Suspended and Dissolved Matter Fluxes in the Upper

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78 ENVIRONMENT 1 erosion andslopewash. The heaviest increase within basin:miningandindustry, river-bank with locationsof3mainmatter sources Mongolia). The existestimates are compared ofSelenga river (within in theupperpart literature thematter fluxes whichconcern andEnglish-language Russian, Mongolian of thispaperisto provide fullreview of of our2011fieldcampaign. The crucial task on literature results review andpreliminary based upper Selengariver anditstributaries along mg/l) andsuspendedload(SL,kg/day) suspended sedimentconcentration(SSC, and dissolved asfar load(DL,kg/day), based estimates ofthedissolved ions(K Ca 7 6 5 3 2 Sergey R.Chalov 4 E-mail: [email protected] Moscow, gory, Russia; Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +74959391233, * E-mail: [email protected] University, Moscow, gory, Russia;Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +74959391552, E-mail: [email protected] Ulaanbaatar, Amariingudamj1, Mongolia, Tel. +98611262247, E-mail: [email protected] University,Stockholm Sweden; SE-10691,Stockholm, Tel. +46703659249, E-mail: [email protected] University,Stockholm Sweden; SE-10691,Stockholm, Tel. +468164958, E-mail: [email protected] University, Moscow, gory, Russia;Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +74959392576, E-mail: [email protected] University, Moscow, gory, Russia;Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +74959391533, Mariya P. Bulacheva P ABSTRACT. BASIN FLUXES IN THE UPPER SELENGA RIVER SUSPENDED AND DISSOLVED MATTER Senior scientist,Faculty Senior ofGeography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Research associate, Faculty ofGeography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State Senior scientist, Institute ofGeography, scientist,Institute Senior Academy Mongolian ofSciences; ofPhysical Geology, Geography M.Sc. student,Department andQuaternary Associate professor, ofPhysical Geology, Geography Department andQuaternary Postgraduate student, Faculty ofGeography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Postgraduate student, Faculty ofGeography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State O Corresponding author 2+ 3– 4 )(C, mg/l), heavy metal(Fe)(C, mg/l),heavy Mg 2+ Cl – We synthesized recent field- S O 2– 4

HC 1* O , Aleksandr S.Zavadsky – 3 4 ), biogens(N , Jerker Jarsjö sum , Mn, Pb) , Mn, O – 3 , N + 5 Na , Josefin Thorslund O – 2 + , supply at industrial andminingcenters,supply atindustrial riversandzones of matter transboundary dissolved andsuspendedmatter fluxes in increased between a potential connection and Zaamar. The results provide evidenceon point to belowUlaanbaatar 712000kg/day Tuul riverfrom attheupstream 4280kg/day indicated increase ofsuspendedloadalong Ourfieldcampaign for5260 kg/day Mn. 167 to for 383kg/day Fe, 15and between theZaamar miningsite after wasbetween 2005, 2006and2008theincrease directly measurement campaigns in In conducted Zaamar andfew otherminesare located). capitalUlanbaatar,Mongolia goldmine where oftheSelengaRiver tributary (right is indicated along riversystemTuul-Orkhon of suspendedanddissolved matter transport 2 , Ekaterina V. Belozerova 6 , Jambaljav Yamkhin 3 , 50.0212:48:17 12:48:17 15.06.2012 7 ggi212.indd 79 i 2 1 2 . i n d d

2006]: diffusionequation [Alexeevsky,the turbulent matter movement whichare by governed exchange istheresult ofgenerallaws of capacity. Near-bottomtransporting sediment sediment fluxes significantly correlate with velocities andsedimentdistributions. Vertical and ultimately theunequalfall determine compositionsheterogeneities inparticle as well asthedifferent riverprocesses, induce ofthechannelparticles, and characteristics bars. within-channel The different sources banks andrecently formed accumulative river onecanfindintensively eroded channel banks (channel-sourced sediment). On any the channelsthemselves from theirbedsand detachmentwithin sediment) orfrom particle channels from drainagebasins(basin-sourced flow canoriginate eitherfrom inputinto byriver transported and dissolved particles Suspended and dissolved matter transport. (UNEP,sectors 2009),cancausesuspended from theagriculture andindustry particularly andanthropogenicsoil androck, activities, dissolution ofsubstancesfrom weathering world-wide. Bothnaturalprocesses, suchas humans andthenaturalenvironment supplyintoMatter water systems affects rivers transboundary dissolved matter transport, hydrological andgeochemicalsurveys. with regards goalsof to further determining load fluxes withinthisbasinare discussed The gapsintheunderstandingofmatter along eroded riverbanksandpastured lands.

–water density, ρ exchangeA istheturbulent coefficient, convection andgravity, respectively, and dispersion, advection, transport, turbulent where thedifferent of reflect impacts terms INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: 7 −++ −ω ρ ∂ ∂ρ∂ ∂ ∂∂∂∂ 9 Asss s tx s yzsA ⎝⎠ ⎜⎟ ⎛⎞ vuw =++− ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂ ∂ ∂∂ s zy xsy z s s s ss ⎝⎠ ⎜⎟ ⎛⎞ 222 2 22 massflow, suspended and s –suspendedsediment , (1) [Boyle et al., 1998; Khazheeva etal.,[Boyle etal., 2006]. 1998;Khazheeva to increasebeen reported inrecent times Suspended anddissolved matter fluxes have pastures) drivers. slope washfrom thedeforestated landsand erosion) andanthropogenic (miningand iseffectedthe rivers bybothnatural (bank high rates ofbankerosion. fluxes Matter of alluvial valleysandthusare distinguishedby drainbroad2011]. Atthesametimerivers within thebasin[MNE,2007;Batimaaet.al, activities andindustrial by urbanization are increased experiencing pollution Khans Water, 2010].Orkhon, Tuul, and Kharaa are to [Integrated getimpacted reported downstream Tuul river, andtheEroo rivers river,of thebasin,waters oftheOrkhon crop part agriculture. theMongolian In land usesincludemining, forestry, androw landuseisgrazing.the principal Other oftheriversystem.water Historically quality the Selengadrainagebasinthataffect the within andagricultural activities industries then drainsinto Russia. There are numerous and ofMongolia in themountainouspart originates It of thetotal inflowinto Baikal. withabout50% contributes Selenga River largest freshwater oftheworld. reservoir the Baikal, ofLake the biggesttributary challenging, beingforparticularly instance river system ofSelengais transboundary pollution prediction andprevention. The are neededfor thentypically relevant modeling transport and (numerical) offieldmeasurementin terms campaigns due to administrative reasons. Large efforts coherent incomplete isoften monitoring riversystems, singleand transboundary In system system. depends onthemonitoring Understanding ofmatter fluxes alongriver impacts. ofnaturaland anthropogeniccontributions main sources inriverbasins, andthedifferent locationsof to identifytheexact furthermore challengesareand dispersionterms. Key with thequantificationofadvection assessments, acrucialtaskisconnected basin-scaletransport vectors.velocity In concentration atthepoint, u , v , w –local 115.06.2012 12:48:17 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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8 0 be estimated. isgenerallyto The difficulty could (Q) insuchaway thatmassflows(Mf) concentration dataandriver discharge data and dissolved sediment concentration(SSC) was to interpret andcombinesuspended ofthiswork Selenga basin.Amaindifficulty syntheses offieldstudyresults intheupper combining in-situmeasurements with thecurrent paperwe mainlyfocusIn on summerfloods.system during river dissolved loadsofthetransboundary 2011 to understandcurrent sediment and andRussia)inSelenga river (Mongolia The latter includedmeasurements inthe complemented in2011. byourfieldworks 2010; MCA2011]andwere recently Baljinnyam et.al, 2009;Integrated water..., basin [Stubblefieldet.al, 2005;AATA, 2008; investigation ofthewholeSelengariver campaigns have recently focused onthe scientists [Batimaa,2000].Limited field Hydrological regime..., 1977]andMongolian bySoviet[Kuznetsov,done earlier 1955; ofthebasinwas part whole Mongolian andsuspendedloadofthe of water quality project. Full review ofthesingleobservations approach ofthe inter- andtransdisciplinary flowandmassbalanceswithin on material www.iwrm-momo.de] whichincludestudy river basin[IWRM-MOMO in theKhara project byIWRMMoMo been performed al, 2007].Long-term abundantresearch has in smallcatchments [Dallas, 1999;Ondaet. studies have addressed matter movement the upstream rivers. basin,inMongolian Few information isavailable ontheconditionsof etal.,et al., 2004],limited 2003;Khazheeva 2001;Korytny Mairanovsky, 2001;Garmaeva, 1984; Ubuganovetal., 1998;Dambievand reaches oftheSelengariver [Munguntsetseg, andontheRussian Baikal ofLake quality research onthewater hasbeenconducted matter fluxes analyses. Althoughextensive information for suspendedanddissolved are considered to bethemainsource of [Ecosystems..., 2003]. Therefore fieldsurveys haveMongolia) never beenperformed flows intheupperSelengabasin(within of sedimentanddissolved matter mass At thesametime, constantobservations ved solidsconcentrationwere synthesized Existing estimates ofsuspendedanddissol- concentrations. increase insedimentand dissolved matter thus undertheconditionsofsignificant thesummerrunoffincreaseduring and season. Ourfieldcampaign wasconducted August orSeptember, therainy during river hydrographs inlate summer, isobserved Asecondpeakin accumulated snowpack. discharge meltofthe bythespring isdriven and mountainecosystems. river Maximum steppe grasslands withsource areas intaiga of broad alluvialvalleysflowingthrough watershed iscomposedpredominantly oftheSelengaRiver portion The Mongolian (Fig.the SelengabasinwithinMongolia 1). of The studyarea covers theupperpart and measures. decisions, regarding remediation planning assessmentsandmanagementimpact neededfor moreto theknowledge detailed source zones ofmatter supplyisessential Understanding ofdiffuseaswell aspoint many fastdeveloping regions oftheworld. presently considered region shares with data,aconditionthatthemonitoring sources ofvarious basedonlimited impacts specifically aimsatquantifyingdownstream qualitative assessment. moreThe work of matter inputinto riversystems andits at providing anunderstandingofthe sources dissolved matter transport. The paperaims data, illustratingthesuspendedand fullreview ofhydrochemicalcontemporary This paperfocuses ongeneratinga al., andDestouni,2009]. 2003;Bring systemswithin monitoring [e.g. Zhulidovet regions dueto oftheworld shortcomings water-borne pollutantsare an issueinmany massflowestimates of series. Uncertain with existingdischarge measurement data concentration measurements are consistent sampling pointsandtimefor the resolution, suchthatfor instancethe find datawithsufficientspatialandtemporal METHODS ANDMETHODS MATERIAL 115.06.2012 12:48:17 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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the control planefor (given) time Mf discharges, according to are productsoflocalconcentrationsand perunitoftime.of theriver flows Mass (alsoreferredsection to asacontrol plane) the matter massthatpassesthrough across whichrepresentsassess massflowinariver matter supply. We usedgathered datato sources withvarious of possible linking and in riverbasin,itstemporal variability and analyzed ofspatialdistribution interms Mf and SL)wasestimated as applied as1day, therefore theMF(bothDL plane for (given) time is thewater discharge through thecontrol where sediments (bedandsuspended). as Zn,Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) content inwater andin and phosphorous) metals(such andheavy our samplesanalysesofbiogens (nitrogen paper doesnotintroduce to theresults of (Ca andmajordissolved ionsconcentration (SSC) suspendedsedimentconcentration (T), measurements includeddischarge, turbidity basin inMongolia. The hydrological field fromcollected therivers oftheSelenga assessmentwereconcentration (SSC) water samplesfor total suspendedsediment fieldcampaign our2011(July–August) In Gol rivers at14gauging stations. Selenga,Eroo, andEgiin- Khangal Orkhon, at information covered observations Tuul, 2008; Integrated Water..., 2010].Gathered regime..., 1977;Stubblefieldetal., 2005;AATA etal., 1965; HydrologicVotincev K.K. oftheregionin rivers [Kuznetsov, 1955; devoted to measurements campaigns measurements andreviews andreports were synthesizedparticulate) from our2011 matter concentrations(dissolved and The analyzed dissolved andsuspended 8 1 =

= 86 400 2+ , Mg C i C Q i is the concentration (SSC or C) at istheconcentration(SSCorC) i , (2) 2+ , K C i Q + , Na i . (3) + , Cl – t i , S . was Time period O 2– 4 , HC t O i , and – 3 ). This Q i

river near Hutyk village(S-1). river nearHutyk downstream from Erdenet (H-1)andSelenga low reach river ofEroo (ER)andKhangal river lowreach (EG), river ofEgiin-Gol (O-9); river with Tuul andabove Selenga (O-8) river from (O-6),downstream river confluence downstream from confluencewith Tuul Town atKharkhorin river Orkhon (O-1), river(T-6); the confluencewithOrkhon andnear atZaamar(T-4) goldfield (T-3), upstream fromUlaanbaatar (T-5), Zaamar downstream fromUlaanbaatar (T-2), upstream fromat Ulaanbaator (T-1), stations are located at Tuul river (T): S of dissolved ions(Ca (SSC andSL)concentration data onsuspendedsedimentload used for present analyses, comprising at 14stationsfrom total 35were Observations beenperformed. earlier hydrochemical measurements have only from thestations, where any relevant For thepresent studywe usedinformation Profiler (ADP) wasused. more than1.5meters theAcoustic Doppler areas oftherivers. When thedepthwas average SSC-values andcross-sectional multiplying sediment-load velocities with sediment discharges were calculated by areas oftherivers.sectional The total the discharge flowvelocities withcross- discharges were calculated bymultiplying each widthincrement. The total water depthsofpropeller ISP-1 attheone-fifth flows were measured withahydrometric ways. thefirstcase,wading intwo In fromdetermined bridges, byboator andre-weighed.dried Discharges were system. The sampleswere thenoven- paper filters withthe “Millipore” filtration through pre-weighed membraneand To studySSCthesampleswere filtered site using portable “HACH” 2100Pmeter. midstream. Turbidity wasmeasured on with aGR-16Mbottlesampleratthe integrated water sampleswere collected followed standard methods. Depth- measurement andsamplingprocedures thedischarge works allreported In O 2– 4 , HC O – 3 ). Documentedfieldmonitoring 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Na + , Cl 115.06.2012 12:48:17 – 5 , . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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5 Fig. 1. Sampling points and measured turbidity in the upper Selenga river basin during 2011 field campaign: . 0 6 . 2 1 –cities; 2 – mining areas; 3 – Selenga basin watershed; 4 – territory of Russian Federation; 5 – state border; 6 – sampling points 0 1 2

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that there are few forces driving insupply in theupperSelengarivers demonstrate, parameters ofwater quality distribution spatial load. Analysesofthecontemporary whereas table2isdevoted to dissolved sediment loadispresented intable1, The synthesized suspended dataconcerning MATTER FLUXES OF SUSPENDED AND DISSOLVED CONTEMPORARY ASSESSMENTS 8 3 impact fromimpact theminingactivities,Ulaanbaatar magnitudes directlyindicatingasignificant upstream, butcan increase byorders of the Tuul river. flowsare Mass relatively low along increase ofdissolved loadis observed According to existingestimates, considerable erosion (Fig. 2). processes andslope in-channel activities, sources associated are withmining primarily intoof material networks. river The main (Orkhon river upstream from Tuul from upstream river (Orkhon confluence), Fig. 2. Main sources of matter supply с – slope wash village)с –slope (near Kharkhorin b – in-channel (bank)erosion b –in-channel a –mining(Zaamar), 115.06.2012 12:48:19 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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8 4 tto ecito Date Station Description O-9 O-8 O-6 O-1 S-1 T-6 T-4 T-3 T-2 T-1 EG ER hon river ence withOrk- stream confl u- Eroo river up- lenga river ence withSe- above confl u- river Orkhon river ence with Tuul from theconfl u- downstream river Orkhon hon river ence withOrk- stream confl u- Tuul riverup- Zaamar Tuul riverat Zaamar stream from Tuul riverup- Ulaanbaatar stream from Tuul down- river Ulaanbaatar stream from Tuul riverup- downstream river,Egiin-Gol village near Hutyk Selenga river river with Tuul the confl uence upstream from river Orkhon TownKharkhorin riverat Orkhon Table 1. Estimates of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) (SSC) concentration sediment suspended of Table 1. Estimates and suspended load (SL) along upper Selenga rivers rivers Selenga upper (SL) along load suspended and 82 u 013 1141,0·10 51 32 18–24 Aug 2001 431,2·10 434 399,6·10 11,5 125 18–24 Aug 2001 37 18–24 Aug 2001 Present study 63,0·10 – 27 27 – 18–24 Aug 2001 95,9·10 1261 15 28–30 Aug 2011 74 18–24 Aug 2001 –2Ag20 615,7·10 26 7 7–12 Aug 2001 –2Ag20 7––Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 – – 27 7–12 Aug 2001 235,9·10 70 39 7–12 Aug 2001 146,9·10 25 68 56,1·10 7–12 Aug 2001 11 59 7–12 Aug 2001 6Ag13 1 352072,4·10 33,5 716 26 Aug 1934 1Ag21 ,65, 32,1·10 51,1 7,26 11 Aug 2011 1369,4·10 250 63,4 11 Aug 2011 1097,3·10 88,2 144 17 Aug 1934 9Ot13 ,06, 51,9·10 61,9 9,70 1934 19 Oct 19,0·10 20,0 11,0 1934 17 Oct a 94112, 233,1·10 22,3 121 1934 5 May 120,8·10 17,7 79,0 1934 3 May u 018, Present study – – 83,2 2 Aug 2011 u 0114181753,2·10 178 114 Present study 2 Aug 2011 – – Present study 141 – 7 Aug 2011 – 215 6 Aug 2011 464,2·10 29,2 184 6 Aug 2011 3627,8·10 65,3 643 4 Aug 1934 6Jl21 8 85711,6·10 28,5 289 308,8·10 11,5·10 33,4 26 Jul2011 22,8 107 5,86 4,3·10 27 Jul2011 29,5 25 Jul2011 1,68 23 Jul2011 8Jl13 652341444,8 · 10 283 1695 28 Jul1934 u 94277, 1400,4·10 71,4 227 6 Jul1934 916 1 19778,4·10 81,9 110 1961–62 198,6·10 55,0 41,8 1959–61 946 173, 118,5·10 32,9 41,7 1964–65 95303, 969,4·10 34,0 330 1935 mg/l SSC, Q, m Q, 3 /s kg/day, 10 Mass fl ow, 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Present study Hydrologic regime..., 1977 Present study Present study Hydrologic regime..., 1977 Present study Present study Stubblefi eld et.al, 2005 Stubblefi eld et.al, 2005 Present study Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Present study Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 1977 Hydrologic regime..., Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Hydrologic regime..., 1977 Present study Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Stubblefi eldet.al, 2005 Kuznetsov, 1955 Kuznetsov, 1955 Reference 115.06.2012 12:48:20 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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8 5 Table 2. Estimates of dissolved solid concentrations along upper Selenga rivers

Sta- DSC, mg/l Description Date Reference tion + + 2+ 2+ – 2– – – – 3– ∑ions K Na Ca Mg Cl SO4 HCO3 Fesum Mn Pb NO3 NO2 PO4 Jun 2008 – 10,2 2,4 0,2 6,0 0,0 8,9 131,0 – – 4,2 0,4 – Tuul river up- Integrated Water..., T-1 stream from Jul 2009 – 10,0 2,4 0,1 7,0 0,0 3,6 – 4,8 0,1 – 2010 Ulaanbaatar 23 Jul 2011 – 12,1 6,8 0,6 2,8 3,7 – – – – – – 0,2 0,20 Present study 5 Jun 1953 54,8 0,5 12,5 0,9 2,4 7,4 31,1 – – – – – – 20 May 1963 91,1 15,4 10,1 0,6 14,2 2,0 48,8 – – – – – – 27 Jul 1954 51,0 0,6 10,2 2,2 7,5 2,1 27,4 – – – 1,0 – – Hydrologic regime..., 28 Jun 1956 111,4 18,4 8,0 3,6 11,6 15,0 54,8 – – – – – – 1977 Tuul river at T-2 Ulaanbaatar 15 Oct 1971 449,3 35,6 51,9 11,4 31,6 14,8 298,8 – – – 5,2 – – 16 Mar 1963 370,1 0,5 60,0 22,8 14,2 4,2 268,4 – – – – – – Jun 2008 – 12,0 2,4 0,2 9,0 0,0 7,1 178,6 6,4 0,0 – Integrated Water..., Jul 2009 – 20,0 1,2 3,1 20,0 0,0 17,8 102,2 – – 24,2 0,2 – 2010 24 Jul 2011 – 0,7 9,5 1,1 2,4 4,5 – – - – – – 3,1 3,10 Present study Tuul river Jun 2008 – 20,0 4,9 0,2 29,4 0,0 21,3 222,5 – – 50,9 0,8 – Integrated Water....., downstream 2010 T-5 from Ulaan- 27 Jul 2011 – 2,55 9,4 17,4 3,1 10,8 11,2 – – – – – 3,2 baatar, near Present study Lun Tuul river up- 27 Jul 2011 – 1,7 18,7 3,4 11,9 12,9 – – – – – – 3,0 3,00 Present study T-3 stream from Jun 2008 – 31,1 22,5 0,2 36,0 0,0 42,6 254,7 – – 53,8 0,0 – Integrated Water..., Zaamar 2010 Jun 2008 – 30,1 23,7 0,2 20,1 0,0 39,1 255,0 – – 40,5 0,3 – Integrated Water..., 2010 Tuul river at T-4 Zaamar Jul 2008 – – – – – – – 170,0 25.7 0.34 – – – AATA, 2008 26 Jul 2011 – 2,1 13,5 20,1 3,9 11,4 15,4 – – – – – – Present study Tuul river Jul 2008 – - – – – – – 240,0 413 0,4 – – – AATA, 2008 before con- T-6 6 Aug 2011 – 1,8 22,6 4,7 13,5 17,8 – – – – – – 4,6 4,64 fl uence with Present study Orkhon river 115.06.2012 12:48:20 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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8 6

Continue table 2

Sta- DSC, mg/l Description Date Reference tion + + 2+ 2+ – 2– – – – 3– ∑ions K Na Ca Mg Cl SO4 HCO3 Fesum Mn Pb NO3 NO2 PO4 Orkhon river Jun 2008 – 30,1 2,4 4,0 16,0 0,0 35,5 410,9 – – – 30,1 – Integrated Water..., O-1 at Khark- 2010 horin Town 29 Jun 2011 – 1,54 9,3 1,9 1,3 5,3 – – ––––– Present study

Orkhon river 25 Sep 1971 266,0 23,2 34,0 9,2 6,3 25,5 167,8 – –––––Hydrologic regime..., downstream 1977 from the October 2005 – – – – – – – 53,0 ––––– O-8 confl uence Integrated Water..., with Tuul June 2006 – – – – – – – 80,9 ––––– 2010 river 7 Aug 2011 – 2,15 22,9 5,1 3,7 11,3 – – – – – 4,9 4,92 Present study Apr–Jul – 12,6-22,4 21,1– 4,1– 4,2– 10,8– 91,5- –––––– 1945, Mar, 38,5 7,7 12,6 26,4 152,5 Votincev K.K. et al., Jun 1946 1965 Orkhon river Jul – Aug ––––––––––––––Bayaraa U., 2010 O-9 above Se- 2002–2009 lenga river Jul 2007 – 13,9 30,1 7,3 5,3 17,3 134,2 52,4 – – 0,0 0,0 Integrated Water, 2010 12 Aug 2011 – 2,0 23,2 5,3 4,1 11,5 – – ––––– Present study Selenga river Jul 2007 – 12,4 40,1 12,2 3,6 27,0 170,8 122,9 – – 0,2 – Integrated Water..., S-1 near Hutyk 2010 village 2 Aug 2011 – 1,3 21,5 4,1 1,5 8,2 – – ––––– Present study Egiin-Gol 1959-74 77,6– 4,8-31,3 5,0- 1,5- 14,2 4,0- 36,6- ––––––Hydrologic regime..., EG river, down- 377,8 44,1 15,8 10,0 268,4 1977 stream 2 Aug 2011 – 1,7 33,1 6,3 0,5 13,6 – – ––––– Present study Eroo river Jul 2007 – 7,3 14,0 3,0 3,6 4,0 67,1 83,7 – – 0,0 – Integrated Water..., upstream 2010 ER confl uence 11 Aug 2011 – 1,1 9,7 1,9 1,2 4,6 – – – ––––– with Orkhon Present study river Jul 2007 – 23,3 134,3 57,8 32,0 300,0 292,8 101,0 – – – 0,0 – Khangal river

115.06.2012 12:48:21 Integrated Water...,

5 H-1 downstream Jul 2009 – 115,2 38,9 2,8 200,0 0,0 26,6 200,8 – – – 0,2 –

. 2010 0

6 from Erdenet .

2 4 Aug 2011 – 2,5 33,9 111,5 36,7 33,9 16,8 263,6 0,84 – 7,11 0 1 2

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1934. Maximal SSLwas3627,8•10 1934. Maximal 1934to 716mg/l at26Aug mg/l at7Oct were done7times,11 between SSCvaried station)measurements (T-6 river Orkhon river upstream from the confluencewith both SSCandDSCare indicated. Atthe Tuul (e.g. T-6, of the significant fluctuations O-8) several timeinthe20thand21stcenturies where measurements were conducted sampling for temporal analyses. Atthepoints of rivers prevent adoptionofresults ofin-situ changing hydrologicalRapidly characteristics Zaamar (Fig. 3). belowUlaanbaatarand712000 kg/day attheupstream4280 kg/day pointto of suspendedloadalong Tuul riverfrom river. Ourfieldcampaign indicated increase of SSCandtotal phosphorusalong Tuul [Stubblefield et.al, increase 2005]reported with valuesupstream thesite. Previously to forbetween3.6 4.6kg/day Pb, compared and for 15and5260kg/day between Mn, 167to forbe between 383kg/day Fe, dissolved concentrations)were found to downstream oftheminingsite (from 2008] showed thattheincrease directly in2005,2006and2008[AATA,conducted three considered measurement campaigns and agricultural sector. More specifically, the Fig. 3. Estimated mass flows (kg/day) of total suspended and dissolved load at five different sampling sampling different five at load dissolved and suspended total (kg/day) of flows mass Estimated 3. Fig. 8 7 points along the Tuul River (numbers according to tables 1–2) tables to according (numbers Tuul River the along points 3 kg/day at kg/day mining, ofwhich204small-scale goldmining areA total of784enterprises engagedin stones, gravel, andothernaturalresources. gold, silver, and coal, supplyingalsoprecious basins are usedintensively for miningof resources hasincreased rapidly. Many river recent years,In explorationfor natural Mining andindustry supply withinbasin. to theanalysesofmainsources ofmatter ofthepaperisdevotedThe following part measurement August during 2011). (e.g. highwater periods during ourfield et al., 1965],anddecreased significantly [Votincev lowwater period highest during Simultaneously ionsconcentrationswere Jul,6 timesbetween 2009andAug 2011. uptomajor ionsconcentrationvaried station) (O-9 confluence withSelengariver) (above river downstream reach ofOrkhon measurements. For example, atthe evidence upto 5timeschangebetween valuesofmajorionsconcentration Reported of water discharge onsediment load. 4 POINT SOURCES

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8 8 [Stubblefield etal., 2005].Tributary drainages mountainous headwaters ofthe Yeroo River inthe wasobserved on water quality impact Another exampleofminingactivities 100 times. mass flowsare to increase reported upto local concentrations, suspendedloadsand oflocaldischargesthe incorporation with metalmassflows.loads andheavy Dueto to longitudinal increase ofsuspended rainfall. during to spike observed This leads the Tuul thefluxes River ofmatter were allmining regionsZaamar goldfield. In of Tuul downstream river ofUlaanbaatar and loading ofSSCandtotal phosphorusalong sources (table1–2)demonstrate elevated Tuul river. datafrom differentThe observed 12 treatment plantsare discharging into the 2009].Alloftheremaining[Tuvshinjargal, in Ulaanbaatar, but14are notfunctioning currently 26wastewater treatment plants [Batimaaetal...,the river 2011]. There are be amainsource ofmatter supplyinto livestock campsisregarded andtourist to Besides goldmines, Ulaanbaatarwithits ProjectBend Placer GoldMining (BigBend). gold mineintheZaamarGoldfieldisBig [AATA, 2008]. The largest andmostrecent with 147tons produced from 1998to 2007 has thegreatest goldproductioninMongolia andRoscoe, 2005]. [Karpoff Today thearea sincetheseventiesGoldfield hasbeenactive is located. The goldminingintheZaamar the Tuul river where theZaamarGoldfield fluxes ofupperSelengarivers existsalong onsuspendedanddissolved matterimpact The mostsignificant evidencesofmining sediment loading. from riverchannels, resulting inmassive oflandseparating dredgethin strips pits are heavily disturbed. Flooding couldbreach oftheriverterraces Many square kilometers affects in8provinces 28rivers ofMongolia. revealedinventory thatgoldminingactivity water in thegoldextraction. The surface the goldminersare to usemercury reported hectares ofland[Batimaa,2011].Some of companies are operatingon6,065,298 the Khangal river (below1m river the Khangal At thesametimelowwater discharge of loading ofdissolved ions(see Table 2). water..., 2010]. We alsoindicated elevated values [Baljinnyam et.al, 2009; Integrated withbackground100 timesincomparison wastewaters from miningpondswasupto originated from Erdenet anddrainedby riverwhich concentration intheKhangal year. Significant increase ofdissolved ions tons of molybdenum concentrates per thousand tons ofcopperand2thousand 25.5 milliontons ofores andproduces 500 extracts (EMC) Corporation Erdenet Mining the Today Mongolia. in inhabitants 100 000 withlargest andminingcity industrial in thearea Erdenetwhichisthesecond city supplyisreported ofmaterial Special type was8timeshigher.and turbidity main stream. SSCwas7to 12timeshigher, concentrations 8to 15timeshigherthanthe undergoing mininghadtotal phosphorus of Geography, Lomonosov State Moscow was doneinthemidof70s on theFaculty in SelengabasinMongolia”. This work profiles andtheformation ofriverchannels Natsag Zhamsrangiyna, regarding “River area isthePhDscientists thesisofMongolian inthis The onlyonemajorscientificwork processes inriver valleysandwatersheds. oferosion andaccumulation characteristics channel deformations, nodataondifferent and directionofthehorizontalintensity river channels, noavailable estimationson allocation andspread ofdifferent of types research have ever on the beenconducted and basedonourliterature search, no processes. To thebestof ourknowledge unsolved problems related to theirchannel foreign scientists, there are stillmany are and widelystudiedbyMongolian riversystems ofMongolian characteristics thatdifferentDespite thefact hydrologic erosionIn-channel network. solids concentrationdownstream along river 2011) provide fastdecrease ofdissolved DIFFUSE SOURCES 3 /s inAugust, 115.06.2012 12:48:21 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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and character ofinundationfloodplains.and character byeffectivedetermined water discharge own specificconditionsofchannel-forming hasits Eachdistrict district. and theKhantay district theOrkhon-Selenga Selenga district, theUpper was dividedinto three districts: According to suchazoning theterritory ofrivers. basis ofchannel-formation activity The Selengabasinzoning wasdoneonthe development. of riverchannelprofiles, theirshapeand features whichinfluenceontheformation ofgeomorphologicthe importance channeldeformations.vertical Heemphasized and sediments) withchannelmorphology a territory, hydrologic regime, andalluvial (geomorphologic andgeologic features of influence ontheformation ofriverchannels which themainfactors to connect tries andscientificpapers, Natsag dissertation and hydrological the In characteristics. of riversediments,composition, distribution to usefield dataonchannelmorphology, expeditions.Mongolian That allowed him ofjointRussian- participant was anactive of Geography andPermafrost, Natsag Russian Academy ofSciences, Institutes University. Beingaresearch fellow inthe 8 9 Fig. 4. Water level and SSC change at Orkhon river after period of heavy rainfall rainfall heavy of period after river Orkhon at change SSC and level Water 4. Fig. (27-07/2011–30-07/2011) decrease ingrassland vegetation increases to soilcrusting.in ahighsusceptibility The which resultspercentage ofsiltportions, area hasloworganic content andalarge general, thesoilin a semiarid 2001]. In number oflivestock [ChuluunandOjima, recently dueto overgrazing byanincreasing to havehas beenreported decreased Selenga basinrivers. Grasslandvegetation erosion andlanddegradation intheupper are considered to bemaincausesofsoil Overgrazing andland-usemismanagement Soil erosion dissolved matter fluxes. erosion to total contribution sedimentand from acomplete assessmentofchannel of channeldevelopment isstillprevents descriptions same timetheabsenceofexact evolution inmatter supply to rivers. Atthe with understandingofcrucialrole ofchannel are alsowidespread. These results provide us forming inbothfree andadapted conditions along withmulti-thread channels, meanders district, theOrkhon-Selenga floodings. In widespread dueto regular andlong-term multi-thread channelsare districts Khantay channel deformations inUpperSelengaand conditionsoffree developmentIn of 115.06.2012 12:48:21 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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9 0 first two-thirds ofthe20 first two-thirds oferosionIncrease process inthe intensity for soilerosion [Ondaetal., 2006]. reason cover isconsidered to betheprimary erosion. Therefore, vegetation thesurface sealing, thereby causingenhancedwater splash erosion,to surface andsusceptibility onthesoilsurface, the raindrop impact of rivers. sampling ofrapidlychanging characteristics in 2011,provide newevidencefrom in-situ outbyourteam carried 1977] andfieldworks [Kuznetsov, 1955;Hydrological regime..., observations 2010], reviews ofmid-century Baljinnyam etal., 2009;Integrated Water..., [Stubblefield etal., 2005;AATA 2008; Synthesis ofrecent fieldcampaigns data be affected bymining. Thus, therates ofmatter increase couldalso these riverscontainlarge goldminingareas. should benoted thattheupstream reaches of the average valuefor 10times. thisperiod It was about3000tons perday, which exceeds Our estimates showthatthesedimentload rainsandwaterheavy level increase (Fig. 4). significant increase ofsuspendedloaddueto riverat29–31ofJulydemonstrate a Orkhon villageatthe upstream oftheKharkhorin made erosion. Observations due to surface most sedimentanddissolved matter mostly the can have carrying thebiggestimpact, large floods, therarest ofhydrological events, somedatashowevidencethat Nevertheless arematter limited. movement alongwaterways erosion andlanddegradation processes and fielddataavailable linksbetween onsoil Exact et al., 2007]. ofgrazing to [Chen theseverity proportional tosoil erosionbedirectly rate wasobserved ofthisincrease. factor to beadriving The the20 during activity rivers, lengths, etc.) asaresult ofagricultural structure(theorder of in therivernetwork etal., 2003].Changes is identifiedby[Korytny inthelastthirdthis intensity ofthecentury watershedSelenga River andareduction of CONCLUSION th century are regarded century th century inthe century case might be due to the susceptibility tocase mightbedueto thesusceptibility that thehighsedimentyields intheformer mined basinsshowed [Ondaetal., 2006] that forfloodplain geometry. 137Csinventory un- channeland mined lands, andreworking –bothfrom minedandnon- the surface themostsedimentfrom carrying impact, events. Large floodscanhave thebiggest flow mostlydependsonspecifichydrological from different sources, thetotal annualmass suspended anddissolved isprovided material More generallyamainresult isthatwhileboth mining activities. site from indicatingasignificant impact the by orders ofmagnitudes the after directly low attheminingsite, butcanincrease flowsare system.the river Mass relatively considerably atdownstream locations of concentrations anddischarges increase oflocaldischargesincorporation withlocal than concentrationsdo. This isdueto and downstream atamuchhigherrate Fe were increasing belowZaamargoldfield measurements. For instance, massflowsof anddissolved solidsconcentration (SSC) are somewhatdifferent from bothsuspended flowsintheUpperSelengariverbasin Mass for50.6 kg/day Pb) [Mayes etal. 2010]. foris 1509kg/day Fe, and for 13.9kg/day Mn waters inEnglandand surface Wales (which with total water-borne massflowofmetalsto load alongminingzone couldbecompared increase ofdissolved solid river). Observed river confluence withlarge Orkon Khangal (belowdownstream network alongriver decrease ofdissolved solids concentration provide river discharge fast oftheKhangal river.Khangal Atthesametimelowwater oftheErdenet inthe ore processing factory belowore mining and ions wasobserved studied rivers. Elevated loadingofdissolved inthe sediment loading, asitwasobserved pits from riverchannels, resulting inmassive breach oflandseparatingdredge thinstrips increase ofSSCandSL.Flooding could riverbasinleadto significant and Orkhon goldminesof dissolved load. Open-cast Tuul provide significant changesinsuspendedor appeartoVarious ofminingactivities types 115.06.2012 12:48:22 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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2. Baljinnyam, Sh.,Ganbold, G.,Lodoysamba, N.,Gerbish, S.Frontasyeva, M.V., Pavlov, 1. AATA Assessment. (2008)SocialandEnvironmental BigBend Inc. International Impact hydrological measurement andmonitoring spreading effects andlongterm inthisregion, sediment anddissolved matter fluxes about Overall, to increase theknowledge controlled. et al. 2008]–theprocess shouldthusbe slowrechargedue to rates very [Zandaryaa and pollutionofaquifers irreversible isoften water source intheregion [AATA, 2008] Since groundwater isthemaindrinking alterations ingroundwaterserious recharge. centers cancausemining andindustrial ground waters. Wastewaters inthearea of sediment anddissolved matter fluxes in not beenaddressed includeeffects of Potentially questionsthathave important scaled andsmall-scaledobservations. budget couldbedoneonjoininglarge- of sedimentanddissolved matter regional sources asfarunderstanding contribution, from allsources. Further understandingof erosion andthusincreases contributions accelerates bothwatershed andchannel erosion byrecent over grazing. Industry 7. Chuluun, T., D. Ojima, Open ofpastoral In: systems (2001).Sustainability inMongolia. Chen, Y.,6. Lee, G.,Lee, P., Oikawa, T. analysisofgrazing effect (2007).Model onabove-ground 5. Bayaraa, U. (2010).Hydrochemical regime Selengabasin’s rivers atMongolia. Batimaa, P. 4. (2000). Total Research suspendedsolidsinriver water ofMongolia. ofEnviron- Batimaa, P.,3. Myagmarjav, B., P. Batnasan,N.,Jadambaa,Khishgsuren, water (2011).Urban REFERENCES 9 1 of Mongolia, thetownof Mongolia, ofErdenet. 17 metalsintheenvironmentalS.S. (2009)Heavy ofnon-ferrous objects region industrial Placer Denver, GoldMiningProject, Mongolia. Colorado, USA. Central Asia”, Ulaanbaatar. P. 52–57. Symposium on ofPastoral“Change andSustainability LandUseSystems in Temperate and Hydrol., N.333. grassland ecosystem. ofa Mongolian production netprimary biomass andabove-ground http://ggf.bsu.edu.ru/Conf/Materials/Uranzaya.htm mental Changes, Ulaanbaatar. P. 51–60. 78p. Report. of Nature, environment toandtourism Ministry climatevulnerability changeinMongolia. Related Topics”, Dubna,Russia.http://isinn.jinr.ru/17/. with Nuclei: “Fundamental &Neutrons, Interactions NuclearStructure, UltracoldNeutrons, th International Seminar on Interaction ofNeutrons SeminaronInteraction International of Lake Baikal Protection Baikal grant. of Lake “Expedition Selenga-Biakal”, Fund for Support lake”, grant Russiangeographical society pollutants controlto Baikal andtheirintake of transport rivers basinfor transboundary andforecastingof monitoring ofSelenga project “Development ofscientificbasics ofScienceandEducation Russian Ministry complex biological expeditionRAS-MAS, ofRussian-Mongolian under support basinisimplemented lake atBaikal The work management perspectives. value, from bothscientificandpollution downstream massflowswould beofgreat multiple upstream matter source zones on of individual(andcombined)effects of future (massflow)investigations. Addressing in would considerablydecrease uncertainties wouldmonitoring beimplemented, this suchextensive of massflowestimations. If concentrations isessentialfor thereliability ofbothdischargesmonitoring and need to beextended. Simultaneous ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 115.06.2012 12:48:22 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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9 2 24. S.,Aureli, A.,Janchivdorj, A.,Merla, L.(2008). Zandaryaa, Transboundary Water Pollution 23. V 22. Tuvshinjargal (2009). Wastewater treatment inthe Tuul basins. River Technical report. 21. Selenga basinecosystems (2005).Edited by Vostokova20. E.A.,GuninP.D. Biological resources Onda Y.,19. K., Hiroaki, Yukiya, T., Maki, T., Gombo, D., Dambaravjaa, O. (2007).Analysisofrunoff Natsag, Zh.,Chalov, R.S.(1978). 18. channelmorphology flowsandriver The dynamicsofriver Natsag, profiles17. Zh.(1977).River andthedevelopment ofriver channelsinSelengabasin 16. ofnature andenvironment. Ulaanbaatar. Ministry MNE (2007).Annualreport. Adman Annex4.Chapter 5.3 Report, WaterMCA 2011.Midterm Quality.15. Accessed ontheinternet 14. Mayes, W.M., Potter, A.P. H.A.B., Jarvis, ofaquaticcontaminantfluxaris- (2010).Inventory 13. Kuznetsov, N.T. regularities riversregime (1955).Main People’s ofMongolian Republic. 12. E.A.(2003). G.N.,Ilyicheva, Korytny, L.M.,Bazhenova,O.I.,The influenceof Martianova, 11. B.S,Karpoff, Roscoe, W.E. onPlacer GoldProperties inthe (2005).Report Tuul Valley, IWRM-MOMO. Available10. from: URLwww.iwrm-momo.de 9. Integrated Water and Basin.Development ontheSelengaRiver Model Management 8. Hydrologic regime oftheSelengabasinriversandmethodsitsanalysis(1977).Edited in Hydrology N.1.З.94–105. source causes, Management: technologies andconsequences”. IHP Technical Documents Basandorj, D., Oyunbaatar, D. conference (eds),International in “Uncertainties Water Re- andGroundwater. water Interactions Basin: Lake In: in Baikal The RoleofSurface-Ground Nauka. basin. Moscow: IWRM, Ulaaanbaatar, 26p. vol.Management, 1,N.4.P. 365–373. the Water Rivers. ofCentral Integrated Mongolian Environmental Quality Assessment and andLandUseAlterations on Thorne, J.,ofGoldMining Allen,B., Hogan, Z.(2005).Impacts Stubblefield, A.,Chandra,S.,Eagan, Tuvshinjargal, D. G.,Gilroy, Davaadorzh, D., Sampson,J., 340p. Nauka, Moscow: and environment Proceedings ofMongolia: ofjointRus-Mong. Biolog. Exped., vol. 44, ofHydrologyareas N.333.P. Journal ofMongolia. 124–132. generation andsoilerosion processes byusingenvironmental radionuclides insemiarid (Selengabasin).RASNewsletter,in Mongolia edition1.P. 110–116. M.V.Lomonosov Dissertation, (in Mongolia), State University, Moscow 128p. publishing. at: 538http://en.mca.mn/file/545.shtml, inApr2011. P. 3576–3583. ing from metalmininginEnglandand Wales. Scienceofthe Total Environment, N.408. Academy ofSciencesUSSR,102p. Moscow: Hydrol. EastSiberia. southern Process. N.17.P. 3181–3193. onerosion watersheds in processesclimatic changeandhumanactivity insub-arid Zaamar Goldfield, RoscoePostle 521Mongolia. Associates INC, Toronto, Ontario. P. 1–66. C., ChangHee,Evaluation oftheIWMMonSRB(Phase L.etal. 3)(2010).JangMin, by Semenov, V.A., Myagmarghav, B. L.Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 236p. otincev, K.K., Glazunov,otincev, I.V., K.K., Tolmacheva, A.P. Baikal ofrivers ofLake (1965).Hydrochemistry 115.06.2012 12:48:22 5 . 0 6 . 2 0 1 2

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9 3 Mariya P. Bulacheva Ekaterina V. Belozerova Aleksander S. Zavadsky Sergey R.Chalov region soils. research interests lieinarea of postgraduate State University, studentatMoscow Russia.Her of landscapesandGeography ofsoilsin2011.Atpresent sheis fluvial processes research Chalov, (2010,co-author S.R.). Alekseevskiy, N.I.andChalov, S.R.). Turbidity measurement in sedimentation(2009,co-authors of suspendedparticles investigation publications:Experimental sedimentation. Main scientific interests are focused onfluvialprocesses and oftheFacultyat theHydrology Department ofGeography. Her State in2011.Atpresent University sheispostgraduate student ChalovS.R.). freeriver bends(2000,co-author Eurasia’spublication: Formation ofNorthern andmorphology Fluvial processes, river’s morphology, meandering. Main University, Russiain2001.Herresearch theareas concerns of Forming ofthebraidedchannels(2006). peninsulaandtheiranthropogenic changes(2005); Kamchatka Alekseevskiy, N.I.);Channelprocesses ofthesmallrivers of Hydrological ofbraidedrivers(2009,co-author impacts publications: Main morphodynamics, sedimenttransport. hydrodynamics, stream communitiesandbiodiversity, river ofMSU. Department The focus ofhisresearch liesin 2008heisaresearch assistantoftheHydrology January Geography ofLomonosov State University. Moscow Since degrees inFluvial Processes andHydrology from Faculty of received hisM.S.(2004)and PhD (2007) received herMSdegree inGeochemistry , received thePhD from State Moscow graduated from Lomonosov Moscow

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94 ENVIRONMENT and itsrelationship to theenvironment (2011,withco-authors). drainage ingroundwater Malmström, M.E.,Berglund, (2008,co-authors S.andJarsjö, J.) Combined flowand mineralogyontheattenuation effects ofacidmine ofspatiallyvariable Jerker Jarsjö effects (2011, co-authors Persson, Jarsjö,effects (2011,co-authors J. K., andDestouni,G.); Jambaljav Yamkhin Josefin Thorslund studiedEnvironmental Sciencesatthe analysis of coupled physical and biogeochemical uncertainty analysis ofcoupledphysical andbiogeochemicaluncertainty hydrological through catchments: Scenario masstransport (2011, co-authors Törnqvist, R.,Jarsjö, J. andKarimov, B.); Diffuse water from pollution: risks large-scale Trends inCentral Asia recent mainpublicationsrelated to thepresent paperare: Health change.of hydro-climatic Author of100scientificpublications; water interactions, groundwater andtrends –surface transport, and hydrogeological modelinterpretations ofcontaminant University, mainresearch Sweden. His interests are hydrological Physical Geology, Geography andQuaternary Stockholm Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar (2009); Mapping of permafrost in Mongolia ofpermafrost inMongolia Ulaanbaatar(2009);Mapping Nalaikh, approach Permafrost ofMountain in areas distribution Terelj, Modelling (2007,withco-authors); surrounding Ulaanbaatarcity permafrost conditioninareas publications: Contemporary Main engineering geocryology, hydrogeology, engineering geology. permafrost mappingand modelling, GISandremote sensing, Academy scientificinterests ofSciences. His are focused onthe Permafrost Laboratory, Geography Institute, Mongolian in2009.AtpresentNational University heisseniorscientistof the PhD degree ofMongolian from theGeography Department the Lomonosov State in1991.Hereceived University Moscow CasestudyZaamarGoldfields(bachelorthesis). Baikal, Lake riverof metalpollutioninatributary publication:Heavy Main research liesonpollutionquantificationswithinriversystems. withintheSelengariver basin.Herfocus(including fieldwork) of shehasbeeninvolved Baikal, inresearch riversofLake tributary University. metalpollutionin Sinceherbachelorthesisonheavy Physical Geology, Geography andQuaternary Stockholm Hydrogeology and Water of Resources attheDepartment degree (Diploma)andiscurrently aM.Sc. studentinHydrology, University,Stockholm graduated in2011withaBachelor’s is anassociateof professor attheDepartment graduated from theFaculty ofGeology 50.0212:48:23 12:48:23 15.06.2012