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Suspended and Dissolved Matter Fluxes in the Upper

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Suspended and Dissolved Matter Fluxes in the Upper Sergey R. Chalov1*, Aleksandr S. Zavadsky2, Ekaterina V. Belozerova3, Mariya P. Bulacheva4, Jerker Jarsjö5, Josefin Thorslund6, Jambaljav Yamkhin7 1 Research associate, Faculty of Geography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Leninskie gory, 1, 1199911, Tel. +7 495 9391552, E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author 2 Senior scientist, Faculty of Geography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Leninskie gory, 1, 1199911, Tel. +7 495 9391233, E-mail: [email protected] 3 ENVIRONMENT Postgraduate student, Faculty of Geography, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Leninskie gory, 1, 1199911, Tel. +7 495 9391533, 78 E-mail: [email protected] 4 Postgraduate student, Faculty of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Leninskie gory, 1, 1199911, Tel. +7 495 9392576, E-mail: [email protected] 5 Associate professor, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Tel. +46 8 164958, E-mail: [email protected] 6 M.Sc. student, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Tel. +46 7 03659249, E-mail: [email protected] 7 Senior scientist, Institute of Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences; Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Amariin gudamj 1, Tel. +986 11 262247, E-mail: [email protected] SUSPENDED AND DISSOLVED MATTER FLUXES IN THE UPPER SELENGA RIVER BASIN ABSTRACT. We synthesized recent field- of suspended and dissolved matter transport based estimates of the dissolved ions (K+ Na+ is indicated along Tuul-Orkhon river system 2+ 2+ – 2– – – – Ca Mg Cl SO4 HCO3), biogens (NO3, NO2, (right tributary of the Selenga River where 3– PO4 )(C, mg/l), heavy metal (Fesum, Mn, Pb) Mongolia capital Ulanbaatar, gold mine and dissolved load (DL, kg/day), as far as Zaamar and few other mines are located). suspended sediment concentration (SSC, In measurement campaigns conducted in mg/l) and suspended load (SL, kg/day) along 2005, 2006 and 2008 the increase directly upper Selenga river and its tributaries based after the Zaamar mining site was between on literature review and preliminary results 167 to 383 kg/day for Fe, between 15 and of our 2011 field campaign. The crucial task 5260 kg/day for Mn. Our field campaign of this paper is to provide full review of indicated increase of suspended load along Russian, Mongolian and English-language Tuul river from 4280 kg/day at the upstream literature which concern the matter fluxes point to 712000 kg/day below Ulaanbaatar in the upper part of Selenga river (within and Zaamar. The results provide evidence on Mongolia). The exist estimates are compared a potential connection between increased with locations of 3 main matter sources dissolved and suspended matter fluxes in within basin: mining and industry, river-bank transboundary rivers and zones of matter erosion and slope wash. The heaviest increase supply at industrial and mining centers, gi212.indd 78 15.06.2012 12:48:17 along eroded river banks and pastured lands. concentration at the point, u, v, w – local The gaps in the understanding of matter velocity vectors. In basin-scale transport load fluxes within this basin are discussed assessments, a crucial task is connected with regards to determining further goals of with the quantification of the advection hydrological and geochemical surveys. and dispersion terms. Key challenges are furthermore to identify the exact locations of KEY WORDS: mass flow, suspended and main sources in river basins, and the different dissolved matter transport, transboundary contributions of natural and anthropogenic rivers impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION Understanding of matter fluxes along river system depends on the monitoring system. 79 Matter supply into water systems affects In transboundary river systems, single and humans and the natural environment coherent monitoring is often incomplete world-wide. Both natural processes, such as due to administrative reasons. Large efforts dissolution of substances from weathering in terms of field measurement campaigns soil and rock, and anthropogenic activities, and (numerical) transport modeling particularly from the agriculture and industry are then typically needed for relevant sectors (UNEP, 2009), can cause suspended pollution prediction and prevention. The and dissolved matter transport. Suspended transboundary river system of Selenga is and dissolved particles transported by river particularly challenging, being for instance flow can originate either from input into the biggest tributary of Lake Baikal, the channels from drainage basins (basin-sourced largest freshwater reservoir of the world. sediment) or from particle detachment within Selenga River contributes with about 50% the channels themselves from their beds and of the total inflow into Baikal. It originates banks (channel-sourced sediment). On any in the mountainous part of Mongolia and river one can find intensively eroded channel then drains into Russia. There are numerous banks and recently formed accumulative industries and agricultural activities within within-channel bars. The different sources the Selenga drainage basin that affect the and characteristics of the channel particles, water quality of the river system. Historically as well as the different river processes, induce the principal land use is grazing. Other heterogeneities in particle compositions land uses include mining, forestry, and row and ultimately determine the unequal fall crop agriculture. In the Mongolian part velocities and sediment distributions. Vertical of the basin, waters of the Orkhon river, sediment fluxes significantly correlate with downstream Tuul river, and the Eroo rivers transporting capacity. Near-bottom sediment are reported to get impacted [Integrated exchange is the result of general laws of Water, 2010]. Orkhon, Tuul, Kharaa and matter movement which are governed by Khans are experiencing increased pollution the turbulent diffusion equation [Alexeevsky, by urbanization and industrial activities 2006]: within the basin [MNE, 2007; Batimaa et.al, 2011]. At the same time rivers drain broad ∂∂∂∂sA⎛⎞222 s s s =++−⎜⎟ alluvial valleys and thus are distinguished by ∂ρ∂∂2 22 ∂ tx⎝⎠ yz, (1) high rates of bank erosion. Matter fluxes of ⎛⎞∂∂ss ∂ s ∂ s the rivers is effected by both natural (bank −++−ω⎜⎟vuw ⎝⎠∂∂∂xsy z y erosion) and anthropogenic (mining and slope wash from the deforestated lands and where the different terms reflect impacts of pastures) drivers. turbulent transport, advection, dispersion, convection and gravity, respectively, and Suspended and dissolved matter fluxes have A is the turbulent exchange coefficient, been reported to increase in recent times ρ – water density, s – suspended sediment [Boyle et al., 1998; Khazheeva et al., 2006]. ggi212.inddi212.indd 7799 115.06.20125.06.2012 112:48:172:48:17 At the same time, constant observations find data with sufficient spatial and temporal of sediment and dissolved matter mass resolution, such that for instance the flows in the upper Selenga basin (within sampling points and sampling time for the Mongolia) have never been performed concentration measurements are consistent [Ecosystems..., 2003]. Therefore field surveys with existing discharge measurement data are considered to be the main source of series. Uncertain mass flow estimates of information for suspended and dissolved water-borne pollutants are an issue in many matter fluxes analyses. Although extensive regions of the world due to shortcomings research has been conducted on the water within monitoring systems [e.g. Zhulidov et ENVIRONMENT quality of Lake Baikal and on the Russian al., 2003; Bring and Destouni, 2009]. reaches of the Selenga river [Munguntsetseg, 80 1984; Ubuganov et al., 1998; Dambiev and This paper focuses on generating a Mairanovsky, 2001; Garmaeva, 2001; Korytny contemporary full review of hydrochemical et al., 2003; Khazheeva et al., 2004], limited data, illustrating the suspended and information is available on the conditions of dissolved matter transport. The paper aims the upstream basin, in Mongolian rivers. Few at providing an understanding of the sources studies have addressed matter movement of matter input into river systems and its in small catchments [Dallas, 1999; Onda et. qualitative assessment. The work more al, 2007]. Long-term abundant research has specifically aims at quantifying downstream been performed by IWRM MoMo project impacts of various sources based on limited in the Khara river basin [IWRM-MOMO monitoring data, a condition that the www.iwrm-momo.de] which include study presently considered region shares with on material flow and mass balances within many fast developing regions of the world. inter- and transdisciplinary approach of the Understanding of diffuse as well as point project. Full review of the single observations source zones of matter supply is essential of water quality and suspended load of the to the knowledge needed for more detailed whole Mongolian part of the basin was impact assessments and management done earlier by Soviet [Kuznetsov, 1955; decisions, regarding remediation planning Hydrological regime..., 1977] and Mongolian and measures. scientists [Batimaa, 2000]. Limited field campaigns have recently focused on the METHODS AND MATERIAL investigation of the whole Selenga river basin [Stubblefield et.al, 2005; AATA, 2008; The study area covers the upper part of Baljinnyam et.al, 2009; Integrated water...,
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