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WORLD WAR ONE WAR WORLD Research Guide World War One WORLD WAR ONE WAR WORLD Research Guide World War One 1 King’s College London Archives & Special Collections Archives College London King’s Sections of this guide 1. Prelude to war 5 2. High Command & strategy 7 3. Propaganda 9 4. Military & naval campaigns 11 5. Technology of war 18 6. Empire & dominions 22 7. Health & welfare 24 8. Aftermath 27 9. Memorials 30 10. Writing the war 32 Library Services 2014 DESIGN & PRODUCTION Susen Vural Design www.susenvural.com 2 March 2014 Introduction Archives Online resources The Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives www.kcl.ac.uk/archivespec/collections/resources (LCHMA) holds nearly 200 collections These include: relating to World War One. They include The Serving Soldier portal, giving access to orders, reports, diaries, letters, telegrams, log thousands of digital copies of unique diaries, books, memoranda, photographs, memoirs, correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs and maps, posters, press cuttings and memorabilia. other LHCMA archive items, from the late For more information, please see the online 19th century to World War Two, scanned as LHCMA World War One A-Z listing under part of a JISC-funded project. research guides at www.kcl.ac.uk/archivespec King’s College London Archives are Lest We Forget, a website created by King’s among the most extensive and varied higher College London Archives and the University education collections in the UK. They include of the Third Age (U3A), to commemorate the institutional records of King’s since 1828, the 20th century war dead of King’s College records relating to King’s College Hospital and London and the institutions with which it the medical schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’ has merged, including the Medical Schools of Hospitals, and records relating to other Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals. institutions that have merged with or were created by King’s, including King’s College Locations and opening hours School, Strand School, Queen Elizabeth The College Archives and the Liddell Hart Centre College and Chelsea College. for Military Archives can be consulted in the Michael Howard Archives Reading Room, Special Collections Room S3.02, 3rd Floor, Strand Building, The Foyle Special Collections Library’s King’s College London: Monday-Friday holdings which relate to World War One 09.30-17.30. include much material from the library of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), The Foyle Special Collections Library, housing which was transferred to King’s in 2007. There printed books, is located at the Maughan is also some material from the library of the Library on Chancery Lane: Monday-Friday Ministry of Defence, the historical collection of 09.30-17.00. the Institute of Psychiatry and the small private libraries of Major General Sir Frederick Maurice Access (1871-1951) and General Sir Ian Hamilton Holdings in Archives & Special Collections (1853-1947). are accessed by placing orders with staff, who retrieve items from store. www.kcl.ac.uk/archivespec 3 Recruitment poster published by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, 1915. Compulsory conscription was not introduced until January 1916 (ref: World War One posters) 4 1. Prelude to war Archives Staff, 1909, on military exercises by all the Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart’s extensive major European powers, Japan and the USA reference material includes press cuttings and (ref: Hamilton 4/2/10), and a lecture by Major notes on the political, diplomatic and military CD Symonds, 1909, on Balkans hostilities background to World War One (ref: LH since 1898 and their potential consequences 15/2/1-3). He also collected military training for Europe (ref: Hamilton 4/2/11). Hamilton’s manuals published from 1870 onwards, and his correspondence, 1910-4, as Inspector General files includeField Service Regulations 1909, on of Overseas Forces, covers the future status of operations, organisation and administration, South Africa within the British Empire, British Musketry regulations, 1909 and 1910, and and French artillery tactics, conscription Manual of map reading and field sketching, 1912 and opening officer ranks of the Army to all (ref: LH 15/8). social classes, closer Army-Navy cooperation, The papers of Brigadier General Philip Howell Australian forces’ training, anti-military include scrapbooks of his articles as The Times’ feeling in Australia and New Zealand, and the Balkan correspondent, reporting on Albania, likelihood, in July 1914, of war with Germany Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, and also Lebanon (ref: Hamilton 5/1/1-96). and Mesopotamia (Iraq), 1903-13, with The papers of Admiral Sir Alexander Bethell accompanying photograph albums of his travels include the printed order of ceremony for the (ref: Howell 3/2-7). elaborate state funeral procession for Edward General Sir Ian Hamilton was one of the VII, 1910 – an extraordinary gathering of the European official observers who witnessed rulers of countries that were to be at war four the Russo-Japanese war with close interest, in years later. Kaiser Wilhelm II was beside his 1904-5. His papers include detailed diaries, cousin, King George V, five places ahead of notes, photographs, maps and letters home Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary (ref: Hamilton 3/1-2, 15/1/9, 17/3 and 18/9) (ref: AE Bethell 11). relating to his service as military attaché Brigadier General Lord Douglas-Scott- to the First Japanese Army in Manchuria, Montagu, member of the Joint War Air the basis of his best-selling A Staff Officer’s Committee, 1916, gave a lecture in 1910 on scrap-book during the Russo-Japanese war, the future of ‘Aerial machines and war’, at 1908 (LHCMA holds published copies in the Aldershot Military Society (ref: Douglas- English, French and Italian). Hamilton’s Scott-Montagu 5/15). His papers also include papers also include his detailed reports for a 1912 memorandum advising the Committee the War Office, 1906-9, on military exercises of Imperial Defence to fund the development and manoeuvres by the German, Russian and of aeroplanes for the new Royal Flying Corps, Austro-Hungarian armies (ref: Hamilton 4/2), instead of airships (ref: Douglas-Scott-Montagu a volume compiled by the British General 6/43). See also Section 5. Technology of war. 5 General Sir Ian Hamilton (third from left) and Field Marshal Lord Roberts (third from right) with other British and German officers, Hotel Bellevue, Dresden, Germany, 9 September 1910 (ref: Hamilton 18/3) Special Collections neutrality of Belgium: signed at London, August Six volumes of Press cuttings, 1892-1918 11, 1870 and Treaty between Her Majesty and (five fromThe Times, one from the Evening the King of Prussia, relative to the independence Standard), reflect the implementation of the and neutrality of Belgium: signed at London, Haldane reforms on the re-equipment and re- August 9, 1870. organisation of the British Army, triggered by Other items of immediate relevance to the a recognition of the weaknesses exposed during outbreak of war, in particular to the relationship the Second Boer War. between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and the The Library also holds material mobilisation of France, Russia and Germany, documenting the long diplomatic prelude to are: Mémoire: die von Serbien ausgegangene the War in volumes with the collective titles Bewegung, die zum Ziele gesetzt hat, die Treaty guarantees and Treaties 1814-1841. sűdslawischen Teile Ősterreich-Ungarns von In particular, the Library possesses the text der Monarchie loszureissen, um sie mit Serbien of the Treaty of 1839 which guaranteed zu einer staatlichen Einheit zu verbinden, Belgium’s neutrality nine years after it became reicht weit zurück (1914?) and Documents independent: Treaty between Great Britain, diplomatiques, 1914: la guerre européenne. Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia, and Vol. 1. Pièces rélatives aux négociations qui ont the Netherlands. Separation of Belgium from précédé les déclarations de guerre de l’Allemagne Holland. London, April 19, 1839. This was the à la Russie (1er aoūt 1914) et à la France (3 aoūt ostensible reason for Britain’s declaration of 1914), déclaration du 4 septembre 1914. (1914). war on Germany in 1914. This commitment was reaffirmed by the following treaties in 1870, at the time of the Franco-Prussian War: Treaty between Her Majesty and the Emperor of the French, relative to the independence and 6 2. High Command & strategy Archives personal papers include his correspondence Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, uniquely with Lieutenant Colonel Lord Stamfordham among British Field Marshals, began his and Lieutenant Colonel Clive Wigram, Private Army career, in 1877, in the ranks. He served Secretaries to King George V, 1914-8 (ref: as Quartermaster General to the British Robertson 7/1/1-32), Major General CE Expeditionary Force (BEF), 1914-5, Chief Callwell, Director of Military Operations and of General Staff, British Armies in France, Intelligence, War Office, 1915 (ref: Robertson 1915, and Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 7/2/1-39), General Sir Archibald Murray, his 1915-8. His papers include correspondence, predecessor as CIGS, 1915-6 (ref: Robertson 1914-5, with Major General Sir Stanley von 7/3/1-9), David Lloyd George, Minister of Donop, Master General of the Ordnance (ref: Munitions and subsequently Prime Minister, Robertson 2/1/1-22), and with Major General 1916-8 (ref: Robertson 7/4/1-16), and Field Sir John Cowans, Quartermaster General to Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in- the Forces, 1914 (ref: Robertson 2/2/1-111). Chief, British Armies in France, 1915-8 As Chief of General Staff, British Armies in (ref: Robertson 7/6/1-102 and 7/7/1-83). France, Robertson kept among his papers LHCMA holds microfilm copies of Haig’s reports issued by General Headquarters, diaries and letters home (ref: MF 856-865, British Armies in France, May-June 1915 originals in the National Library of Scotland).
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