Institutioneller Wandel Im Globalen Klimaschutz

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Institutioneller Wandel Im Globalen Klimaschutz Institutioneller Wandel im globalen Klimaschutz – Indonesiens Waldschutz zwischen internationalen Klimaschutzzielen und nationaler Entwicklung am Beispiel des REDD+-Mechanismus I n a u g u r a l - D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Claudia Wunsch aus Köln Köln 2015 Berichterstatter/in: Prof. Dr. Boris Braun Prof. Dr. Frauke Kraas Tag der letzten mündlichen Prüfung: 24.06.2015 Danksagung Die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit wäre ohne die Hilfe vieler Menschen nicht möglich gewesen. In erster Linie möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Boris Braun für die konstruktive und geduldige Betreuung der Doktorarbeit und das Vertrauen in mich, diese Arbeit vollständig alleine auf die Beine zu stellen, bedanken. Prof. Dr. Frauke Kraas danke ich für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens. Mein besonderer Dank gilt den Menschen, die meinen Forschungsaufenthalt in Indonesien möglich gemacht haben. Ich danke Yuyun Indradi für die Hilfe bei der Organisation meines Aufenthalts sowie Rachael Diprose von AusAID für die Unterstützung in Indonesien und darüber hinaus für die Einbindung in die aktuelle Arbeit und den Politikdialog in Jakarta. Zudem danke ich Suli Widja für die Organisation und die Übersetzungsarbeit in Kalimantan. Ich danke meinen Interviewpartnern, die bereitwillig Auskunft gaben, sich viel Zeit für mein Forschungsprojekt genommen haben und hin und wieder auch mit nützlichen Tipps meinen Aufenthalt in Jakarta vereinfacht haben. Zudem möchte ich Valerie Espach und Philipp Müller für die Unterstützung und die Wohnmöglichkeit in Jakarta ebenso danken, wie für die konstruktiven Gespräche. Dank Euch habe ich mich in Jakarta auch über den Forschungsaufenthalt hinaus immer wie zu Hause gefühlt. An dieser Stelle möchte ich auch meinen „Mitdoktoranden“ im UmWig-Kolloquium und insbesondere am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsgeographie für die hilfreichen Ideen und die Versorgung mit Informationen zum aktuellen Institutsgeschehen – das für externe Doktoranden etwas ferner ist – bedanken. Insbesondere möchte ich mich bei Tibor Aßheuer für die vielen hilfreichen Tipps besonders zu Beginn der Promotion und die vielen aufmunternden Worte bedanken. Ganz besonderer Dank gilt an dieser Stelle meiner Familie, die mich die ganzen Jahre über und insbesondere während der sehr schweren Zeit zu Beginn der Promotion unterstützt hat und ohne die diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Meinen Eltern und meiner Schwester danke ich für die finanzielle Unterstützung. Zusätzlich danke ich meinem Vater und meinem Bruder für die Hilfe bei Layout und Formatierung. Zudem danke ich vielen meiner Freunde für das Interesse an meiner Forschungsarbeit und die motivierenden Worte sowie meinen Kolleginnen beim Notruf Köln für das Verständnis und das Mitfiebern besonders während der letzten Phase der Promotion. Außerdem danke ich Aileen Halm für die zusätzlichen Korrekturen. Insbesondere möchte ich Anne, Kathleen und Arne für die Unterstützung und die vielen Motivationsreden danken, ohne die ich nicht durchgehalten hätte. Arne danke ich zudem für das Lektorat und die unendliche Geduld mit mir. Zusammenfassung Die Abschwächung des Klimawandels durch die Eindämmung der weltweiten CO 2- Emissionen ist zu einer globalen Herausforderung geworden. Internationale Organisationen und Zusammenschlüsse haben seit den 1980er Jahren verstärkt an Klimaschutzabkommen sowie einheitlichen Klimaschutzzielen und Instrumenten gearbeitet. Der nach wie vor hohe Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen hat die Internationale Gemeinschaft während der letzten Jahre zunehmend alarmiert. Eine besondere Schwierigkeit stellt dabei die Integration vieler Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer dar, da hier das Spannungsfeld aus sozioökonomischer Entwicklung und Klimaschutz sehr schwer zu überwinden ist. Insbesondere die nationale Umsetzung von globalen Klimaschutzinstrumenten innerhalb von Staaten mit besonders komplexer sozialer, politischer oder wirtschaftlicher Struktur stellt dabei ein großes Problem dar. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Mechanismus (REDD+) als einen innerhalb der Klimarahmenkonvention der Vereinten Nationen (UNFCCC) ausgearbeiteten Klimaschutzmechanismus. Als Fallbeispiel wird die nationale Umsetzung des Mechanismus in Indonesien analysiert. Anhand der Politischen Ökologie werden die komplexen Akteurskonstellationen und Interessengegensätze auf mehreren Ebenen aufgedeckt. In diesem Rahmen wird das Konzept der Politischen Ökologie globaler Umweltgovernance entwickelt. So kann die Arbeit Aussagen über die Auswirkungen des REDD+-Mechanismus auf gesellschaftliche, politische und wirtschaftliche Strukturen auf nationaler und teilweise auch auf regionaler Ebene treffen. Darauf aufbauend soll die Politische Ökologie globaler Umweltgovernance Handlungsempfehlungen für die nationale und globale Umwelt- und Klimapolitik ermöglichen. Abstract Climate Change mitigation by reducing global greenhouse gas emissions became a global challenge. Since the 1980s international organisations and coalitions worked increasingly on climate protection agreements and coherent climate change objectives and instruments. The continuing high greenhouse gas emissions alert the international community during the last years evermore. A large difficulty is the integration of newly industrialising countries and developing countries, where the conflict of socio-economic development and climate protection is difficult to overcome. Especially the national implementation of global climate mitigation instruments in countries featuring complex social, political and economic structures is a large problem. This study analyses the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation approach (REDD+) as one of the UNFCCC climate protection mechanisms, using the case of the national REDD+ strategy of Indonesia. On the basis of the concept of Political Ecology the study reveals stakeholder constellations and varying interests at different levels. In this context the study at hand develops the concept of Political Ecology of global Environmental Governance to analyse complex relations in international climate mitigation strategies. Thus, it is possible to make a point about impacts the REDD+ mechanism have on social, political and economic aspects at national scale, and to a smaller extent at regional scale. Based on the research it will be possible to give policy advice for national environmental and climate politics. Inhalt 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................. 15 1.1. Einführung in die Problematik und Fragestellung .......................................... 15 1.2. Aufbau der Arbeit ......................................................................................... 19 2. Umwelt- und Klimaschutz im globalen Kontext ................................................... 20 2.1. Globale Umweltgovernance .......................................................................... 21 2.1.1. Umwelt- und Klimaschutz im Globalen Süden ....................................... 22 2.1.2. Nord-Süd-Beziehungen im Bereich Umwelt- und Klimaschutz .............. 24 2.1.3. Instrumente globaler Umweltgovernance................................................ 27 2.2. REDD ........................................................................................................... 34 3. Theoretisch-konzeptionelle Grundlagen ............................................................... 43 3.1. Ökonomie und Umwelt ................................................................................. 45 3.2. Die Politische Ökologie als Analyserahmen .................................................. 48 3.2.1. Von der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie zur Politischen Ökologie ............. 48 3.2.2. Politische Ökologie in der Geographischen Entwicklungsforschung ....... 49 3.2.3. Weiterentwicklung des politisch-ökologischen Konzeptes ...................... 56 3.2.4. Politische Ökologie globaler Umweltgovernance ................................... 58 3.3. Die Politische Ökologie des REDD+-Mechanismus ...................................... 66 4. Methodik .............................................................................................................. 71 4.1. Auswahl des Untersuchungsfeldes ................................................................. 71 4.2. Datenerhebung .............................................................................................. 74 4.2.1. Datenerhebung durch Experteninterviews .............................................. 74 4.2.2. Auswertung der Experteninterviews ....................................................... 78 4.2.3. Ergänzende Methoden ............................................................................ 79 4.3. Forschungsumfeld ......................................................................................... 81 4.4. Besonderheiten und Grenzen des Forschungsansatzes ................................... 83 5. Der REDD+-Mechanismus in Indonesien ............................................................. 85 5.1. Die Ausgangslage in Indonesien .................................................................... 85 5.1.1. Umwelt- und Klimaschutz in Indonesien ................................................ 86 5.1.2. Politische und rechtliche Grundlagen ..................................................... 93 5.1.3. Forst- und Agrarsektor ..........................................................................
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