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Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 ah M lmi ah Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah l I as a is n r w Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 - 864 Mei 2017 u a J www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP FISIP Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di Tapaktuan (Studi Analisis Sosiologi Spatial di Kecamatan Tapaktuan, Aceh Selatan) Kodrat Zulfi Program Studi Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Unsyiah Email : [email protected] ABSTRAK Pariwisata pada era sekarang merupakan suatu kegiatan yang tidak hanya mengacu pada aktifitas wisatawan saja. Akan tetapi juga mengacu pada pembangunan yang multifungsi, yang mana mempunyai manfaat yang sangat luas dan banyak dari adanya pariwisata. Tapaktuan merupakan pusat pemerintahan Kabupaten Aceh Selatan yang sangat dikenal pariwisatanya secara potensial baik di provinsi maupun nasional. Hal ini tidak terlepas kontribusi pariwisata Tapaktuan terhadap pembangunan yang mana potensi objek wisatanya terdapat 16 titik potensi wisata dari 111 titik potensi wisata yang ada di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan. Namun potensi itu tidak dioptimalkan secara serius oleh pemerinah setempat. Pemerintah daerah dalam mengembangkan objek wisata dinilai masih tidak tertata, hal ini dapat dilihat dari infrastruktur dan sarana-prasarana yang belum memadai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan- kebijakan pengembangan pariwisata dan faktor penghambat dalam pengembangan sektor pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Modernisasi Rostow, yang mengenai Proses bertahap dimana pertumbuhan ekonomi yang hendak dicapai masyarakat diawali bersifat tradisional atau sederhana menuju suatu tatanan masyarakat yang maju dan kompleks. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan observasi, serta selanjutnya dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian mengenai pengembangan sektor pariwisata Corresponding Author : [email protected] 836 JIM FISIP Unsyiah: AGB, Vol. 2. №. 2, Mei 2017: 836 - 864 ah M lmi ah Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah l I as a is n r w Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 - 864 Mei 2017 u a J www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP FISIP menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan pariwisata masih belum terarah dengan baik, hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya beberapa hambatan dalam kebijakan pengembangan sektor pariwisata antara lain: interaksi antara pemerintah terhadap swasta dan masyarakat, aspek manajemen pembangunan sarana-prasarana, anggaran, aspek manajemen pemasaran dan promosi dan aspek SDM. Sehingga sangat perlu untuk mengambil upaya dan langkah professional terhadap manajemen organisasi khususnya dalam desain dan proses penyusunan strategi yang tepat dan efektif. Kata kunci: Pariwisata, Sosiologi Spatial, Kebijakan ABSTRACT Nowadays, a tourism is the activity which does not only refers to the tourist's activity. However, it refers to the multifunctional development, which has the wide benefit. Tapaktuan is the government's center of South Aceh Regency which is known with its potential tourism in province and national. This thing does not apart from the contribution of the Tapaktuan's tourism towards the development which has the potential tourism in 16 area of 111 area in South Aceh regency. However, that potential does not optimized seriously by the government in these area. The local government is still disorganized in improving the tour object, it can be proved from the inadequate infrastructure and facilities. The purpose of this study is to know the tourism development policies and the obstacle factor in the tourism sector improvement. This study uses the qualitative method in descriptive approach. In addition, this study uses the Rostow's modern theory, concerning the gradual process in which the economy growth that will be achieved by the societies are started in traditional or simple character to the progressive and complex society order. The collection of data is conducted by the interview and observation, it was analyzed in qualitative approach. The result of Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di Tapaktuan (Studi Analisis Sosiologi Spatial di 837 Kecamatan Tapaktuan, Aceh Selatan) Kodrat Zulfi Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah,Vol. 2, No.2, Mei 836 - 864 ah M lmi ah Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah l I as a is n r w Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 - 864 Mei 2017 u a J www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP FISIP the study is about the tourism sector development which shows that the tourism development has still not well directed. It is caused by the several obstacles in the tourism sector development policy involve the interaction between the government towards private and societies, the management aspect of the facility and infrastructure development, the budget, the management aspect of marketing and promotion, and the human resources aspects. Hence, it is needed to take the effort and professional action towards the organization management particularly in design and strategy arrangement process appropriately and effectively. Keywords: Tourism,Spatial Sociology,Policy PENDAHULUAN Perkembangan dunia pariwisata telah mengalami berbagai perubahan baik perubahan pola, bentuk dan sifat kegiatan, serta dorongan orang untuk melakukan perjalanan, cara berpikir maupun sifat perkembangan itu sendiri. Pariwisata merupakan industri gaya baru yang mampu menyediakan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat dalam hal kesempatan kerja, pendapatan, taraf hidup dan dalam mengaktifkan sektor lain di dalam negara penerima wisatawan. Disamping itu pariwisata sebagai suatu sektor yang kompleks meliputi industri-industri seperti industri kerajinan tangan, industri cinderamata, penginapan, dan transportasi. Sebagai industri jasa yang digolongkan sebagai industri ketiga, pariwisata cukup berperan penting dalam menetapkan kebijaksanaan mengenai kesempatan kerja, dengan alasan semakin mendesaknya tuntutan akan kesempatan kerja yang tetap sehubungan dengan selalu meningkatnya wisata di masa yang akan datang. Pengembangan pariwisata Indonesia telah tercermin dalam rencana strategi yang dirumuskan oleh Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata RI, yakni: (1) meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dengan membuka kesempatan berusaha dan lapangan kerja serta pemerataan pembangunan di bidang pariwisata; Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di Tapaktuan (Studi Analisis Sosiologi Spatial di 838 Kecamatan Tapaktuan, Aceh Selatan) Kodrat Zulfi Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah,Vol. 2, No.2, Mei 836 - 864 ah M lmi ah Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah l I as a is n r w Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 - 864 Mei 2017 u a J www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP FISIP (2) mewujudkan pembangunan pariwisata yang berkesinambungan sehingga memberikan manfaat sosial-budaya, sosial ekonomi bagi masyarakat dan daerah, serta terpeliharanya mutu lingkungan hidup; (3) meningkatkan kepuasan wisatawan dan memperluas pangsapasar; dan (4) menciptakan iklim yang kondusif bagi pembangunan pariwi-sata Indonesia sebagai berdayaguna, produktif, transparan, dan bebas KKN untuk melaksanakan fungsi pelayanan kepada masyarakat, dalam institusi yang merupakan amanah yang dipertanggungjawabkan (Accountable). Demikianlah pandangan Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata RI, bahwa pengembangan pariwisata Indonesia harus didahului dengan pemahaman mengenai berbagai tantangan dan hambatan yang harus dihadapi dalam merencanakan dan melaksanakan pengembangan pariwisata di Indonesia. Adapun beberapa faktor yang menjadi alasan kuat mengapa pemerintah berkeinginan untuk meningkatkan pariwisata antara lain: 1) Semakin menurunnya peranan minyak dan gas bumi sebagai penghasil devisa dibanding yang lalu, 2) Merosotnya nilai ekspor di sektor non minyak, 3) Prospek pariwisata memperlihatkan kecenderungan meningkat secara konsisten, 4) Potensi alam maupun budaya yang dimiliki kaitannya sebagai modal dasar dalam perkembangan pariwisata. Kondisi ini secara faktual memposisikan sektor pariwisata menjadi penting peranannya dalam pembangunan nasional. Dimana tidak ada kegiatan ekonomi yang berdimensi luas ke semua sektor, tingkatan dan kepentingan seperti Pariwisata. Oleh karena itu adalah sangat vital untuk mengintegrasikan rencana pengembangan pariwisata dengan pembangunan nasional (Sumber:Rencana Strategis (RENSTRA) Dinas Pariwisata Seni dan Budaya Kabupaten Gowa 2006-2010). Dalam mengkaji kegiatan pariwisata, dari segi sudut pandang sosiologis kegiatan pariwisata sekurang-kurangnya mencakup tiga dimensi interaksi, yaitu: kultural, politik dan bisnis. Dalam dimensi interaksi kultural, kegiatan pariwisata memberi ajang akulturasi budaya berbagai macam etnis dan bangsa. Melalui Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di Tapaktuan (Studi Analisis Sosiologi Spatial di 839 Kecamatan Tapaktuan, Aceh Selatan) Kodrat Zulfi Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah,Vol. 2, No.2, Mei 836 - 864 ah M lmi ah Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah l I as a is n r w Volume 2, Nomor 2: 836 - 864 Mei 2017 u a J www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FISIP FISIP pariwisata, kebudayaan masyarakat tradisional agraris sedemikian rupa bertemu dan berpadu dengan kebudayaan modern industrial (Sunyoto Usman,2006:53). Dalam dimensi interaksi politik, kegiatan pariwisata dapat menciptakan dua kemungkinan ekstrem, yaitu:(1) persahabatan antaretnis dan antarbangsa dan (2)bentuk-bentuk penindasan, eksploitasi dan neokolonialisme. Disatu pihak melalui pariwisata, masing-masing etnis dan bangsa dapat mengetahui atau mengenal tabiat, kemauan dan kepentingan etnis dan bangsa lain. Tetapi dilain pihak, melalui pariwisata pula dapat tercipta bentuk ketergantungan suatu etnis atau bangsa kepada etnis atau bangsa lain. Misalnya meningkatnya ketergantungan pendapatan
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