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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07346-3 - A Journey through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy Lan Morison Index More information

Index

2003 UB313,26 Bayer, Johann, 212 gravitational microlensing, 3C 273, 125 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 243 75-metre Mark I radio 322 Hawking radiation, 252 telescope, 247 Bell, Jocelyn, 159, 161 Hawking temperature, 253 Belville, Ruth, 264 intermediate mass, 240 active galaxies, 246 Bessel, Friedrich, 121, 151 Kerr black holes, 242 NGC 4261, 248 Bethe, Hans, 146, 321 Monoceros X-1, 245 Adams, John Couch, 60, 77 Bevis, John, 154 neutron degeneracy Airy, George, 60 Big Bang theory, 294 pressure, 240 albedo, 33 closed universes, 337 no-hair theorem, 241 Earth, 33 flat or critical universe, Omega Centauri, 240 Enceladus, 63 337 Penrose process, 242 Mars, 33 flatness problem, 296 Schwarzschild radius, 240, Mercury and Moon, 63 Friedmann models, 338 241 Venus, 33, 63 Heisenberg’s uncertainty singularity, 240 Alpher, Ralph, 321 principle, 295 size of emitting region, 249 Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, horizon problem, 296 super-massive, 240 321 inflation, 295 what are they?, 239 anthropic principle, 148 initial singularity, 294 X-ray binary systems, 244 apehelion, 28 Omega, 337 Bode, Johann Elert, 55 Apian, Peter, 94 zero energy content, 294 Bondi, Herman, 339 astronomical unit, 10 binary pulsar, 233 Brahe, Tycho, 4, 91, 155 Aurora Australis, 21, 22 Birr Castle, 122 British eclipse expedition, 229 Aurora Borealis, 21, 22 black holes, 239 Brown, Mike, 28, 67 auroral corona, 23 A0620–00, 246 Burke, Bernie, 323 angular momentum, 241 Burney, Venetia, 62 Baade, Walter, 302, 338 Ariel IV, 245 Butler, Paul, 169 Backus, Peter, 191 Cygnus X-1, 245 Banks, John, 11 evaporation, 253 Campbell, Bruce, 169 Barringer, Daniel, 101 event horizon, 239, 241 Campbell, William, 229

347

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07346-3 - A Journey through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy Lan Morison Index More information

348 Index

celestial sphere, 3 coronal mass ejections, 22 Big Bang models, 336 Cepheid variables, 123 Cosmic Microwave closed universes, 337 Ceres, 26 Background, 252, flat or critical universe, Challis, James, 60 265, 296, 306, 321, 337 Chandrasekhar, 345 Friedmann models, 338 Subramanyan, 150 black body spectrum, 324 Omega, 337 Cherenkov radiation, 17, 156 Boomerang balloon, 328, Big Bang or Steady State, 339 Chre´tien, Henri, 123 330 consistent model, 341 Christy, James, 64, 89 cause, 323 continuous creation, 339 Clark, Alvan, 121, 151 cause of fluctuations, 326 cosmological principle, 339 Clarke, Arthur C., 113 COBE spacecraft, 324 cosmological redshift, 338 climate change, 32 CMB fluctuations, 325 flatness problem, 340 comets, 91 differential microwave Freidmann models, 340 1P/Halley, 92 radiometer, 324 future of the Universe, 345 antitail, 95 far-infrared absolute horizon problem, 340 Bayeaux Tapestry, 92 spectrophotometer, Hubble’s constant, 338 Borrelly, 95 324 inflation, 340 coma, 94, 95 mapping anisotropies, multiverse, 343 comet of 1577, 91 324 perfect cosmological Deep Impact Mission, 98 Cosmic Background principle, 339 dust tail, 94 Imager, 329 Steady State theory, 336, 339 gas or ion tail, 94 Maxima balloon, 328 string theory, 343 Giotto image, 95 Planck mission, 329 M-theory, 344 Giotto space probe, 95 Planck results, 329 Universe fit for life, 341 great comets, 95 age of Universe, 332 Crab Nebula, 9 Hale–Bopp, 91 components making up Currie, Thayne, 166 Halley’s, 92 Universe, 331 Holmes, 95 curvature of space, 329 d’Arrest, Heinrich, 60 icy conglomerate theory, 94 Hubble’s constant, 333 dark energy, 315 ion tail, 95 reionisation redshift, 332 Casimir experiment, 318 Kuiper Belt, 93 Planck spacecraft, 327 evidence, 316 long-period, 92 serendipitous discovery, High-z Supernova Search nuclei, 92, 93 322 Team, 317 Oort Cloud, 93 Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, Hubble plot, 317 Shoemaker–Levy 9, 65 329 Lambda (Λ) term, 315 short-period, 93 Very Small Array, 329 nature of, 318 Stardust mission, 97 WMAP spacecraft, 327 standard model of Tempel 1, 98 CMB Power Spectrum cosmology, 319 water on Earth, 99 Analyzer, 333 supernova cosmology Wild 2, 97 results, 328 project, 317 constant of gravitation, 9 cosmological constant, 336 Type Ia supernova, 316 Cook, Captain James, 11 cosmology, 336 dark matter, 301 Copernican model of the beyond our ability to fully Abell Cluster 2218, 308 Solar System, 2 understand, 344 amount, 309

Index 349

cold dark matter, 309 Dusky Sound, 11 astrometry, 173 Alpha Magnetic dwarf planets, 28, 68 COROT, 175 Spectrometer, 311 Ceres, 69 detection in infrared, 164 AMANDA, IceCube and Eris, 68 detection in visible light, 165 ANTARES, 311 Haumea, 69 Formalhaut b, 166 axions, 310 Makemake, 69 Gaia spacecraft, 174 CRESST experiment, 312 Pluto, 69 Gliese, 174 cryogenic detectors, 312 gravitational microlensing, DAMA experiment, 312 Earth, 29, 42 171 direct detection, 311 Cambrian era, 43 HD 209458b, 175 indirect detection central core, 44 Kepler, 175 experiments, 310 Chicxulub crater, 43 Kepler Space Observatory, LUX experiment, 313 equatorial bulge, 43 176 LUX ﬁrst results, 314 mass extinctions, 43 OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, 172 LUX-ZEPLIN, 314 photosynthesis, 42 OGLE-TR-56b, 175 neutralino, 310 plate tectonics, 43 planetary transits, 174 PAMELA, 311 secondary atmosphere, 42 radial velocity method of percentage mass, 315 Earth–Moon system, 42 detection, 167 weakly interacting eclipses, 23 visual detection, 164 massive particles annular, 24 (WIMPs), 310 eclipse track, 24 Fermi Gamma-ray Space gas entrapment, 307 lunar, 23 Telescope, 311 gravitational lensing, 307 ring of ﬁre, 24 Flagstaff Observatory, 51 hot dark matter, 309 saros, 25 Flamsteed, John, 60 neutrinos, 309 solar, 24 Fowler, William, 148 in galaxy M33, 304 Eddington, Arthur, 228 Friedmann, A. A, 336 in spiral galaxies, 303 Einstein rings, 243 MACHO, 301 Einstein, Albert, 12, 17, 265, galaxies, see also Milky Way mass to light ratio, 306 315 active galactic nucleus, 224 role in galaxy formation, Einstein’s General Theory of Andromeda Galaxy, 204 306 Relativity, 84, 226, Coma Cluster, 206 what is it?, 309 233 Coma Supercluster, 207 Davis, Ray, 17, 313 Einstein’s Special Theory of cosmic web, 208 de Grasse Tyson, Neil, 27 Relativity, 156, 233 distances, 207 de Lacaille, Nicolas Louis, epicycles, 1 elliptical, 203 220, 221 Eris, 29, 30 groups of, 204 deferents, 1 Essen, Louis, 261 Hercules Cluster, 206 di Bondone, Giotto, 92 European Southern Hubble sequence, 203 Dicke, Richard, 320, 321, 323 Observatory, 130 Hubble Ultra Deep Field, 208 Dixon, Jeremiah, 10 European Space Agency, 275, irregular, 204 Dolland, John, 120 329 Large Magellanic Cloud, Double Pulsar, 235 Ewen, Harold, 198 204, 219 Drake, Frank, 181, 184 exoplanets, 164 supernova 1987A, 220 Duhalde, Oscar, 220 51 Pegasai, 169 distance, 220

350 Index

galaxies (cont.) gravitational time dilation, Hoyle, Fred, 147, 160, 320, Tarantula Nebula, 219 266 336, 339, 343 Local Group, 204 Giotto di Bondone, 92 Hubble age, 274 M33 in Triangulum, 205 Global Positioning System Hubble sequence, 274 Magellanic Clouds, 217 network, 233 Hubble Space Telescope Omega Centauri, 212 global warming, 32 Hubble Heritage Images, intermediate-mass black Gold, Thomas, 161, 339 284 hole, 213 Goodricke, John, 270 Wide Field Camera 3, 278 realm of, 205 Gran Sasso National Hubble Space Telescope Sgr A*, 211 Laboratory, 312 science Small Magellanic Cloud, Grand Uniﬁed Theory, 155 Cepheid distance scale, 279 204, 219 gravitational lenses, 230 dark matter and dark spiral, 204 Double Quasar, 231 energy, 281 superclusters, 207 gravitational wave detectors, exoplanet atmospheres, super-massive black holes, 237 281 211 gravitational waves, exoplanets, 281 Virgo Cluster, 206 226, 235 eXtreme Deep Field, 283 Virgo Supercluster, 207 gravitons, 237 galaxy formation and Whirlpool Galaxy, 204 Green, Charles, 11 evolution, 282 white nebulae, 203 Guccione, Giuseppe, 180 gamma ray bursts, 281 Galilei, Galileo, 1, 59, 118, 259 Guth, Alan, 296, 340 Hubble’s constant, 273, 279 Galle, Johann, 60 Hubble Deep Field, 282 gamma-ray bursts, 253, 285 Hale, George Ellery, 124, 269 Hubble Ultra Deep Field, 283 afterglow, 289 Hall, George, 111 Pluto, Nix and Hydra, 280 black hole formation, 291 Halley, Edmond, 10, 91 Shoemaker–Levy 9, 280 causes, 287, 290 Harriot, Thomas, 118 supernova 1987A, 278 Compton Gamma Ray Harvard College Observatory, Hubble, Edwin, 121, 123, 203, Observatory, 286 270 266, 267, 337 discovery, 285 Haumea, 28 an attorney, 268 discovery of GRB 970508, Haveaheart pigeon trap, 322 at University of Chicago, 267 287 Hawking, Stephen, 252, 254 cometary nebula, 268 energy, 289 Hayden Planetarium, 26 distance to Andromeda Gamma-Ray Burst Heisenberg’s uncertainty Galaxy, 272 Coordinates principle, 252 expanding universe, 273 Network, 288 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 12 galaxy classiﬁcation, 274 GRB 090423, 288 Herman, Robert, 321 infantry, 269 GRB 970228, 287 Herschel, Caroline, 58 Legion of Merit, 270 long, 289, 291 Herschel, John William, 212, Mount Wilson Observatory, short, 288 223 269 Swift spacecraft, 288 Herschel, William, 57, 74, 89, Rhodes scholarship, 267 Vela spacecraft, 285 122, 151 study for a PhD, 268 Gamow, George, 306, 320 Hewish, Antony, 159 Hubble’s constant, 266, 273 General Theory of Relativity, Homestake Mine, 17 Hubble’s law, 272 240, 336 Horowitz, Paul, 182, 187 Hulse, Joseph, 233

Index 351

Huygens, Christiaan, 83, 85, Great Red Spot, 81 closest approaches, 29 260 mass, 80 Curiosity rover, 53 hydrogen Balmer series, 137 ring system, 82 Gusev Crater, 52 Mariner 9, 53 ice dwarfs, 66 Kamioka Underground Mariner spacecraft, 51 Ixion, 66 Observatory, 155 Mars Global Surveyor, 51 Varuna, 66 Kepler, Johannes, 5, 119, 155, Mars Reconnaissance impacts, 100 176 Orbiter, 52 Asclepius, 107 Kepler’s third law of Martian soil analysis, 54 asteroid 2004 FH, 107 planetary motion, 6 Meridiani Planum, 52 asteroid 2008 TC3, 107 Klebasabel, Ray, 285 Olympus Mons, 51 Barringer Crater, 101 Kuiper Belt objects, 66, 281 permafrost, 53 Chelyabinsk meteor, 108 Kulik, Leonid, 106 Phobos and Deimos, 54 Chicxulub asteroid, 103 polar ice caps, 49 Chicxulub crater, 103 L2 Lagrangian point, 327 south pole, 49 Comet Encke, 106 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 239 Spirit and Opportunity, 52 crater formation, 101 Large Hadron Collider, 237, surface temperature, 49 eyewitness report, 105 253 Viking landers, 51 Great Daylight Fireball, 107 Las Campanas Observatory, Mason, Charles, 10 Hubble Space Telescope, 109 220 Mather, John, 326 impact craters, 100 Laser Interferometer Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 129 instruments on Galileo Gravitational Wave Maxwell, James Clerk, 85 spacecraft, 110 Observatory, 236 Mayor, Michel, 169 Meteor Crater, 101 Lassell, William, 61 McKellar, A., 321 No¨ rdlinger Ries crater, 102 laws of planetary motion, 6 McMillan, Robert, 66 Shoemaker–Levy 9, 109 Le Verrier, Urbain, 60, 77 Me´chain, Pierre, 10 Steinheim crater, 102 Leavitt, Henrietta, 270 Mercury, 29, 30, 31, 38 Tunguska event, 104 Lemonnier, Pierre, 60 BepiColombo, 39 Tycho, 101 Levy, David, 109 ice near poles, 38 International Astronomical Lindblad, B., 201 Magnetospheric Orbiter, 39 Union, 27 Lippershey, Hans, 118 Mariner 10, 38 inverse square law, 8 Lowell Observatory, 121, 271 observed by radar, 38 Island of Hven, 4 Lowell, Percival, 51, 57, 62, Planetary Orbiter, 39 121 precession, 227 Jodrell Bank MERLIN array, 283 meridian, 4 Jodrell Bank Observatory, 11, Magellan spacecraft, 30 MERLIN array, 162 96, 125, 235 Magellan, Ferdinand, 219 Messier, Charles, 9, 205 Jupiter Makemake, 28 meteor showers, 95 atmosphere, 81 Marcy, Geoffrey, 169, 187 bolide, 96 clouds, 80 Mars, 29, 49 Leonids, 97 core, 80 atmosphere, 49 meteor storm, 97 Galilean moons, 82 axial tilt, 49 Orionids, 96 Europa, 83 Beagle II lander, 51 Perseids, 97 Io, 83 canali, 50 radiant, 96

352 Index

Milgrom, Mordehai, 304 Orion Nebula, 195 Morrison, Philip, 180 Milky Way, 192 Orion Spur, 202 Mount Wilson Observatory, 21-cm line, 198 Perseus Arm, 201 123, 269 central bar, 211 RR Lyrae stars, 196 Cepheid variables, 197 Scutum-Centaurus Arm, 201 near-Earth objects, 112 constellation Carina, 215 Sgr A*, 202 1036 Ganymed, 112 Eta Carinae, 215 size, shape and structure, 433 Eros, 112 Eta Carinae Nebula, 215 196 asteroids, 112 Southern Pleiades, 215 spiral arms, 198 Don Quijote, 116 constellation Centaurus, 211 spiral structure, 201 extinct comets, 112 Centaurus A, 223 spiral structure puzzle, 200 Large Synoptic Survey constellation Crux, 214 super-massive black hole, Telescope, 113 Alpha Crucis, 214 202 LINEAR programme, 112 Coal Sack, 215 visible constituent, 192 NEAT, 113 Jewel Box, 214 Millikan, Robert, 267 Palermo scale, 114 constellation Tucanae minor planets, 55 Pan-STARRS, 114 47 Tucanae, 221 Celestial Police, 55 Spaceguard, 113 millisecond pulsars, Ceres, 55 Spacewatch, 113 222 main asteroid belt, 55 The Discovery Channel search for planets, 221 Titus–Bode law, 55 Telescope, 114 constellation Vela, 217 modiﬁed Newtonian Torino scale, 114 Vela pulsar, 217 dynamics, 304 Near-Earth Objects, 66 Vela supernova remnant, Moon Neptune, 29, 77 217 craters atmosphere, 77 dark nebula, 195 Copernicus, 47 cloud-top temperature, 77 disc, 193 Tycho, 47 diameter, 77 Eagle Nebula, 195 diameter, 44 discovery, 77 Galactic Centre, 192, 210 distance, 44 Great Black Spot, 77 galactic rotation curve, 198 gravitational pull, 44 ice giant, 77 globular clusters, 193 highlands, 45 mantle, 77 47 Tucanae, 194 libration, 44 mass, 77 M13 in Hercules, 194 exploration, 48 ring system, 78 Horsehead Nebula, 195 Apollo missions, 48 rotation period, 77 hydrogen line, 198 Jade Rabbit, 49 seen by Galileo, 77 hydrogen line proﬁles, 200 Luna 16, 20, and 24, 48 Triton, 78 interstellar medium, 195 Lunar Orbiters, 48 neutron-degenerate matter, neutral hydrogen (H I), 198 maria, 45 241 obscuration by dust, 192 Mare Crisium, 46 Newton, Isaac, 7, 91, 122, 143 Omega Centauri, 194 Oceanus Procellarum, 45 Newton’s Law of Gravitation, open clusters, 192 Moon illusion, 44 226 Hyades and Pleiades orbit, 47 clusters, 193 regolith, 47 occultations of Pluto, 64 Perseus Double Cluster, tidal force, 47 Opik–Oort cloud, 93 193 Moore Hall, Chester, 120 orbital inclination, 30

Index 353

Palitzsch, Johann Georg, 91 secondary atmospheres, 35 rocky planets, 38 Palomar Observatory, 124 solar nebula, 33 Rømer, Ole Christensen, 82 Palomar Sky Survey, 126 Titan, 35 Roll, Peter, 321 Paranal Observatory, Triton, 35 Rosse, Third Earl of, 10, 122, 130, 211 Venus, 36 154, 204 Paris Observatory, 60 volcanic eruptions, 35 Rubin, Vera, 303 Parkes Telescope in Australia, planetary densities, 30 Ryle, Martin, 340 235 planetary rotation periods, 31 parsec, 134 planetary temperatures, 31 Sagan, Carl, 78, 80 Parsons, William, 122 carbon dioxide, 32 Samuel Oschin Telescope, 66 Peach, Damian, 80 greenhouse effect, 32 Sanford Underground Penﬁeld, Glen, 103 methane, 32 Research Facility, Penrose, Roger, 242 water vapour, 32 313 Penzias, Arno, 296, 322 Pluto, 26, 29, 30, 31 Saturn, 30 perihelion, 28 Charon, 64, 89 moons Perlmutter, Saul, 318 Kerberos and Styx, 65 Enceladus, 89 Petersen, Dan, 111 New Horizons, 65 Huygens Probe, 87 Phobos, 30 Nix and Hydra, 65, 89 lakes on Titan, 88 Piazzi, Giuseppe, 55 Pounds, Ken, 245 Mimas, 87 Pickersgill Harbour, 11 preons, 241 Titan, 85, 87 Pigafetta, Antonio, 219 primeval ﬁreball, 322 rings, 85 Planet X, hunt for, 57 Princeton University, 323 A Ring, 86 discovery of Uranus, 58 proton–proton cycle, 13 Bright Ring, 86 Galileo recorded Neptune, Ptolemaic model of the Solar Cassini Division, 85 59 System, 1 Crepe Ring, 86 Uranus, 57 Purcell, Edward, 198 Encke Division, 86 planetary atmospheres, 33 F Ring, 86 Eris, 35 quantum gravity, 240 Roche limit, 86 evolution of Earth’s, 36 quantum mechanics, 237 Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 50 subduction, 36 quantum theory, 240 Schmidt, Bernhard, 125, 302 volcanic activity, 36 quantum tunnelling, 13 Schmidt, Brian P., 318 Jupiter, 35 Quaoar, 28 Schmidt, Maarten, 125, 247 law of equipartition of quark-degenerate matter, 241 Scotti, James V., 109 energy, 34 quarks, 241 search for life beyond the Mars, 36 quasar, 247 Earth, 179 Maxwell–Boltzmann 3C 273, 247 search for other worlds, 164 distribution, 34 quasi-stellar objects, 125, 247 Sedna, 28 Mercury, 35 Queloz, Didier, 169 SETI, the Search for methane, 33 Extra-Terrestrial Moon, 35 radio galaxies, 246 Intelligence, 180 nitrogen, 34 Rees, Martin, 342, 344 300-metre Arecibo dish, 72 nitrous oxide, 33 relict radiation, 321 76-metre Lovell Radio oxygen, 34 Riess, Adam G., 318 Telescope, 72, 183 Pluto, 35 Ritchey, George Willis, 123 Allen Telescope Array, 189

354 Index

SETI (cont.) Alpha Centauri AB, 211 surface temperature, 136 Arecibo dish, 182 apparent brightness, 133 triple alpha process (3α), Drake equation, 184, 186 black dwarf, 146, 152 147 evidence of other black holes, 162 Type Ia supernova, 280 civilisations, 188 carbon–nitrogen–oxygen Type II supernova, 154 Jodrell Bank, 183 cycle, 146 variable, 149 Mark I radio telescope, 180 Cepheid variables, 270, 279 white dwarfs, 145, 149 optical SETI, 186 luminosity, 270 Wolf–Rayet stars, 291 Project Ozma, 181 period–luminosity Stjerneborg, 4 Project Phoenix, 72, 182, relation, 270 string theory, 237 183, 186 Small Magellanic Cloud, Sun, 12 Project SERENDIP, 182 270 atmosphere projects META and BETA, standard candle, 271 chromosphere, 18 182 Chandrasekhar limit, 150 photosphere, 18 SETI Institute, 183 classiﬁcation, 137 solar corona, 18 SETI@home, 183 colour, 136 convective zone, 15 Square Kilometre Array, Crab Nebula, 154, 158, 162 magnetic ﬁeld, 19 191 Delta Cepheus, 270 Maunder minimum, 20 Wow!, 181 discovery of pulsars, 159 prominences, 21 Shapiro delay, 85, 232, 235 distances, 133 proton–proton cycle, 14, 16 Cassini spacecraft, 232 GAIA, 135 radiative zone, 15 Viking spacecraft, 232 Hipparcos, 135 rotation period, 19 Shapiro, Irwin A., 232 Eta Carinae, 216, 292 solar neutrino problem, 16, Shapley, Harlow, 197, 210, hypernova, 217 17 271 Hertzsprung–Russell solar wind, 21 Shelton, Ian, 220 diagram, 139 sunspot cycle, 20 Shoemaker, Carolyn, 109 high-mass, 152 sunspot pairs, 20 Shoemaker, Eugene M., 100, intrinsic brightness, 133 sunspots, 19, 20 108 lifetimes, 143 maximum, 20 Slipher, Vesto, 62, 121, 271 low-mass, 145 number, 20 Smoot, George, 326 luminosity, 133 penumbra, 19 solar maximum, 22 masses, 142 plage, 19, 20 Space Telescope Science neutron stars, 157, 235 umbra, 19 Institute, 275 optical interferometry, 141 super-massive black holes, Special Theory of Relativity, planetary nebula, 149 231, 246 13, 226, 265 proper motion, 135 galaxy M84, 249 time dilation, 265 Proxima Centauri, 212 mass, 249 Spitzer Space Telescope, 201 Sirius B, 151 Milky Way Galaxy, 250 Spitzer, Lyman, 274 size, 141 Sgr A*, 246 St John’s College, Cambridge, direct measurement, 141 60 spectra, 137 Tautenburg Observatory, 126 stars, 133 spectroscopic parallax, 138 Taylor, Russell, 233 0.5 to ~8 solar masses, 146 stellar parallax, 133 telescopes aging, 145 supernova 1987A, 155 18.5-inch refractor, 121

Index 355

achromatic doublet, 120 spun cast mirrors, 128 Universal Time, 256 active optics, 127 Very Large Telescope, 130 time line of the early adaptive optics, 127 Yerkes Observatory Universe, 297 Airy pattern, 120 Telescope, 120 a note of caution, 300 Alfred-Jensch-Telescope, time, 255 dark matter begins to 126 atomic time, 257 clump, 299 Cassegrain, 123 caesium beam frequency era of nucleosynthesis, 298 eight-power, 118 standards, 257 grand unification epoch, Faulkes Telescopes, 131 clocks 297 Gemini North, 129 atomic, 261 hadron epoch, 298 Gemini South, 129 caesium fountain, 262 inflationary period, 297 Hale Telescope, 200-inch, caesium beam, 261 lepton epoch, 298 124 hydrogen maser, 261 photon epoch, 299 Hooker Telescope, NIST-F1, 262 Planck epoch, 297 100-inch, 123, 269 rubidium, 262 quark epoch, 298 Hubble Space Telescope, Helio-chronometer, 258 Titius, Johann Daniel, 55 121, 275 invar pendulum, 260 Tombaugh, Clyde, 62 COSTAR, 277 long case or grandfather, Townes, Charles, 186 flawed mirror, 276 260 Townsend, Paul, 344 guidance system, 275 pendulum, 259 trans-Neptunian objects, 66 servicing missions, 275, quartz, 260 K31021A and K31021B, 67 277 quartz time standards, 261 K31021C, 67 James Webb Space Riefler pendulum, 260 Orcus, 67 Telescope, 277 Shortt free pendulum, 260 Sedna, 67 Keck Telescopes, 10-metre, sundials, 258 Xena, 68 129 water clocks, 258 Turner, Herbert Hall, 267 Large Binocular Telescope, cosmic time, 265 129 Equation of Time, 256 Universal Law of Gravitation, Leviathan 72-inch Global Positioning System, 9 reflecting telescope, 257 Uraniborg, 4 122 Greenwich Mean Time, 255 Uranometria, 212 Multiple Mirror Telescope, leap second, 257 Uranus, 31, 75 129 Local Solar Time, 255 axial tilt, 75 Newtonian reflecting, 122 marine chronometers, 263 distance from the Sun, 75 optical interferometers, 130 pulsars, 264 mass, 75 Palomar 200-inch, 274 sidereal day, 257 moon Miranda, 76 Ritchey–Chre´tien, 123 sidereal time, 257 radiation belts, 76 robotic, 131 time transfer, 263 rings, 75, 76 Samuel Oschin Schmidt Belville family, 264 rotational period, 75 Telescope, 126 Greenwich Time Lady, Schmidt camera, 125 264 Venus, 29, 31, 40 segmented mirrors, 129 radio-controlled clocks, Aphrodite Terra, 41 simple, 120 264 atmosphere, 42 Spitzer Space Telescope, 274 time ball, 263 farra, 42

356 Index

Venus (cont.) gravitational ‘slingshot’,73 Wesley, Anthony, 111 high albedo, 40 gravity assist, 73 Wheeler, John, 239 internal structure, 42 heliopause, 73 Whipple, Fred L., 94 Ishtar Terra, 41 New Horizons spacecraft, Whirlpool Galaxy, 122 Magellan spacecraft, 41 281 Wilkinson, David, 321, 327 Mariner 2 spacecraft, 40 New Horizons mission, 89 Williams, Robert, 282 radar observations, 41 Pioneer 10, 70 Wilson, Robert, 296, 322 temperature, 40 Pioneer 10 plaque, 71 Witten, Ed, 344 transits, 40 Pioneer 11, 72 Woolsthorpe Manor, 7 Veneras 7, 9 and 10, 40 The Grand Tour, 73 violent universe, 285 Voyager 2, 74 Yang, S., 169 VLBA array, 162 Neptune, 77 Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 268 von Weizsa¨cker, Carl, 146 Uranus, 75 voyages to the outer planets, Voyagers 1 and 2, 73 Zwicky, Fritz, 126, 302 70 message, 78 Coma Cluster, 302 asteroid belt, 70 gravitational lenses, 302 Cassini–Huygens Wales, William, 11 Schmidt camera, 302 spacecraft, 84 Walker, G. A. H., 169 supernova, 302 Galileo spacecraft, 79 Werthimer, Dan, 187 virial theorem, 303