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Encyclopedia of Arts and Humanities Through the Eras

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Encyclopedia of Arts and Humanities Through the Eras AHTTE.MdvlErp.tpgs 9/14/04 12:12 PM Page 1 ARTS & HUMANITIES Through the Eras AHTTE.MdvlErp.tpgs 9/14/04 12:12 PM Page 3 ARTS & HUMANITIES \ Through the Eras Medieval Europe 814–1450 Kristen Mossler Figg and John Block Friedman, Editors 69742_AHTE_MEfm_iv-xxx.qxd 9/21/04 1:49 PM Page iv Arts and Humanities Through The Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) Kristen Mossler Figg and John Block Friedman Project Editor Indexing Services Product Design Rebecca Parks Barbara Koch Michelle DiMercurio Editorial Imaging and Multimedia Composition and Electronic Prepress Danielle Behr, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Randy Bassett, Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Evi Seoud Kain, Ralph G. Zerbonia Mike Logusz, Kelly A. Quin Manufacturing Editorial Support Services Rights and Acquisitions Wendy Blurton Mark Springer Margaret Chamberlain, Shalice Shah-Caldwell © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of the This publication is a creative work fully Cover photographs by permission of Corbis Thomson Corporation. protected by all applicable copyright laws, as (seated statue of Pharaoh Djoser) and well as by misappropriation, trade secret, AP/Wide World Photos (“The Creation of Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and unfair competition, and other applicable laws. Adam and Eve” detail by Orvieto). 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Permissions Hotline: ment of the editors or publisher. Errors 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 brought to the attention of the publisher and Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Arts and humanities through the eras. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-5695-X (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5696-8 (Renaissance Europe : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5697-6 (Age of Baroque : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5698-4 (Ancient Egypt : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5699-2 (Ancient Greece : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5700-X (Medieval Europe : alk. paper) 1. Arts—History. 2. Civilization—History. NX440.A787 2004 700’.9—dc22 2004010243 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-7876-9384-7 (set) Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 69742_AHTE_MEfm_iv-xxx.qxd 9/21/04 1:49 PM Page v \ CONTENTS ABOUT THE BOOK . ix Jean Deschamps . 57 Suger . 58 CONTRIBUTORS . xi William of Sens . 58 ERA OVERVIEW. xv Henry Yevele . 59 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 59 CHRONOLOGY OF WORLD EVENTS . xix CHAPTER 2: DANCE CHAPTER 1: ARCHITECTURE IMPORTANT EVENTS . 62 AND DESIGN OVERVIEW . 64 IMPORTANT EVENTS . 2 TOPICS IN DANCE OVERVIEW . 5 Dancing in Medieval Life . 65 Sacred and Symbolic Dance. 67 TOPICS IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN Conventional Dance Formations and Steps . 70 The Influence of the Carolingians . 7 Popular Dances . 73 Ottonian and Norman Architecture . 13 Additional Dance Types . 79 Geometry and Planning. 19 Choreographed Dancing . 81 Construction Techniques. 22 Dancing Masters . 81 Monastic Architecture . 27 The Basse Danse and the Bassadanza . 84 Pilgrimage Architecture . 34 The Ballo . 86 A New Vision: Saint-Denis and French Church Architecture in the Twelfth SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Century . 37 Antonio Cornazano. 88 Immediate Impact: Notre-Dame and Domenico da Piacenza . 88 Chartres . 39 Guglielmo Ebreo . 89 The Gothic in England . 41 Raimbaut de Vaqueiras . 89 The Illuminated Church and the Ippolita Maria Sforza . 90 Rayonnant Style . 45 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 90 The Architecture of Security and Power . 49 The Architecture of Daily Life . 54 CHAPTER 3: FASHION SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE IMPORTANT EVENTS . 94 Bernard of Clairvaux. 57 OVERVIEW . 96 v 69742_AHTE_MEfm_iv-xxx.qxd 9/21/04 1:49 PM Page vi Contents TOPICS IN FASHION CHAPTER 5: MUSIC Fashion and Cultural Change. 98 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 212 Peasant Costume . 101 OVERVIEW. 214 Academic, Clerical, and Religious Dress. 105 Armor and Heraldry . 109 TOPICS IN MUSIC The Rise of Courtly Costume. 111 Musical Performance. 215 Early Aristocratic Dress for Women . 114 Music in Private and Public . 218 Intercultural Influences and Regional Musical Instruments . 219 Distinctions . 116 Plainsong and the Monophonic Tradition . 223 The New Silhouette for Aristocratic Men. 121 Additions to the Sacred Repertory. 226 A New Look for Women. 125 The Monophonic Secular Tradition . 228 The Spread of the Age of Fashion. 128 Religious Music of the Layman . 232 Dress Codes and Anti-Fashion . 130 The Earliest Polyphonic Music . 234 Guilds and Confraternities . 134 Motets and Canons. 235 Polyphonic Secular Music and National SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Styles . 238 Thomas Conecte. 137 Dufay and the Late Medieval Ceremonial Eleanor of Aquitaine . 139 Motet. 242 Francis of Assisi . 139 Guillaume de Machaut’s Messe de Nostre Philip the Bold. 140 Dame. 243 Richard II . 140 The Cyclic Mass Tradition: Missa Caput. 244 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 141 Missa Se la face ay pale . 245 The Mechanics of Music: Scales and CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE Treatises . 245 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 144 Systems of Notation . 249 OVERVIEW. 147 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE TOPICS IN LITERATURE Adam de la Halle . 251 Identity and Authority. 149 Bernart de Ventadorn . 251 Heroic Narrative. 153 Guillaume Dufay . 251 Heroic Literature in Medieval Scandinavia . 155 Guido of Arezzo . 252 The Heroic Narrative in France . 158 Hildegard of Bingen . 252 The Heroic Narrative in Spain . 161 Francesco Landini. 252 Origins, Definitions, and Categories of Guillaume de Machaut . 253 Romance . 163 Notker Balbulus . 253 Courtly Love.. 166 Pietrobono de Burzellis . 254 Arthurian Romance. 169 Philippe de Vitry . 254 Translatio Studii: Sources for Romance . 173 Walther von der Vogelweide . 254 The Non-Narrative Lyric Impulse. 177 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 255 Medieval Allegory and Philosophical Texts . 183 Dante Alighieri. 186 CHAPTER 6: PHILOSOPHY The Medieval Dream Vision . 189 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 257 William Langland and Piers Plowman . 192 OVERVIEW. 260 The Medieval Story Collection . 195 TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHY The Canterbury Tales . 199 Christine de Pizan. 201 The Foundations: Augustine and Boethius . 261 Rationalism in The Age of Charlemagne . 264 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Anselm of Canterbury . 265 Giovanni Boccaccio. 204 The Problem Of Universals . 266 Geoffrey Chaucer . 205 The Schools of the Twelfth Century . 268 Chrétien de Troyes . 205 Philosophy Among the Muslims and the Dante Alighieri. 206 Jews . 270 Marie de France . 207 The Universities, Textbooks, and the DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 208 Flowering of Scholasticism . 275 vi Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Medieval Europe (814–1450) 69742_AHTE_MEfm_iv-xxx.qxd 9/21/04 1:49 PM Page vii Contents The Rediscovery Of Aristotle . 275 Famine, the Black Death, and the Afterlife . 366 Oxford Philosophy . 276 Mysticism and Modern Devotion . 368 Latin Averroism . 278 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Thomism. 279 Thomas Becket. 371 The Conservative Reaction and The Gregory VII . 372 Condemnation of 1277 . 281 Innocent III . ..
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