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Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics 1 department of SOlar energy and environmental physics 1 Clockwise from upper left: The effect of aeolian dust This 25m diameter, The Forest Sede-Boqer is one of 20 deposition from dust sun-tracking, parabolic Goldman-Sonnenfeldt stations around the storms such as this one, is dish was recently Building is the new world selected for being investigated by wind installed at the home of the Solar long-term monitoring tunnel simulations. Ben-Gurion National Energy and of solar radiation. Solar Energy Center. Environmental Physics Department. Department of SOlar Energy and Environmental Physics Prof. Isaak Rubinstein, Chairperson The Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics integrates disciplines of natural sciences and engineering in the study of the physical environment. Its scientists come from the fields of geography, meteorology, mechanical engineering, applied mathematics, physics and chemistry. Main topics of investigation include: solar energy utilization; applied optics; the desert climate; remote sensing detection and modeling of desertification; nonlinear dynamics and thermodynamics as related to the environment; mechanics of granular materials; membrane electrochemistry and desalination. The department provides consultation services to government agencies and to municipalities on the optimal use of solar energy in specific projects, and to industrial concerns on the development of novel solar devices. There are four research groups in the department: Desert Meteorology; Remote Sensing; Environmental Physics (Theory Group); and the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center. Phone: 972-8-659-6803 • Fax: 972-8-659-6921 • E-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIC STAFF Berkofsky, Louis (Professor Emeritus) Biryukov, Sergey Burde, Georgy Charach, Chaim1 (deceased, April 1999) Faiman, David1 Feuermann, Daniel Gitelson, Anatoly2 Gordon, Jeffrey M.3 Gutman, Lev (Professor Emeritus) Karnieli, Arnon2 Katz, Evgeny Meron, Ehud1 Offer, Zvi Y.4 Time evolution of spatio-temporal Orlovsky, Leah chaos in a model of a chemical Prigozhin, Leonid5 reaction. The dark and light Rubinstein, Isaak5 shades represent chemical states 5 with different chemical Zaltzman, Boris concentrations. [Courtesy of Ehud Zangvil, Abraham4 Meron] Zarmi, Yair1 Zemel, Amos6 ASSOCIATE STAFF Berman, David Ibbetson, Peter 1 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Physics 2 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Geology 3 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 4 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Geography and Environmental Development 5 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science 6 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management energy physics 2 Research Activities Desert Meteorology The desert meteorology group investigates desert climates in general and the Negev desert in particular. Studies focus on the structure and dynamics of atmospheric circulation systems and their variations in time and space – more specifically, the structure, motion and trajectories of Mediterranean disturbances and the importance of the large-scale moisture field in these processes; atmospheric fronts and their effect on rainfall in the region; water vapor recycling and its effect on climate; climate change and El Niño and their effect on the weather and climate in Israel. Researchers investigate how air circulation feeds cyclones with the moisture necessary for rain formation, with emphasis on understanding the basic mechanisms and their influence on the hydrological cycle and climate change. This work is part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX), a component of the World Climate Research Program. Special mechanisms of rain formation are studied experimentally and by mathematical modeling. Another area of research is the interaction of atmospheric dust with ecological systems and The effect of aeolian dust study of the erosion, transport and deposition of atmospheric dust both by theoretical deposition from dust storms such modeling and wind tunnel simulations (investigations which have practical applications in as this one, is being investigated agriculture, solar systems efficiency, road transport and environmental preservation). by wind tunnel simulations. Research topics also include dew formation, the variations of solar radiation and theoretical modeling of the atmosphere’s effect on heat stress in humans. Theoretical studies concern different types of atmospheric instability and new explicit solutions to the Naviar-Stokes equations related to the atmospheric boundary layer and methods for the solution of partial differential equations. At six major dust collection stations (Sede-Boqer, Shivta, Avdat, Mashash, Sayeret-Shaked and Beer-Sheva) in the Negev desert, members of the group conduct both routine and special meteorological and dust measurements at ground level and several meters above ground. In collaboration with the Israel Meteorological Service the group is part of the global Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN). Sede-Boqer is one of 20 stations around the world selected for long-term monitoring of solar radiation. Atmospheric fronts and We constructed hydrodynamic models of atmospheric fronts and, on the basis of frontogenesis closed-form solutions of the problems of mature meteorological fronts, developed a new Burde, Zangvil, Gutman classification of mature fronts in terms of only two dimensionless parameters. The model has been evaluated qualitatively by comparing some characteristics of the model with those observed for actual fronts. The comparison shows that the model provides a rational basis for interpreting observations and classification of fronts. With: E. Morozovsky, Ben-Gurion University Frontogenesis in the We generalized the semigeostrophic, two-dimensional, uniform potential vorticity presence of thermal Eady-wave model developed by Hoskins and Bretherton to embed the Newtonian (radiative) forcing cooling. The observation that with this modification the potential vorticity varies in a known Burde manner following fluid particles has provided the retention of the analytical representation of the solution. Our investigation indicates that the effects of thermal forcing may critically change the dynamics of semigeostrophic frontogenesis even though the damping timescale significantly exceeds the flow timescale. In particular, the formation of a frontal discontinuity from short-wave initial disturbances, with the wavenumbers beyond the short-wave cutoff of the adiabatic theory, becomes possible. physicenergys 3 A comparative analysis: Because of the impact of cyclones and cyclone tracks on local climate and the general disturbance tracks over circulation of the atmosphere, analysis of cyclone tracks has been a topic of continuing active the Mediterranean Region research in meteorology. The most widely used method in cyclone track analysis used Zangvil centers of minimum pressure on surface synoptic charts. Sometimes centers of maximum relative vorticity, or satellite cloud pictures have been used for that purpose. The problem with these methods is that there is no clear distinction between stationary and transient disturbances. For example, if track analysis is performed in the usual manner in the summer over the eastern Mediterranean region, only stationary low pressure systems appear in certain locations such as Cyprus or Iraq. We developed a method by which the stationary disturbances are filtered out of the synoptic data and transient disturbances can be discerned. We also study the connection of these disturbances with local weather. Very large data sets of meteorological variables at several elevations extending in time for two decades over Europe and the Mediterranean were used in this comprehensive study. With: S. Karas, Ben-Gurion University water vapor budget This investigation is part of an ongoing joint effort with the Cooperative Institute for components over Mesoscale Meteorological Studies of the University of Oklahoma. The atmospheric moisture Central North America budget of a given continental region is a complex function of the meteorological and and in Israel in relation hydrological processes within the region and surrounding areas, and of the soil to precipitation characteristics and type of land use. We are studying the relationship between the different Zangvil moisture budget components and precipitation. The main dynamical processes reflected in the moisture budget are water vapor storage and the horizontal and vertical advection of moisture within the region. All these interact in several ways with the inflow and outflow of water vapor at the region’s vertical and horizontal (the earth’s surface) boundaries. In this study we are performing calculations of the moisture budget components using measured meteorological data from a region of about one million km2 over the central USA and comparing it with Israel and vicinity, in an effort to understand the above-mentioned interactions. With: D.H. Portis, P.J. Lamb, University of Oklahoma Observational and Generally, precipitation over a given region derives from both moisture advected into the theoretical studies of region by winds, and by moisture evaporating at the surface within the region. The water vapor and contribution of local evaporation to local precipitation, called "recycling,” may provide a precipitation recycling feedback mechanism between land surface processes and precipitation, which may be Burde, Zangvil reflected in the moisture budget of the region. In this context, the contribution of
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