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Great Britain, the Two World Wars and the Problem of Narrative
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The Historical Journal provided by Apollo Great Br itain, the Two World Wars and the Problem of Narrative Journal: The Historical Journal Manuscript ID HJ-2016-005.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Period: 1900-99, 2000- Thematic: International Relations, Military, Cultural, Intellectual Geographic: Britain, Europe, Continental Cambridge University Press Page 1 of 60 The Historical Journal Britain, the Two World Wars and the Problem of Narrative BRITAIN, THE TWO WORLD WARS AND THE PROBLEM OF NARRATIVE: PUBLIC MEMORY, NATIONAL HISTORY AND EUROPEAN IDENTITY* David Reynolds Christ’s College, Cambridge So-called ‘memory booms’ have become a feature of public history, as well as providing golden opportunities for the heritage industry. Yet they also open up large and revealing issues for professional historians, shedding light on how societies conceptualize and understand their pasts.1 This article explores the way that British public discourse has grappled with the First and Second World Wars. At the heart of the British problem with these two defining conflicts of the twentieth century is an inability to construct a positive, teleological metanarrative of their overall ‘meaning’. By exploring this theme through historiography and memorialization, it is possible not merely to illuminate Britain’s self-understanding of its twentieth-century history, but also to shed light on the country’s contorted relationship with ‘Europe’, evident in party politics and public debate right down to the ‘Brexit’ referendum of 2016. The concept of mastering the past ( Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) originated in post-1945 West Germany as that country tried to address the horrendous legacies of Nazism. -
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: a Lasting Impact
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: A Lasting Impact MATTHEW BAILEY COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS The introduction of gunpowder did not immediately transform the battlefields of Europe. Designers of fortifications only had to respond to the destructive threats of siege warfare, and witnessing the technical failures of early gunpowder weaponry would hardly have convinced a European magnate to bolster his defenses. This essay follows the advancement of gunpowder tactics in late medieval and early Renaissance Europe. In particular, it focuses on Edward III’s employment of primitive ordnance during the Hundred Years’ War, the role of artillery in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and the organizational challenges of effectively implementing gunpowder as late as the end of the fifteenth century. This essay also seeks to illustrate the nature of the development of fortification in response to the emerging threat of gunpowder siege weaponry, including the architectural theories of the early Renaissance Italians, Henry VIII’s English artillery forts of the mid-sixteenth century, and the evolution of the angle bastion. The article concludes with a short discussion of the longevity and lasting relevance of the fortification technologies developed during the late medieval and early Renaissance eras. The castle was an inseparable component of medieval warfare. Since Duke William of Normandy’s 1066 conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of castles had become the earmark of medieval territorial expansion. These fortifications were not simply stone squares with round towers adorning the corners. Edward I’s massive castle building program in Wales, for example, resulted in fortifications so visually disparate that one might assume they were from different time periods.1 Medieval engineers had built upon castle technology for centuries by 1500, and the introduction of gunpowder weaponry to the battlefields of Europe foreshadowed a revision of the basics of fortress design. -
Gloucestershire Castles
Gloucestershire Archives Take One Castle Gloucestershire Castles The first castles in Gloucestershire were built soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, the Normans had an urgent need to consolidate the land they had conquered and at the same time provide a secure political and military base to control the country. Castles were an ideal way to do this as not only did they secure newly won lands in military terms (acting as bases for troops and supply bases), they also served as a visible reminder to the local population of the ever-present power and threat of force of their new overlords. Early castles were usually one of three types; a ringwork, a motte or a motte & bailey; A Ringwork was a simple oval or circular earthwork formed of a ditch and bank. A motte was an artificially raised earthwork (made by piling up turf and soil) with a flat top on which was built a wooden tower or ‘keep’ and a protective palisade. A motte & bailey was a combination of a motte with a bailey or walled enclosure that usually but not always enclosed the motte. The keep was the strongest and securest part of a castle and was usually the main place of residence of the lord of the castle, although this changed over time. The name has a complex origin and stems from the Middle English term ‘kype’, meaning basket or cask, after the structure of the early keeps (which resembled tubes). The name ‘keep’ was only used from the 1500s onwards and the contemporary medieval term was ‘donjon’ (an apparent French corruption of the Latin dominarium) although turris, turris castri or magna turris (tower, castle tower and great tower respectively) were also used. -
The Theatricality of the Baroque City: M
THE THEATRICALITY OF THE BAROQUE CITY: M. D. PÖPPELMANN’S ZWINGER AT DRESDEN FOR AUGUSTUS THE STRONG OF SAXONNY PATRICK LYNCH TRINITY HALL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY 1996 MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION THE HISTORY AND PHILSOPHY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 CONTENTS: Acknowledgements. Preface. 1 Introduction to the topic of theatricality as an aspect of the baroque. i.i The problem of the term baroque. i.ii The problem of theatricality in the histories of baroque architecture: i.ii.a The theatricality of the Frame. i.ii.b The theatricality of Festival. ii The hermeneutics of theatricality: ii.i Hans-Georg Gadamer's formulation of play, symbol and festival as an interpretation of baroque theatricality. 2 The historical situation of the development of the Zwinger. i The European context. ii The local context. 3 The urban situation of the Zwinger. i Barockstadt Dresden. ii Barockstaat Sachsen. 4 A description of the development of the Zwinger. Conclusion: i Festival and the baroque city. A description of the Zwinger in use as it was inaugurated during the wedding celebrations of Augustus III and Marie Josepha von Habsburg, September 1719. ii Theatricality and the city. Bibliography. Illustrations: Volume 2 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would like to thank D.V. for supervising me in his inimitable way, and Dr. Christopher Padfield (and Trinity Hall) for generous financial support. This dissertation is dedicated to my family and friends, absent or otherwise and to C.M. in particular for first showing me the Zwinger and without whose care this document would not exist. PATRICK LYNCH 09/96 3 'Als ich nach der Augustusbrücke kam, die ich schon so gut aus Kupferstichen und Gemälden kannte, kam es mir vor, als ob ich schon früher einmal in Traum hier gewesen wäre.' (As I came upon the Augustusbrücke, which I knew so well from engravings and paintings, it seemed to me as if I had been here once before, in a dream.) Hans Christian Andersen 'This luscious and impeccable fruit of life Falls, it appears, of its own weight to earth. -
This Copy of the Thesis Has Been Supplied on Condition That Anyone Who
University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2014 The British Way of War in North West Europe 1944-45: A Study of Two Infantry Divisions Devine, Louis Paul http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3014 Plymouth University All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. 1 THE BRITISH WAY OF WAR IN NORTH WEST EUROPE 1944-45: A STUDY OF TWO INFANTRY DIVISIONS By LOUIS PAUL DEVINE A thesis Submitted to Plymouth University in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Humanities May 2013 2 Louis Paul Devine The British Way of War in North West Europe 1944-45: A Study of two infantry divisions Abstract This thesis will examine the British way of war as experienced by two British Infantry Divisions - the 43rd ‘Wessex’ and 53rd ‘Welsh’ - during the Overlord campaign in North West Europe in 1944 and 1945. The main locus of research centres on the fighting components of those divisions; the infantry battalions and their supporting regiments. -
Copyright by John Michael Meyer 2020
Copyright by John Michael Meyer 2020 The Dissertation Committee for John Michael Meyer Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation. One Way to Live: Orde Wingate and the Adoption of ‘Special Forces’ Tactics and Strategies (1903-1944) Committee: Ami Pedahzur, Supervisor Zoltan D. Barany David M. Buss William Roger Louis Thomas G. Palaima Paul B. Woodruff One Way to Live: Orde Wingate and the Adoption of ‘Special Forces’ Tactics and Strategies (1903-1944) by John Michael Meyer Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2020 Dedication To Ami Pedahzur and Wm. Roger Louis who guided me on this endeavor from start to finish and To Lorna Paterson Wingate Smith. Acknowledgements Ami Pedahzur and Wm. Roger Louis have helped me immeasurably throughout my time at the University of Texas, and I wish that everyone could benefit from teachers so rigorous and open minded. I will never forget the compassion and strength that they demonstrated over the course of this project. Zoltan Barany developed my skills as a teacher, and provided a thoughtful reading of my first peer-reviewed article. David M. Buss kept an open mind when I approached him about this interdisciplinary project, and has remained a model of patience while I worked towards its completion. My work with Tom Palaima and Paul Woodruff began with collaboration, and then moved to friendship. Inevitably, I became their student, though they had been teaching me all along. -
Operational Leadership Experiences
UNCLASSIFIED OOppeerraattiioonnaall LLeeaaddeerrsshhiipp EExxppeerriieenncceess A project of the Combat Studies Institute, the Operational Leadership Experiences interview collection archives firsthand, multi-service accounts from military personnel who planned, participated in and supported operations in the Global War on Terrorism. Interview with MAJ Jarrod Bailey Combat Studies Institute Fort Leavenworth, Kansas © 2014 United States Government, as represented by the Secretary of the Army. All rights reserved. UNCLASSIFIED Abstract In this April 2015 interview, MAJ Jarrod Bailey, US Army, Logistics; discusses his deployment to Iraq as part of a military transition team (MiTT) for 3d Special Troops Battalion (STB) of 187th Infantry, in 2005 through 2006 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). MAJ Bailey talks about his missions as a distribution platoon leader and the MiTT logistics advisor. He describes living conditions and working with the Iraqi army. He discusses some difficult leadership challenges he faced and shares how he was able to boost morale for his team. He shares a specific memory of interaction with the local populace. MAJ Bailey closes his interview by stating, "Don't put a 2LT on a MiTT. They don't really know what they are doing. I learned a lot, but it was kind of being thrown into a fire." UNCLASSIFIED Interview with MAJ Jarrod Bailey 20 April 2015 EK: My name is MAJ Edward Keen (EK) and I'm with the Operational Leadership Experience Project at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. I'm interviewing MAJ Jarrod C. Bailey (JB) on his experiences during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Today's date is April 20, 2015 and this is an unclassified interview. -
MY WAR Exhibition Information
WARTIME PHOTOGRAPHS by VIETNAM VETERANS Traveling Exhibition WARTIME PHOTOGRAPHS by VIETNAM VETERANS Traveling Exhibition 72 photographs / 7 related texts & poems by 25 Vietnam Veterans Originated by THE HIGHGROUND Veterans Memorial Park Curated by MARISSA ROTH with JUNE BERG Above: BARBED WIRE Marble Mountain, Vietnam, 1970 Dennis High Front cover: GROUP OF THE GUYS FROM THE MORTAR PLATOON WHO OPERATED THE 4.2 INCH MORTARS ON THE HILL Lz Bayonet, Near Chu Lai, Vietnam Jay Arthurs INTRODUCTION We have all seen the iconic Vietnam War photographs by noted photojournalists, such This emulsified visual poetry records youthful experiences that many didn’t want to as Nick Ut’s “Napalm Girl” and Eddie Adams’ “Saigon Execution.” These and count- have in the first place and never imagined would etch so deeply into such signifi- less other images appeared in newspapers and magazines across America throughout cant markers on the roads of their lives. In the years that followed, many veterans de- the war, impacting both governmental policy and public opinion. Photographers were stroyed their photographs taken during the war in order to purge painful memories crying out with potent images for the cessation of the war, gravely highlighting the and close a visceral door to the past. consequences for both sides of this mired conflict. They viewed the war from the out- side looking in, for what would become the last uncensored American war endeavor. Anonymity and camaraderie are the hallmarks of soldiering and war, but for each man who fought and died, or lived and came home, this war was personal. These photo- What of pictures taken from the inside looking out? Some servicemen in Vietnam made graphs allow the viewer to see into the daily lives of some men who fought and served. -
Why Has the First World War Been Remembered in Different Ways Since 1918?
PAGE 1 ENQUIRY 8 Why has the First World War been remembered in different ways since 1918? Key stage 3 ENQUIRY OVERVIEW This enquiry is designed to give students some examples of how and why the First World War has been remembered in different ways and in different times and contexts since 1918. The initial stage compares a local war memorial with the Cenotaph in London, considering factors that would be useful for comparing similar memorials on a battlefields visit. The enquiry goes on to focus on five different interpretations (including works of art, memorials and a feature film) which were deliberately created after the War’s end to provoke particular emotional responses in their original audiences. All five sources could be investigated in turn, or fewer could be selected for teaching but deliberately chosen to illustrate contrasting interpretations of the First World War. The memorials in particular could be compared with those of other types and commemorating other nationalities on the Western Front during a battlefields visit. In the final activity students consider how such interpretations might be presented today and why these past interpretations of the War might generate different feelings in modern audiences to those intended by their creators. There are opportunities through this topic to make links to English (e.g. developing speaking and listening skills, writing imaginatively, creatively and thoughtfully, producing texts that interest and engage the reader), citizenship (e.g. looking at the actions individuals, groups and organisations can take to influence and provoke popular opinion) and geography (e.g. interactions between people and their environments, the location of places and environments). -
Motte and Bailey Castles
Motte and Bailey Castles What Is a Motte and Bailey Castle? The motte: This was a __________ with a tower (or ‘keep’) built on ________. The bailey: This was where the soldiers, ___________ and animals lived. It had a _____________ fence around it. The keep: This was the tower or ___________. The moat: This was a deep _________ filled with water. Label the picture below, using the bold words above. Who Built Motte and Bailey Castles? Motte and bailey castles were built in____________ by the Normans (people who _________ from France). What Else Was in a Motte and Bailey Castle? • bakeries • barracks (buildings for soldiers) • ___________ • ___________ for horses Word Bank Ireland stables wooden hill kitchens ditch castle top servants came Motte and Bailey Castles Answers What Is a Motte and Bailey Castle? The motte: This was a hill with a tower (or ‘keep’) built on top. The bailey: This was where the soldiers, servants and animals lived. It had a wooden fence around it. The keep: This was the tower or castle. The moat: This was a deep ditch filled with water. Label the picture below, using the bold words above. keep motte bailey moat Who Built Motte and Bailey Castles? Motte and bailey castles were built inIreland by the Normans (people who came from France). What Else Was in a Motte and Bailey Castle? • bakeries • barracks (buildings for soldiers) • kitchens • stables for horses Word Bank Ireland stables wooden hill kitchens ditch castle top servants came Page 1 of 1 Motte and Bailey Castles What Is a Motte and Bailey Castle? The motte was a _______ hill, which would normally be man-made. -
Did the End of the Great War Come Too Soon?
Did the end of the Great War come too soon? Ha d it lasted into 1919 the future of the world might have been very different BY DAVID REYNOLDS, NEW STATESMAN, 31 OCT 2018 And so, in the fifth year of the Great War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, the guns at last fell silent. That is how Britain will probably think of the centenary of 11 November 1918. As a clean, crisp end to the costliest war in this country’s history. As an opportunity to remember the suffering of those who died and the pain of those who were bereaved. And a chance to tell poignant stories of the moment when the Great Silence finally descended. Stormtoopers Advancing Under Gas, etching by Otto Dix At Malplaquet in Belgium, the 11th battalion of the Manchester Regiment had formed up at first light and marched to the front, ready to go over the top yet again. Suddenly the commander and senior officers ran up and down the line, talking to the men. Cheers rang out; caps were thrown in the air. As the Tommies returned to the village, firing off signal rockets, a squadron of British planes swooped over, looping the loop. At other places on the front line, the mood was often one of anti-climax. “Here I was covering the greatest story in the world and nothing was happening,” moaned Webb Miller, an American war correspondent with a unit of US troops or “doughboys” near Verdun. “The war just ended. The men stood talking in groups.” There was “less excitement, less emotion,” he complained, “than you’d find in a lively craps game.” Wilfred Owen – the poet who lamented the “pity of war” but also won a Military Cross for frenziedly machine-gunning dozens of Germans – fell on 4 November 1918, leading an attack on the Sambre-Oise canal. -
Peering Through the Watch Tower: How Jehovah's Witnesses Learn To
On-Line Papers – Copyright This online paper may be cited or briefly quoted in line with the usual academic conventions. You may also download them for your own personal use. This paper must not be published elsewhere (e.g. to mailing lists, bulletin boards etc.) without the author's explicit permission. Please note that if you copy this paper you must: • include this copyright note • not use the paper for commercial purposes or gain in any way • you should observe the conventions of academic citation in a version of the following form: Andrew Holden, ‘Peering Through the Watch Tower: How Jehovah’s Witnesses Learn to Worship and Evangelise’, published by the Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YN, at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/Holden-Peering-Through-the-Watch- Tower.pdf Publication Details This web page was last revised on 29th November 2003; the paper was previously published at http://comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc116ajw.htm in 2002 Peering Through the Watch Tower: How Jehovah’s Witnesses Learn to Worship and Evangelise Andrew Holden ABSTRACT Jehovah’s Witnesses are members of a puritanical religious movement that claims to be in but not of the world. The movement has expanded rapidly over the past 130 years and there are now more than 6 million devotees worldwide. This paper examines the ways in which the movement has managed to retain a millenarian orientation in a world that is, for the most part, indifferent to its beliefs. The Witnesses reject many commonly recognised accoutrements of sacred practise such as mystical concepts, awesome rituals and transcendental symbolism in favour of a rationalised form of religion based on the study of published texts.