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Teresa Bermúdez, Figlia Di Bermudo Ii: Una Biografia Storiografica

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Teresa Bermúdez, Figlia Di Bermudo Ii: Una Biografia Storiografica Teresa Bermúdez, figlia di Bermudo II: Una biografia storiografica Marco Alvise Meneghetti Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Centre de Recherches Historiques de l’Ouest (CERHIO-Angers), CNRS UMR 6258 [email protected] Recibido: 3-04-2014 Evaluado y aceptado: 5-06-2014 d Territorio, Sociedad y Poder, nº 9, 2014 [pp. 133-142] Resumen: De la infanta Teresa, hija del rey leonés de su casamiento. Este artículo intenta reconstruir lo Bermudo II, tenemos pocas informaciones históricas. que sabemos sobre ella, y de dar una visión completa Se la conoce también por su matrimonio con un “rey sobre los hechos (reales o legendarios) vinculados a este musulmán”, aunque, según la historiografía moderna, personaje, a través de una panorámica que tenga en cuenta esto es por lo menos dudoso. Nos queda la transcripción de todo lo que ha sido escrito sobre Teresa al interior de la de su inscripción funeraria, que hasta el siglo XVIII se historiografía moderna y contemporánea. encontraba en el monasterio de San Pelayo de Oviedo, donde murió, que es lo más parecido que tenemos a la Palabras clave: Teresa Bermúdez, Bermudo II, narración de su vida si no tenemos en cuenta el episodio Almanzor, crónicas medievales, Memoria. Abstract: Little is known about Teresa Bermúdez, which it allegedly happened) of the princess-turned-nun. daughter of Bermudo II of León. Some medieval chronicles, Interestingly, another inscription, dedicated to another written in the Iberian Peninsula, tell us about her alleged nun with the same name, has been found during the marriage with a Muslim king of Toledo, while others excavations of the church of San Salvador in Oviedo (now believe this was al-Mansur (or Almanzor), a Muslim the Cathedral): it has been tried to identify her with the military chief, after whose death she would have come back Bermudo’s daughter, but, given the different dates of death to León, ending her life in the monastery of St. Pelagius in reported by both texts, it is almost impossible to trace a Oviedo, a well-known place in medieval times often linked connection between them. with the infantas of the kingdom (according to a legend, it Many doubts about the marriage and the existence of was founded by king Alfonso II of Asturias, and Velasquita, Teresa itself were lifted by modern and contemporary the first wife of Bermudo II, is also known to have lived historiography, which has tried to define it chronologically there). The main narrative about this event is provided by and historically, and it has even supposed that her epitaph the Chronicle of Pelagius, bishop of Oviedo, which tells was later made to provide evidence for the story of Pelagius the deeds of the Leonese kings from the age of Bermudo II of Oviedo: this article tries to give an historical perspective (985-999) to the death of Alfonso VI (1072-1109), and was about what is certain about the princess and what has been later reprised by the Chronicle of Nájera and the “General written about her in modern and contemporary works; the Histories” of the 13th century. need for a sort of “biographical history” for some of the Furthermore, a few documents have been linked to lesser known characters in Spanish medieval history is here Teresa, as well as her funerary inscription, which has also stressed. been lost in the 18th century but of which we possess the transcription; it could have been made slightly later, but it Keywords: Teresa Bermúdez, Bermudo II, Almanzor, gives us a date for the death (and, surprisingly, the time at medieval chronicles, Memory. Teresa Bermúdez, figlia di Bermudo II: Una biografia storiografica egli ultimi tempi, lo studio della storia me- TERESA BERMÚDEZ ED IL SUO dievale iberica ha conosciuto un notevole sviluppo grazie alla diffusione di quelle che PRESUNTO MATRIMONIO Npotremmo definire “biografie regali”: articoli, o, spes- so, interi testi monografici, dedicati all’esplorazione Del regno di Bermudo II, re di León dal 985 al 999, ci sono giunti numerosi resoconti, contenuti nelle cro- della vita e delle imprese di uno specifico personaggio 2 attraverso le testimonianze narrative o documentarie nache medievali iberiche: quelli di Sampiro , vescovo di Astorga (incorporata nella cosiddetta Historia Silen- da lui lasciate nel corso dei secoli. Nella maggior parte 3 dei casi, si è scelto, a causa della maggiore disponibilità sis o Legionensis ) e Pelayo di Oviedo (che a sua volta, di materiale maneggiabile, di concentrarsi su re ed (in nella sua controversa opera di ricompilazione storica, alcuni casi) regine, o, più genericamente, personaggi il Corpus Pelagianum, incluse una versione del testo di d’alto rango nelle corti dei regni fioriti in quei secoli Sampiro fortemente interpolata; lo stesso Pelayo scris- nella Penisola iberica. se una cronaca che va dall’ascesa di Bermudo II nel 985 sino alla morte di Alfonso VI, occorsa nel 11094), A mio parere, l’inestimabile patrimonio cronachisti- 5 co dell’Edad Media española consente però di lanciarsi nella Chronica Naierensis , nonché nelle cosiddette sto- anche nello studio di altre figure, a torto considerate “di differenzia notevolmente dalle regine consorti del suo tempo: T. Martin, “The seconda schiera”, il cui ricordo ci è stato tramandato, Art of a Reigning Queen as Dynastic Propaganda in Twelfth-Century Spain”, seppur in maniera frammentaria od oscura, dalle fonti. Speculum, 2005, vol.80, pp. 1134-1171; T. Martin, Queen as King: Politics and Un elemento molto interessante per la realizzazione di Architectural Propaganda in Twelfth-Century Spain, Leiden, 2006. 2 J. Pérez de Urbel (ed.), Sampiro, su crónica y la monarquía leonesa en un simile ritratto può peraltro contare su quanto scritto el siglo X, Madrid, 1952. (molto o poco che sia) dalla storiografia precedente, di- 3 J. Pérez de Urbel, A. Ruiz Zorrilla (ed.), Historia Silense, Madrid, 1959. mensione che non fa che aggiungere ulteriori sfumature inoltre, la traduzione Introducción a la Historia Silense con versión castellana de la misma y de la crónica de Sampiro, (traduzione a cura di M. Gómez ed opinioni con le quali lo storico può confrontarsi. Il Moreno), Madrid, 1921 possiede un buon apparato critico all’opera. mondo femminile, nella sua dimensione ispanica ma 4 B. Sánchez Alonso (ed.), Crónica del Obispo Don Pelayo, Madrid, 1924. non solo, resta uno dei versanti più stimolanti ed ine- l’insieme testuale e cronístico realizzato dal prelato ovetense viene esaminato da E. Jérez, “Arte compilatoria pelagiana. La formación del Liber cronico- splorati (se guardiamo al di là della manciata di sovrane rum”, in A. Arizaleta (ed.), Poétique de la chronique. L’écriture des textes e nobildonne più note, di cui la regina Urraca è forse historiographiques au Moyen Âge (Péninsule Ibérique et France), Toulouse, l’esempio più lampante1) in tal senso. 2008, p. 47-87; si veda inoltre R. Alonso Álvarez, “El obispo Pelayo de Oviedo (1101-1153): historiador y promotor de códices iluminados”, Semata. Ciencias Sociais e Humanidades, vol. 22, 2010, pp. 331-350. 1 Naturalmente mi riferisco al fondamentale testo di B. F. Reilly, The 5 Per il presente articolo mi sono avvalso dell’edizione A. Ubieto Arteta Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109-1126, New York, 1986; (ed.), Crónica Najerense, Zaragoza, 1985. Si veda anche la più recente J. A. si vedano inoltre i lavori di Therese Martin, atti a sottolinere l’importanza Estévez Sola (ed.), Chronica Hispana saeculi XII, Pars II: Chronica Naierensis di Urraca in quanto sovrana “regnante” (reigning queen), qualità che la (CC CM, LXXI A), , Turnhout, 1995. 135 Territorio, Sociedad y Poder. Revista de Estudios Medievales / nº 9, 2014 [pp. 133-142] rie generali più tarde, come quelle dei primati Jiménez ad Oviedo, vi morì e vi venne sepolta11. La vicenda de Rada6 e Luca di Tuy7 e quella, largamente ispiratasi è inclusa anche all’interno della Chronica Naierensis, ad esse, di re Alfonso X el Sabio8. peraltro a sua volta realizzata con frammenti della cro- La parte del testo pelagiano dedicata a questo mo- naca di Pelayo e di altri testi storiografici anteriori12. narca è tuttavia, probabilmente, la più notevole, in A tale racconto vanno aggiunti altri dettagli, espres- quanto contenente alcuni dati molto interessanti sulla si da Luca di Tuy, che afferma come, trovandosi anco- figlia avuta dal secondo matrimonio con Elvira García ra Alfonso sotto tutela dei notabili del regno a causa (figlia del conte castigliano García Fernández): Te- della minore età (aveva infatti soltanto cinque anni al resa. A lei, il vescovo di Oviedo dedica alcune righe momento della morte del padre), la decisione fosse sta- significative, affermando come, alla morte del padre, ta presa da questi ultimi, lasciando inoltre sottintende- essa fosse stata data in sposa ipsa nolente dal fratello, re come ciò fosse avvenuto in buona fede, a causa del l’appena incoronato re Alfonso V (regnante dal 999 al fingersi cristiano da parte del re islamico, peraltro in 1028), al sovrano musulmano di Toledo, allo scopo di procinto di attaccare il reame leonese13. mantenere la pace tra i due territori9. La storia della sventurata Teresa venne narrata già da Secondo la narrazione, una volta giunta presso la Ambrosio de Morales nella sua Coronica14 e di nuovo corte dell’infedele Teresa ingiunse a questi di non toc- nel secolo XVIII da Manuel Risco, che nel trentacin- carla, al fine di non incorrere nell’ira divina Noli( me quesimo tomo dell’España Sagrada, il secondo dedica- tangere, quia paganus es; si vero me tetigeris Angelus Do- to alla città e alla diocesi di León, afferma anche come mini interficiet te); ma il potente personaggio, ignoran- lo sposo avesse nome “Abdalá”, probabile trascrizione do totalmente le sue preghiere, concubit cum ea semel, castiglianizzata del nome arabo Abd-Allah impiegata et statim, percussus est ab Angelo Domini10.
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