are written everywhere. There is no need to worry anymore. We would like to educate everyone on the Cyrillic alphabet, and how to read it, understand it, and love it. So that by the end of this article you will be able to read and understand the tricky Russian alphabet hands down. =) The Cyrillic alphabet was first developed in the 10th century AD in the area known as Bulgaria today. The alphabet has gone through a lot of changes over its history, and looks somewhat similar in some aspects today, as it did so many years ago. Cyrillic is the official alphabet of several Slavic countries such as: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Serbia. But it is also used in several other post-Soviet countries. The alphabet is derived from the ancient Greek script. The usage of Cyrillic nowadays is that it serves as one of the three official alphabets in the European Union. In the Russian alphabet, there are 33 letters and 43 sounds (6 vowels and 37 consonants) as opposed to the 26 letters of the English alphabet (Latin alphabet) with the total of 52 sounds. Both alphabets contain similar letters such as A, E, K, M, O, and T, which are pronounced not exactly the same but quite similarly: The Russian T, K, and M are the equivalents of the respective sounds in English.
    [Show full text]
  • 11-055Al Acknowledgement of My Responsibilities As the Employer
    AGING AND LONG-TERM SUPPORT ADMINISTRATION (ALTSA) DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES ADMINISTRATION (DDA) Pranimi i përgjegjësive të mia si punëdhënësi i siguruesve të mi individualë Acknowledgement of My Responsibilities As The Employer of My Individual Providers Zgjedh të marr shërbime nga Siguruesi Individual (IP) i paguar nga Departamenti i Shërbimeve Sociale dhe Shëndetësore (DSHS). E kuptoj se përgjegjësitë e mia si punëdhënës i IP tim përfshijnë: Kontrollet e të kaluarës së siguruesve të mi: E kuptoj se IP im duhet të kalojë si përmes një kontrolli të së kaluarës brenda shtetit ashtu edhe një kontrolli të gjurmëve të gishtërinjve jashtë shtetit. Mund të punësoj IP tim që të fillojë menjëherë ose të pres për rezultatet e kontrollit të gjurmëve të gishtërinjve. Nëse punësoj IP tim përpara marrjes së rezultateve të gjurmëve të gishtërinjve dhe siguruesi im gjendet të jetë i skualifikuar, DSHS nuk do të paguajë më atë IP. Kam mundësinë që të zgjedh një IP tjetër që kualifikohet: Dëshiroj të punësoj IP tim për deri në 120 ditë ndërsa pres për rezultatet e kontrollit të gjurmëve të gishtërinjve. E kuptoj se IP im fillimisht duhet të kalojë përmes kontrollit të së kaluarës brenda shtetit. Kontrolli i së kaluarës brenda shtetit shqyrton; (1) rregjistrat e shpalljes fajtor për vepra penale përmes Patrullave të Shtetit të Washington-it, (2) rregjistrat në bazën e të dhënave të Gjykatave të Shtetit të Washington-it dhe (3) rezultatet nga agjencitë shtetërore të Washington-it. OSE Dëshiroj të pres derisa kontrolli i gjurmëve të gishtërinjve jashtë shtetit ka përfunduar përpara marrjes në punë të IP tim. Kontolli jashtë shtetit përfshin një kontroll të rregjistrave të veprave penale në shtete të tjera.
    [Show full text]
  • Transliteration of Cyrillic for Use in Botanical Nomenclature Author(S): Jiří Paclt Source: Taxon, Vol
    Transliteration of Cyrillic for Use in Botanical Nomenclature Author(s): Jiří Paclt Source: Taxon, Vol. 2, No. 7 (Oct., 1953), pp. 159-166 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1216489 . Accessed: 18/09/2011 13:52 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org prove of value for each worker whose can be predicted that in the near future a endeavors touch the Characeae. If shortcut significant acceleration in the progress and name-stabilizing legislation can be pre- toward a workable taxonomic treatment of vented, and if blind acceptance of authority Characeae through thb efforts of numerous can be replaced by reliance upon facts; it workers will be witnessed. Transliteration of Cyrillic for use in botanical nomenclature I. Materials for a Proposal to be submitted to the Paris Congress by JIRi PACLT (Bratislava) The world-wide use of Roman characters sound (phonetic rendering) or that of letter in scientific and other literature makes it for letter. He usually decides on a com- desirable to introduce a uniform method of promise between the two (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Extended-B Range: 0180–024F
    Latin Extended-B Range: 0180–024F This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Language: a Brief History
    Russia russia Belarus RUSSIAN LANGUAGE: A BRIEF HISTORY Kazakhstan The Russian language is the largest na- Ukraine tive language in Europe, it is the pri- mary language of 175 million people Croatia living in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Ka- Serbia zakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is unof- Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan ficially spoken in most of the countries Kyrgyzstan that were once republics of the USSR, Macedonia making it the most geographically wide- Turkmenistan Tajkistan spread language of Eurasia. Despite its widespread use, for many Countries that use a Cyrillic alphabet among their official languages (Mon- of us in the Western world, Russian re- golia not shown). mains a mystery. all Slavs, for which they are still venerated 12th century until it was the lingua franca For starters, Russian uses a different al- by the Orthodox Church as saints. of Eastern Europe. phabet known as “Cyrillic.” The name of Cyril and Methodius are credited with Over the course of the next 9 centu- the alphabet often confuses people be- devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first ries, the Cyrillic alphabet has adapted to cause it does not identify a commonly alphabet used to write Old Church changes in spoken language, developed known reference of origin. Some even Slavonic. Cyril, Methodius, and their regional variations to suit the features of refer to Cyrillic as the “Russian alphabet” disciples used Glagolitic to standardize different nations, and was subjected to because Russia is the most populous and Old Church Slavonic in order to trans- academic reforms and political decrees. influential user of the alphabet. Many late the Bible and other Ancient Greek Today, over 90 languages throughout Eu- would be surprised to discover that Rus- ecclesiastical texts.
    [Show full text]