Contributos Do Cinema De Ficção Científica Na Formação Da Cultura Científica

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Contributos Do Cinema De Ficção Científica Na Formação Da Cultura Científica UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS INSTITUTO DE EDUCAÇÃO Contributos do Cinema de Ficção Científica na formação da Cultura Científica Ivo Simão da Cruz Oosterbeek MESTRADO EM CULTURA CIENTÍFICA E DIVULGAÇÃO DAS CIÊNCIAS Dissertação orientada pela Professora Doutora Cecília Galvão 2021 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS INSTITUTO DE EDUCAÇÃO Contributos do Cinema de Ficção Científica na formação da Cultura Científica Ivo Simão da Cruz Oosterbeek MESTRADO EM CULTURA CIENTÍFICA E DIVULGAÇÃO DAS CIÊNCIAS Dissertação orientada pela Professora Doutora Cecília Galvão 2021 Agradecimentos Este trabalho não poderia ter sido desenvolvido sem o apoio e incentivo de um conjunto de pessoas e instituições às quais importa aqui deixar um agradecimento explícito: em primeiro lugar, à Sílvia por aturar as mudanças de humor que estes processos implicam, para além do apoio nas revisões, críticas e discussões sobre o tema, para além de ser a minha principal parceira de cinema há mais de 15 anos; aos meus pais pelo interesse que me despertaram na compreensão das relações entre os modos de produção de uma sociedade e das ideias que nela vingam, e sobretudo por terem alimentado um gosto especial pela Ficção Científica, que tanto em papel como em fita, nunca nos faltou, para além das revisões e comentários que o meu pai fez sobre este documento, ajudando a dar-lhe sentido; aos colegas de trabalho pelo apoio neste processo, tanto moral, como profissional, e em particular à Maria João pelas revisões do texto e comentários; à Professora Cecília Galvão pela sua orientação ao longo de mais de um ano. Este trabalho envolveu ainda a contribuição de um conjunto de pessoas cuja participação foi fundamental para a sua execução. Agradeço, por isso, aos vários participantes que aceitaram o desafio de colaboração e às entidades que apoiaram este estudo, facilitando o recrutamento dos participantes: ao Departamento de Educação da Câmara Municipal de Oeiras, em particular à sua Diretora, Paula Rodrigues, e ao Luís António, chefe de Divisão desse departamento; ao Departamento de Engenharia e Gestão do Instituto Superior Técnico – Campus do Taguspark; às colegas do Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Renata Ramalho e Carolina Amoedo; e finalmente aos colegas do Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Raquel Gomes, Ana Mena, Rodrigo Abreu e Inês Bravo, pelas discussões sobre o tema e apoio no recrutamento de participantes. i Resumo O trabalho que apresentamos desenvolve-se no âmbito do Mestrado em Cultura Científica e Divulgação das Ciências, pretendendo para isso contribuir para o estado do conhecimento acerca da transmissão de ideias de e sobre Ciência fora do âmbito do Sistema Científico. Compreendendo que o Cinema de Ficção Científica, inserido no setor cultural, é um veículo de ideias científicas e representações do Sistema Científico, procuraram-se alguns dos pontos em que este contribui para a formação da Cultura Científica. A análise que se apresenta faz uma abordagem a esta problemática recorrendo, inicialmente, à literatura existente acerca da produção de ideias neste género cinematográfico, à forma como estas contribuem para a compreensão pública da Ciência, e que fatores concorrem para o esbatimento da distinção entre facto e ficção. Em complemento, realizou-se um questionário a profissionais de Ciência e de Ensino de Ciência no concelho de Oeiras, com o objetivo de identificar algumas das ideias transmitidas e estratégias de utilização dessas ideias nos quotidianos pessoal e profissional dos participantes do estudo. Conclui-se que as formas com que os públicos de Cinema de Ficção Científica interpretam estas representações, e as estratégias que usam para validar essas interpretações, incluem uma complexidade e riqueza que transbordam os intuitos dos produtores de filmes, e que tanto esta forma de Cinema influencia as ideias de Ciência e cientistas, como estas a influenciam de volta. Palavras-chave: Cinema de Ficção Científica, Cultura Científica, Representações de Ciência, Realismo em Ficção Científica ii Abstract The study we present was developed within the scope of the Master degree in Scientific Culture and Outreach of Sciences, aiming to contribute to the state of the art regarding the transmission of ideas of and about Science outside the scientific sector. Understanding that Science Fiction Film, as a part of the cultural sector, is a means for the sharing of ideas and representation of the scientific sector, we analysed some of the convergence points where it contributes to the establishment of a Scientific Culture. The analysis presented here approaches this issue resorting, in a first stage, to the published literature on the production of ideas in the cinematic genre, to the way in which they contribute to the public understanding of Science, and the factors that contribute to the erosion of the distinction between fact and fiction. As a complement, we conducted a survey with science professionals and science educators working in the municipality of Oeiras, Portugal, aiming to identify some of the ideas they receive from film, and the strategies they adopt to use these ideas in their personal and professional contexts. We conclude that the ways in which Science Fiction Film audiences interpret these representations, and the strategies they use to validate these interpretations, exist within a rich and complex scope that goes beyond the intentions of film producers, and that this genre can influence the ideas of Science and scientists, as much as these ideas influence it. Keywords: Science Fiction Cinema, Scientific Culture, Representations of Science, Realism in Science Fiction iii Índice geral Agradecimentos .............................................................................................................. i Resumo .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Índice geral.................................................................................................................... iv Índice de tabelas ............................................................................................................ vi Índice de figuras ............................................................................................................ vi 1. Introdução .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. O problema de investigação ............................................................................ 2 2. Enquadramento teórico .......................................................................................... 4 2.1. O conhecimento científico para lá da Ciência ................................................. 4 2.1.1. Conhecimento científico, cultura científica e senso comum ................... 5 2.1.2. Conceptualizando as trocas de informação .............................................. 9 2.2. Ficção Científica como forma de produção de conhecimento ...................... 14 2.2.1. A Ficção Científica na literatura ............................................................ 14 2.2.2. A disseminação de ciência em ficção, um problema ............................. 16 2.3. A Ficção Científica no Cinema ..................................................................... 25 2.3.1. Apontamentos de História do Cinema ................................................... 25 2.3.2. O realismo no cinema ............................................................................ 29 2.3.3. O Cinema de Ficção Científica – constituição de um género ................ 30 2.3.4. Temas em Cinema de Ficção Científica ................................................ 39 2.3.5. Representações de cientistas no grande ecrã ......................................... 41 2.4. Na vertigem entre facto e ficção ................................................................... 49 2.4.1. Do outro lado do clado: o Cinema científico ......................................... 49 2.4.2. O filme biográfico .................................................................................. 56 2.4.3. O Cinema de Ficção Científica no Ensino das Ciências ........................ 60 iv 3. Metodologia ......................................................................................................... 72 3.1. Recolha de dados ........................................................................................... 72 3.1.1. Instrumento de recolha de dados............................................................ 73 3.1.2. Procedimentos de recolha de dados ....................................................... 76 3.2. Tratamento de dados ..................................................................................... 77 3.3. Limitações à metodologia ............................................................................. 81 4. Apresentação e análise de dados .......................................................................... 82 4.1. Caracterização dos respondentes ................................................................... 83 4.2. Escolha de filmes, usos e perceção de realismo ............................................ 91 4.2.1. Representações de cientistas ................................................................ 101 4.2.2.
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