Comet Ion Tails Purpose Introduction Materials
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MS V6 with Figures
Grism Spectroscopy of Comet Lulin Swift UVOT Grism Spectroscopy of Comets: A First Application to C/2007 N3 (Lulin) D. Bodewits1,2, G. L. Villanueva2,3, M. J. Mumma2, W. B. Landsman4, J. A. Carter5, and A. M. Read5 Submitted to the Astronomical Journal on 16th February, 2010 Revised version October 21st, 2010 1 NASA Postdoctoral Fellow, [email protected] 2 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Mailstop 690.3, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 3 Dept. of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064, USA 4 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Astrophysics Science Division, Mailstop 667, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 5 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 8 figures, 4 tables Key words: Comets: Individual (C/2007 N3 (Lulin)) – Methods: Data Analysis – Techniques: Image Spectroscopy – Ultraviolet: planetary systems Abstract We observed comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) twice on UT 28 January 2009, using the UV grism of the Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT) on board the Swift Gamma Ray Burst space observatory. Grism spectroscopy provides spatially resolved spectroscopy over large apertures for faint objects. We developed a novel methodology to analyze grism observations of comets, and applied a Haser comet model to extract production rates of OH, CS, NH, CN, C3, C2, and dust. The water production rates retrieved from two visits on this date were 6.7 ± 0.7 and 7.9 ± 0.7 x 1028 molecules s-1, respectively. Jets were sought (but not found) in the white-light and ‘OH’ images reported here, suggesting that the jets reported by Knight and Schleicher (2009) are unique to CN. -
On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Martin Rubin, Cécile Engrand, Colin Snodgrass, Paul Weissman, Kathrin Altwegg, Henner Busemann, Alessandro Morbidelli, Michael Mumma To cite this version: Martin Rubin, Cécile Engrand, Colin Snodgrass, Paul Weissman, Kathrin Altwegg, et al.. On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Space Sci.Rev., 2020, 216 (5), pp.102. 10.1007/s11214-020-00718-2. hal-02911974 HAL Id: hal-02911974 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02911974 Submitted on 9 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Space Sci Rev (2020) 216:102 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00718-2 On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Martin Rubin1 · Cécile Engrand2 · Colin Snodgrass3 · Paul Weissman4 · Kathrin Altwegg1 · Henner Busemann5 · Alessandro Morbidelli6 · Michael Mumma7 Received: 9 September 2019 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 / Published online: 30 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Primitive objects like comets hold important information on the material that formed our solar system. Several comets have been visited by spacecraft and many more have been observed through Earth- and space-based telescopes. -
Comet Section Observing Guide
Comet Section Observing Guide 1 The British Astronomical Association Comet Section www.britastro.org/comet BAA Comet Section Observing Guide Front cover image: C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) by Geoffrey Johnstone on 1997 April 10. Back cover image: C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) by Lester Barnes on 2011 December 23. © The British Astronomical Association 2018 2018 December (rev 4) 2 CONTENTS 1 Foreword .................................................................................................................................. 6 2 An introduction to comets ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Anatomy and origins ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Naming .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Comet orbits ...................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Orbit evolution .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Magnitudes ........................................................................................................................................ 18 3 Basic visual observation ........................................................................................................ -
My Views on the Bible***
ABOUT THIS CURRENT VERSION I have made a few minor corrections in spelling and a handful of remarks for clarity's sake in the past few days. All the facts from the 3rd modification in 2012, however, remain unchanged despite the several great changes around the world. Thang Za Dal Hamburg August 19, 2020. MY VIEWS ON THE BIBLE AND CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS (3rd Modification) It is the 3rd modification of my “Interview” which was first publicized back on March 23, 1987. The original version was put on this website between March 2007 and May 2009. Then it was replaced in June 2009 with the 1st modification until March 23, 2012. Then once again it was replaced with the 2nd Modification on March 24, 2012, which remained on the website until September 6, 2012. Although I could have had expanded or changed radically many parts of the original version in light of the major changes in world affairs that have been taking place since 1987 I haven‘t done that. Only the styles of expression - and not the basic essences - of theological issues have been changed for the sake of clearity. Nearly all non-theological issues remain unchanged from the original version. In this present version only a very few changes and additions are made from the previous one. I have just added a new Item called On Western Philosophy (# 100), just because a number of people who have read my paper wanted to know about my opinion on this topic and I suppose there could probably be some more who have the same wish. -
Polarimetry of Comets: Observational Results and Problems
POLARIMETRY OF COMETS: OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS AND PROBLEMS N. Kiselev & V. Rosenbush Main Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 1st WG meeting in Warsaw, Poland, 7-9 May 2012 Outline of presentation Linear polarization of comets. Problems with the interpretation of diversity in the maximum polarization of comets. Circular polarization of comets. Next task Polarimetric data for comets up to the mid 1970s (Kiselev, 1981; Dobrovolsky et al.,1986) The polarization of molecular emissions was explained as being due to resonance fluorescence (Öhman, 1941; Le Borgne et al., 1986) 2 P90 sin P() 2 , where P90 = 0.077 1 P90 cos Curve (2) is polarization phase dependence for the resonance fluorescence according to Öhman’s formula. Curve (1) is a fit of polarization data in continuum according to Öhman’s formula. There are no observations of comets at phase angles smaller than 40 until 1975. Open questions: •What is polarization phase curve for dust near opposition ? •What is the maximum of polarization? •Is there a diversity in comet polarization? Comets: negative polarization branch Discovery of the NPB gave impetus to development of new optical mechanisms Observations of comet West to explain its origin. Among them, the revealed a negative branch of scattering of light by particles with aggregate structure. linear polarization at phase angles 22. (Kiselev&Chernova, 1976) Phase angle dependence of polarization for comets in the blue and red continuum (Kiselev, 2003) The observed difference in the All comets polarization of the two groups of comets is apparent. Why is this? There are three points of view: •The polarization of each comet is an individual (Perrin&Lamy, 1986). -
THE GREAT CHRIST COMET CHRIST GREAT the an Absolutely Astonishing Triumph.” COLIN R
“I am simply in awe of this book. THE GREAT CHRIST COMET An absolutely astonishing triumph.” COLIN R. NICHOLL ERIC METAXAS, New York Times best-selling author, Bonhoeffer The Star of Bethlehem is one of the greatest mysteries in astronomy and in the Bible. What was it? How did it prompt the Magi to set out on a long journey to Judea? How did it lead them to Jesus? THE In this groundbreaking book, Colin R. Nicholl makes the compelling case that the Star of Bethlehem could only have been a great comet. Taking a fresh look at the biblical text and drawing on the latest astronomical research, this beautifully illustrated volume will introduce readers to the Bethlehem Star in all of its glory. GREAT “A stunning book. It is now the definitive “In every respect this volume is a remarkable treatment of the subject.” achievement. I regard it as the most important J. P. MORELAND, Distinguished Professor book ever published on the Star of Bethlehem.” of Philosophy, Biola University GARY W. KRONK, author, Cometography; consultant, American Meteor Society “Erudite, engrossing, and compelling.” DUNCAN STEEL, comet expert, Armagh “Nicholl brilliantly tackles a subject that has CHRIST Observatory; author, Marking Time been debated for centuries. You will not be able to put this book down!” “An amazing study. The depth and breadth LOUIE GIGLIO, Pastor, Passion City Church, of learning that Nicholl displays is prodigious Atlanta, Georgia and persuasive.” GORDON WENHAM, Adjunct Professor “The most comprehensive interdisciplinary of Old Testament, Trinity College, Bristol synthesis of biblical and astronomical data COMET yet produced. -
The Composition of Cometary Volatiles 391
Bockelée-Morvan et al.: The Composition of Cometary Volatiles 391 The Composition of Cometary Volatiles D. Bockelée-Morvan and J. Crovisier Observatoire de Paris M. J. Mumma NASA Goddard Space Flight Center H. A. Weaver The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory The composition of cometary ices provides key information on the chemical and physical properties of the outer solar nebula where comets formed, 4.6 G.y. ago. This chapter summa- rizes our current knowledge of the volatile composition of cometary nuclei, based on spectro- scopic observations and in situ measurements of parent molecules and noble gases in cometary comae. The processes that govern the excitation and emission of parent molecules in the radio, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) wavelength regions are reviewed. The techniques used to convert line or band fluxes into molecular production rates are described. More than two dozen parent molecules have been identified, and we describe how each is investigated. The spatial distribution of some of these molecules has been studied by in situ measurements, long-slit IR and UV spectroscopy, and millimeter wave mapping, including interferometry. The spatial dis- tributions of CO, H2CO, and OCS differ from that expected during direct sublimation from the nucleus, which suggests that these species are produced, at least partly, from extended sources in the coma. Abundance determinations for parent molecules are reviewed, and the evidence for chemical diversity among comets is discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION ucts are called daughter products. Although there have been in situ measurements of some parent molecules in the coma Much of the scientific interest in comets stems from their of 1P/Halley using mass spectrometers, the majority of re- potential role in elucidating the processes responsible for the sults on the parent molecules have been derived from remote formation and evolution of the solar system. -
The Comet's Tale
THE COMET’S TALE Newsletter of the Comet Section of the British Astronomical Association Volume 9, No 1 (Issue 17), 2002 April JOEL HASTINGS METCALF MINISTER, HUMANITARIAN, ASTRONOMER Richard R Didick Joel Hastings Metcalf was born in The following account, taken used with either a single prism or Meadville, Pennsylvania, on from a newspaper article about a grating, both of which were January 4th, 1866, the son of him when he lived in Taunton, is provided. Lewis Herbert and Anna (Hicks) somewhat dubious since he Metcalf. Lewis was a Civil War actually bought the 7-inch In the observatory at Keesville, Veteran, a soldier who lost a leg refractor. "When but 14 years old the instrument was mounted in a at the first battle of "Bull Run" he built a telescope and ground very substantial dome, being and was held at Libby prison until out a lens with which he was able fastened to a fine cut granite base exchanged and discharged. to observe with success all the weighting about a ton. In a principal heavenly bodies. This February when Lake Champlain At the approximate age of 14, Joel was a small two-inch lens. His had frozen over, the whole outfit Metcalf borrowed Richard next attempt was a three-inch lens was loaded on sleds and started Proctor's book, Other Worlds and he later made one of three across the Lake on the ice. The Than Ours, from his Sunday and a half inches, which he ice was thick enough - but there school library which led him to an subsequently sold to Harvard are always long cracks in the interest in astronomy. -
19740026181.Pdf
DYNAMIC& AND PHOTOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF COMETARY TYPE I1 TAILS Grant NGR 09-015-159 Semiannual Progress Report No. 6 For the period March 15 to September 14, 1974 Principal Investigator Dr. Zdenek Sekanina Prepared for . .-- National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; . Washington, D.C. 20546 q, ' ';'.. ',. : , , , - , .., ,: .,M, ._I _, . ..!..' , , .. ".. .,;-'/- Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 DYNAMICAL AND PHOTOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF COMETARY TYPE 11 TAILS Grant NGR 09-015-159 Semiannual Progress Report No. 6 For the period March 15 to September 14, 1974 Principal Investigator Dr. Zdenek Sekanina Pre-ared for National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 Smithsonian Institut ion Astrophysical Observatory Sambridge, Massachusetts 02138 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................... iii PART A. COMPARISON OF THE WORKING MODEL FOR THE ANTITAIL OF COMET KOHOUTEK (1973f) WITH GROUND-BASED PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS . 1 1. Introduction ....................... 1 11. The Cerro Tololo photographs ............... 1 111. Photographic photometry of the Cerro Tololo plates. The technique ........................ 4 IV. Photographic photometry of the Cerro Tololo plates. The results ......................... V. Calibration stars for the Cerro Tololo plates ....... VI. Preliminary physical interpretation of the observed radial profiles of the antitail ................. VII. References ....................... PART B. OTHER ACTIVITIES IN THE REPORTED PERIOD ........... -
Comets in UV
Comets in UV B. Shustov1 • M.Sachkov1 • Ana I. G´omez de Castro 2 • Juan C. Vallejo2 • E.Kanev1 • V.Dorofeeva3,1 Abstract Comets are important “eyewitnesses” of So- etary systems too. Comets are very interesting objects lar System formation and evolution. Important tests to in themselves. A wide variety of physical and chemical determine the chemical composition and to study the processes taking place in cometary coma make of them physical processes in cometary nuclei and coma need excellent space laboratories that help us understand- data in the UV range of the electromagnetic spectrum. ing many phenomena not only in space but also on the Comprehensive and complete studies require for ad- Earth. ditional ground-based observations and in-situ exper- We can learn about the origin and early stages of the iments. We briefly review observations of comets in evolution of the Solar System analogues, by watching the ultraviolet (UV) and discuss the prospects of UV circumstellar protoplanetary disks and planets around observations of comets and exocomets with space-born other stars. As to the Solar System itself comets are instruments. A special refer is made to the World Space considered to be the major “witnesses” of its forma- Observatory-Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) project. tion and early evolution. The chemical composition of cometary cores is believed to basically represent the Keywords comets: general, ultraviolet: general, ul- composition of the protoplanetary cloud from which traviolet: planetary systems the Solar System was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago, i.e. over all this time the chemical composi- 1 Introduction tion of cores of comets (at least of the long period ones) has not undergone any significant changes. -
Ice & Stone 2020
Ice & Stone 2020 WEEK 16: APRIL 12-18, 2020 Presented by The Earthrise Institute # 16 Authored by Alan Hale This week in history APRIL 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 APRIL 13, 2029: The near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis will pass just 0.00026 AU from Earth, slightly less than 5 Earth radii above the surface and within the orbital distance of geosynchronous satellites. At this time this is the closest predicted future approach of a near-Earth asteroid. The process of determining future close approaches like this one is the subject of this week’s “Special Topics” presentation. APRIL 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 APRIL 14, 2020: The near-Earth asteroid (52768) 1998 OR2, which will be passing close to Earth later this month, will occult the 7th-magnitude star HD 71008 in Cancer. The predicted path of the occultation crosses central Belarus, central Poland, northwestern Czech Republic, southern Germany, western Switzerland, southeastern France, central Algeria, far eastern Mali, and western Niger. APRIL 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 APRIL 15, 2019: A team of scientists led by Larry Nittler (Carnegie Institution for Science) announces their discovery of an apparent cometary fragment encased within the meteorite LaPaz Icefield 02342 that had been found in Antarctica. This discovery provides information concerning the transport of primordial material within the early solar system. COVER IMAGEs CREDITS: Front cover: This artist’s concept shows the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE spacecraft, in its orbit around Earth. From 2010 to 2011, the WISE mission scanned the sky twice in infrared light not just for asteroids and comets but also stars, galaxies and other objects. -
The Photometric Study of the Comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
The Photometric Study of the Comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) Machchema Jankla, Kamal Baha, Nakared Inthana and Krit Boonsiriseth Mahidol Wittayanusorn School,Nakhonpathom; Chakkham Khanathon School,Lamphun;Azizstan School, Patani; Chulalongkorn University Demonstration Elementary School, Bangkok,Thailand [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This work studies the brightness of comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) when it came closer to the Earth in 2009. We found that the comet’s brightness brightened from 12 mag in January 2009 and increased until the 25th of February when the brightness peaked. The brightness reached the highest magnitude which was 6.44 that day and then it started to decrease. We compare our observations with the theoretical prediction from the JPL Horizons Ephemeris and found that the light curve has similar shape but the normalization differs slightly. Introduction The comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) comet is a special comet in this decade because it had two tails in a different directions (the “anti-tail”). Lulin’s orbit is nearly parallel with the orbit of the earth so when it got closer to the earth, the dust tail that is left along the comet’s otbit appeared in one direction while the ion tail which is caused by the solar wind and always points directly away from the Sun appears to be in the opposite direction. The relative position between the Earth, the comet and the Sun at the time of Lulin’s closest approach which resulted in Lulin’s tails pointing to different directions is shown in Fig. 1. We studied this unique comet photometrically by observing it with the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE)’s 0.45-meter robotic telescope (www.rotse.net) in Texas, USA, remotely from January – February 2009.