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Di Kabupaten Banggai Dan Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi Tengah

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Di Kabupaten Banggai Dan Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi Tengah Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, Vol. 9, No. 1, Hlm. 357-374, Juni 2017 ANALISIS DAN PEMETAAN INDEKS KEPEKAAN LINGKUNGAN (IKL) DI KABUPATEN BANGGAI DAN BANGGAI KEPULAUAN, SULAWESI TENGAH ANALISYS AND MAPPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX IN BANGGAI REGENCY AND BANGGAI ISLANDS REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI Sugeng Putranto1*, Neviaty P. Zamani2, Harpasis S. Sanusi2, Etty Riani3, dan Achmad Fahrudin3 1Mahasiswa Pasca Sarjana Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor *E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan, FPIK-IPB Bogor 3Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, FPIK-IPB Bogor ABSTRACT The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) is a description of the biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural values of a particular coastal and marine area used as a priority response to oil spills, shown on a map by applying spatial analysis using geographic information system technology. The purpose of this research was to analyse mangrove ecosystem area in Banggai and Banggai Islands Regency based on its vulnerability value by analyzing mangrove community structure and socio- economic services for local community. The research was conducted in nine sub-districts, among others: South Batui, Batui, East Luwuk, Lamala, Masama, Balantak, Bualemo (Banggai) and Bulagi and Buko (Banggai Islands). The study was conducted from August to November 2016, with field observations, direct interviews with communities and local government and literature review. The results of spatial analysis of ESI in the coastal areas of Banggai and Banggai Islands are obtained from sensitivity values of medium and sensitive. Areas with moderate sensitivity are Batui, East Luwuk, Masama, Lamala, Balantak and Bualemo sub-districts with grades of 16,78 – 24,35. The value of ESI with sensitive category ranges from 38,24 – 57,54 in Bulagi, Buko and South Batui sub- districts. Keywords: mangrove ecosystem, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) ABSTRAK Indeks Kepekaan Lingkungan (IKL) merupakan gambaran nilai-nilai biologi, sosial-ekonomi dan sosial-budaya pada suatu wilayah pesisir dan laut tertentu yang digunakan sebagai prioritas respon terhadap tumpahan minyak yang ditampilkan pada sebuah peta dengan mengaplikasikan analisis keruangan (spasial) menggunakan teknologi sistem informasi geografis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memetakan kawasan ekosistem mangrove di Kabupaten Banggai dan Banggai Kepulauan berdasarkan nilai kerentanannya dengan menganalisa struktur komunitas mangrove dan jasa sosial ekonomi untuk masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada sembilan kecamatan antara lain: Kecamatan Batui Selatan, Batui, Luwuk Timur, Lamala, Masama, Balantak, Bualemo (Kabupaten Banggai) serta Kecamatan Bulagi dan Buko (Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus sampai November 2016, dengan melakukan pengamatan di lapangan, wawancara langsung terhadap masyarakat dan pemerintah setempat serta studi literatur. Hasil analisis spasial IKL di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Banggai dan Banggai Kepulauan diperoleh kisaran nilai kepekaan sedang dan peka. Daerah yang memiliki tingkat kepekaan sedang adalah Kecamatan Batui, Luwuk Timur, Masama, Lamala, Balantak dan Bualemo dengan nilai antara 16,78 – 24,35. Nilai IKL dengan kategori peka terdapat pada Kecamatan Bulagi, Buko dan Batui Selatan dengan rentang nilai 38,24 – 57,54. Kata Kunci: ekosistem mangrove, Indeks Kepekaan Lingkungan (IKL) Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan, FPIK-IPB @ ISOI dan HAPPI 357 Analisis dan Pemetaan Indeks Kepekaan Lingkungan (IKL) di . I. PENDAHULUAN Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian untuk memetakan Kabupaten Banggai dan Banggai kawasan ekosistem mangrove berdasarkan Kepulauan adalah kabupaten di Sulawesi nilai kerentanannya dengan menganalisa Tengah yang memiliki kawasan pesisir struktur komunitas mangrove dan jasa sosial pantai. Pada kawasan pesisir tersebut ter- ekonomi untuk masyarakat setempat. Nilai dapat ekosistem mangrove, terumbu karang IKL merupakan hasil perhitungan dari dan lamun. Kabupaten Banggai dan Banggai komponen-komponen penentunya dan ditam- Kepulauan juga memiliki potensi lain yaitu pilkan pada sebuah peta dengan mengapli- sebagai penghasil tambang nikel yang sedang kasikan analisis keruangan (spasial) meng- dalam taraf eksploitasi dan juga gas yang gunakan teknologi sistem informasi geo- terdapat di Blok Matindok, Senoro dan grafis. Penyusunan IKL ini terdiri dari dua Donggi Senoro LNG. Eksploitasi dan komponen studi dan analisis, yaitu: (1) produksi gas di daerah Matindok dan Senoro sistem sumberdaya di wilayah pesisir dan serta diterbitkannya Kuasa Penambangan laut, baik sumberdaya alam maupun peman- (KP) nikel di wilayah ini dapat memberikan faatan lahan lainnya (2) sistem sosial dan gambaran pertum-buhan ekonomi daerah ekonomi masyarakat pesisir. Kedua kom- Perairan Banggai yang semakin meningkat. ponen ini dijadikan panduan dalam meng- Pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut berdampak analisis kepekaan lingkungan di wilayah pada semakin meningkatnya laju transportasi pesisir Kabupaten Banggai dan Banggai terutama transportasi laut. Peningkatan laju Kepulauan. trans-portasi kapal tanker tersebut berpotensi me-nimbulkan degradasi pada ekosistem II. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN mangrove berupa pencemaran, salah satunya adalah tabrakan kapal tanker pengangkut 2.1. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian minyak bumi. Kondisi tersebut akan ber- Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan potensi menimbulkan dampak pada ekosis- ekosistem hutan mangrove di pesisir Ka- tem pesisir jika dibiarkan berlarut larut. bupaten Banggai dan Banggai Kepulauan, Dampak dari pencemaran minyak Sulawesi Tengah, yang dilaksanakan pada pada lingkungan sangat tergantung kepada bulan Agustus - November 2016. Pengam- tipe ekosistem dan pemanfaatan lahan baik di bilan data dilakukan pada sembilan ke- daerah pesisir maupun di perairan laut. Setiap camatan yaitu: Kecamatan Batui Selatan, jenis ekosistem dan pemanfaatan lahan Batui, Luwuk Timur, Lamala, Masama, memiliki daya tahan yang berbeda terhadap Balantak dan Bualemo (Kabupaten Banggai) pengaruh pencemaran minyak. Indeks Ke- serta Kecamatan Bulagi dan Buko pekaan Lingkungan (IKL) merupakan gam- (Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan). baran nilai-nilai biologi, sosial-ekonomi dan sosial-budaya pada suatu wilayah pesisir dan 2.2. Pengumpulan Data laut tertentu yang digunakan sebagai prioritas Penelitian ini menggunakan data respon terhadap tumpahan minyak (NOAA, primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh 2002). Dalam perkembangannya IKL bukan melalui pengamatan ekosistem mangrove hanya untuk menilai kepekaan lingkungan secara langsung, wawancara dan pengisian terhadap tumpahan minyak, tetapi juga kuisioner untuk mencari informasi mengenai kepekaan wilayah pesisir terhadap polutan peranan masyarakat terhadap hutan mang- dan bahan pencemar lainnya baik yang rove. Data primer meliputi kondisi ekosistem berasal dari sungai, pemukiman, maupun mangrove dan pemanfaatannya oleh masya- kegiatan-kegiatan disekitar pantai. rakat setempat. Data sekunder diperoleh dengan cara mengumpulkan data pendukung 358 http://itk.fpik.ipb.ac.id/ej_itkt91 Putranto et al. dari berbagai instansi pemerintah Kabupaten 2.2.2. Indeks Kepekaan Lingkungan Banggai dan Banggai Kepulauan. Data Data yang digunakan untuk me- sekunder ini berisi keadaan demografi, geo- nentukan valuasi ekonomi dari ekosistem grafi, kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat mangrove dengan metode deep interview dan serta sarana dan prasarana yang ada di lokasi kuisioner. Metode pengambilan sampel data penelitian. atau responden dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode accidental 2.2.1. Mangrove sampling, dengan responden berupa masya- Metode pengukuran yang digunakan rakat yang bermukim di sekitar kawasan untuk mengetahui kondisi mangrove adalah mangrove. Peneliti langsung mengumpulkan dengan menggunakan Metode Transek Garis data dari unit sampling masyarakat yang dan Petak Contoh (Line Transect Plot), yaitu ditemui. Sebanyak 81 orang yang dijadikan dengan menggunakan transek 10x10 meter responden meliputi nelayan, pencari kayu dimana untuk setiap stratifikasi/zona dibuat bakar dan juga pada masyarakat yang tiga plot sebagai ulangan dan jarak antar satu berhubungan dengan mangrove secara tidak kelompok plot dengan kelompok plot lainnya langsung, sedangkan untuk mengetahui ke- sekitar 50-100 m. Pada setiap plot, dilakukan adaan umum lokasi penelitian dan kondisi perekaman titik koordinat dengan GPS. Pada hutan mangrove yang ada dilakukan wawan- lokasi yang memiliki komunitas mangrove cara dengan perangkat desa. yang homogen dan atau tidak memiliki batas stratifikasi yang jelas, maka penentuan plot 2.3. Analisis Data bisa dilakukan secara acak dengan minimal 3 plot ulangan. Hal tersebut juga dilakukan 2.3.1. Indeks Dominansi dan Keaneka- apabila stasiun pengamatan memiliki ke- ragaman Mangrove tebalan hutan mangrove kurang dari 50 - 100 Indeks dominansi (C) digunakan m. untuk mengetahui sejauh mana suatu kelom- Setiap plot, 10 x 10 m dilakukan pe- pok biota mendominansi kelompok lain. ngukuran diameter batang tanaman mang- Dominansi yang cukup besar akan mengarah rove dengan menggunakan meteran pada pada komunitas yang labil maupun tertekan. variasi letak pengukuran berdasarkan Ke- Indeks dominansi dihitung berdasarkan putusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup RI No. rumus index of dominance dari Simpson. 201 tahun 2004 tentang Kriteria Baku dan Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) Shannon- Pedoman Penentuan Kerusakan Mangrove. Wiener
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