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Diversity of Simonid Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae) in India

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Diversity of Simonid Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae) in India IJBI 2 (2), (DECEMBER 2020) 247-276 International Journal of Biological Innovations Available online: http://ijbi.org.in | http://www.gesa.org.in/journals.php DOI: https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2020.2223 Review Article E-ISSN: 2582-1032 DIVERSITY OF SIMONID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE: SALTICINAE) IN INDIA Rajendra Singh1*, Garima Singh2, Bindra Bihari Singh3 1Department of Zoology, Deendayal Upadhyay University of Gorakhpur (U.P.), India 2Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Janta Mahavidyalaya, Ajitmal, Auraiya (U.P.), India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 01.09.2020 Accepted: 30.09.2020 Published: 09.10.2020 Abstract: Distribution of spiders belonging to 4 tribes of clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticidae: Araneae) reported in India is dealt. The tribe Aelurillini (7 genera, 27 species) is represented in 16 states and in 2 union territories, Euophryini (10 genera, 16 species) in 14 states and in 4 union territories, Leptorchestini (2 genera, 3 species) only in 2 union territories, Plexippini (22 genera, 73 species) in all states except Mizoram and in 3 union territories, and Salticini (3 genera, 11 species) in 15 states and in 4 union terrioties. West Bengal harbours maximum number of species, followed by Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Out of 129 species of the spiders listed, 70 species (54.3%) are endemic to India. Keywords: Aelurillini, Euophryini, India, Leptorchestini, Plexippini, Salticidae, Simonida. INTRODUCTION Hisponinae, Lyssomaninae, Onomastinae, Spiders are chelicerate arthropods belonging to Salticinae and Spartaeinae. Out of all the order Araneae of class Arachnida. Till to date subfamilies, Salticinae comprises 93.7% of the 48,804 described species under 4,180 genera and species (5818 species, 576 genera, including few 128 families (WSC, 2020). Indian spider fauna species of uncertain position, incertae sedis). was updated up to 1850 species belonging to 470 Detail taxonomic features of all these genera and 61 families (Caleb and Sankaran, subfamilies/tribes/subtribes and their 2020). However, there are several species in wild phylogenetic relationship were already been and museum collections that await description explained by Maddison (2015) Maddison et al., and classification. Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 2014, 2017). Recently, the distributions of (Arachnida: Araneae) includes jumping spiders following taxa of spiders recorded from different and is the largest family of the order Araneae states and union territories of India were made containing 646 genera and 6229 species globally available: Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their (WSC, 2020). Maddison (2015) divided Salticidae close kin) (Singh and Singh, 2020), 6 subfamilies: into 7 subfamilies: Asemoneinae, Eupoinae, A s e m o n e i n a e , E u p o i n a e , H i s p o n i n a e , 248 International Journal of Biological Innovations 2 (2), (DECEMBER 2020) Lyssomaninae, Onomastinae, and Spartaeinae Euophryini (10 genera, 16 species) in 14 states (Singh et al., 2020a), two clades of Salticinae: and in 4 union territories, Leptorchestini (2 Amycoida and Astioida (Singh et al., 2020b) and genera, 3 species) only in 2 union territories, 4 tribes of Salticinae: Ballini, Dendryphantini, Plexippini (22 genera, 72 species) in all states Chrysillini and Hasariini (Singh et al., 2020c). except Mizoram and in 3 union territories, and The present article deals with the distribution of Salticini (3 genera, 11 species) in 15 states and in 4 the clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticoida: union terrioties. The Plexippini is more speciose Saltafresia) in different Indian states and union (72 species under 22 genera) followed by territories. Aelurillini (7 genera, 27 species). The tribe Leptorchestini is very poorly represented, only 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS species under 2 genera and found only in Jammu This checklist is based on the literature published & Kashmir (1 species) and Ladakh (2 genera, 3 in recent past books, journals and few authentic species). West Bengal harbours maximum theses and WSC up to 25 September, 2020. number of species (38 species) followed by Tamil Several species reported and described from India Nadu (36 species), and Maharashtra (35 spcecies) have been misidentified and seems to be reported (Figure 1). Extensive survey for these spiders is erroneously as several species reported from India required in larger states like Andhra Pradesh, are said to be identified by using existing Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Haryana, literature without a re-examination of the Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, corresponding types and without consulting any Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, and spider taxonomist. Hence, these reports need re- Uttar Pradesh that are poorly represented by these examination. Also, in most of the literature, spiders. Despite the spiders are most diverse published earlier, several errors crept in their group of predators and being crucial to the health scientific names even in the recent ones. It of terrestrial ecosystems, none of the species happened because such contents become recorded in India is listed in IUCN Red List. These outdated quickly and, due to their perceived species are listed below along with suitable comprehensiveness, readers sometimes overlook references in a taxonomic order: tribe, subtribe, newer sources of data. Additionally, the genus and species. Out of 129 species of the researches on spider taxonomy are continued spiders listed below in the clades Simonida, 70 with the description of new taxa, their modified species (54.3%) are endemic to India. Despite the status, and the publication of other nomenclatural spiders are most diverse group of predators and decisions. In the present compilation, attempts being crucial to the health of terrestrial have been made to correct these errors in the ecosystems, none of the species recorded in India scientific names of the spiders following WSC is listed in IUCN Red List. (2020). Only those synonymies were mentioned List of spiders of clade Simonida Maddison, that were reported in India, for other synonymy 2015 in Indian states and union territories WSC (2020) may be consulted. All the endemic species are marked with (*). A. Tribe: Aelurillini Simon, 1901 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina, 2002* Representation of different clades, tribes, l Himachal Pradesh (Azarkina, 2002; Dhali et subtribes, genera and species in India is tabulated al., 2017) earlier (Singh et al., 2020a). Out of 27 tribes in l Kerala (Adarsh and Nameer, 2016) Salticinae (Maddison, 2015), only 17 tribes are l Maharashtra (Rithe, 2012) recorded in India containing 314 species under 99 . l Rajasthan (Patil et al., 2016) genera (Singh et al., 2020a) The clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticoida: Saltafresia) includes 5 l West Bengal (Sen et al., 2015; Dhali et al., tribes: Aelurillini, Euophryini, Leptorchestini, 2017) Plexippini, and Salticini. Figure 1 illustrates that 2. Aelurillus kronestedti Azarkina, 2004 the tribe Aelurillini (7 genera, 27 species) is l Ka r n a t a ka ( Pr a s h a n t h a ku m a r a a n d represented in 16 states and in 2 union territories, Venkateshwarlu, 2017) Rajendra Singh et al., 249 Fig. 1: Distribution of spiders belonging to clade Simonida (Salticinae: Salticidae) in Indian states and union territories; A- Aelurillini, E- Euophryini, L- Leptorchestini, P- Plexippini and S- Salticini. 250 International Journal of Biological Innovations 2 (2), (DECEMBER 2020) l Tamil Nadu (Caleb et al., 2015, 2020a; 16. Phanuelus sp. Karthikeyani et al., 2017) l Goa (Pandit and Dharwadkar, 2020) 3. Aelurillus minimontanus Azarkina, 2002* 17. Phlegra abhinandanvarthamani Prajapati, l Himachal Pradesh (Azarkina, 2002) 2019* l Rajasthan (Patil et al., 2016) l Gujarat (Prajapati, 2019) 4. Aelurillus quadrimaculatus Simon, 1889 18. Phlegra davidi (Caleb et al., 2015)* l Uttarakhand (Simon, 1889) = Mashonarus davidi Caleb et al., 2015 l Tamil Nadu (Caleb et al., 2015; Karthikeyani l Maharashtra (More and Sawant, 2013) et al., 2017; Logunov and Azarkina, 2018) 5. Aelurillus sp. 19. Phlegra dhakuriensis (Tikader, 1974)* l Goa (Halarnkar and Pai, 2018) = Marpissa dhakuriensis Tikader, 1974 l Gujarat (Solanki, 2016; Yadav et al., 2017a) l Gujarat (Trivedi, 2009; Bhatt, 2014; Parmar l Manipur (Kananbala et al., 2018) and Patel, 2017, 2018) l Odisha (Siliwal et al., 2008) l Jharkhand (Agrawal and Ghose, 1995) l Tamil Nadu (Kumar et al., 2013) l Karnataka (Nautiyal et al., 2017) 6. Langelurillus lacteus Sanap et al., 2017* l Madhya Pradesh (Gajbe, 2003a, 2003b; Patil, l Maharashtra (Sanap et al., 2017) 2012) 7. Langelurillus onyx Caleb et al., 2017* l Maharashtra (Meshram, 2011; Chaudhari and Deshmukh, 2018 ) l Gujarat (Sanap et al., 2017) l Odisha (Biswas, 1987) l Maharashtra (Sanap et al., 2017) l Uttarakhand (Biswas and Biswas, 2010) 8. Langona albolinea Caleb and Mathai, 2015* l West Bengal (Tikader, 1974b; Tikader and l Tamil Nadu (Caleb et al., 2015; Karthikeyani Biswas, 1981; Biswas and Biswas, 1992; et al., 2017; Caleb, 2020b) Majumder, 2004c, 2005, 2007; Majumder and 9. Langona aperta (Denis, 1958) Talukdar, 2013) l Gujarat (Yadav et al., 2017a) 20. Phlegra fasciata (Hahn, 1826) 10. Langona bhutanica Prószyński, 1978 l Himachal Pradesh (Logunov and Koponen, l Gujarat (Yadav et al., 2017a) 2002) 11. Langona davidi (Caleb et al., 2015)* 21. Phlegra prasanna Caleb and Mathai, 2015* l = Mashonarus davidi Caleb et al., 2015 Andhra Pradesh (Caleb, 2020b) l
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