Adaptive Re-Use Principles in Historic Hotel Buildings in Melaka and George Town

MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

Adaptive Re-Use Principles in Historic Hotel Buildings in Melaka And George Town

Lilawati Ab Wahab1,a, Noor Aishah Mohd.Hamdan2, Nor Suzila Lop3 and Izatul Faritta Mohd Kamar4

1,2,3,4 Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, Malaysia.

Abstract: Adaptive re-use of historic buildings is a process of changing the original function of the historic buildings to another function that can optimise the use of existing historic buildings. The selection of appropriate new function is an important factor in determining the success of adaptive re-use of historic buildings. However, adaptive re-use work done on historic buildings on the World Heritage Site is not an easy task due to rules and principles outlined by local and international charters that must be abide by. This research is conducted to gather the true picture of applied adaptive re-use principles that has been done on heritage hotels available in Melaka and George Town World Heritage Sites. This research is started with an inventory that led to the discovery of 35 hotels which applied the principle of adaptive re-use of historic buildings. Based on this finding, 4 historic hotels from adaptive re-use applications have been selected as the case studies. Results of the case studies carried out show that the level of conservation of heritage hotel is moderate and measures of control should be taken to ensure the privileges of heritage hotel. As a result of this research, a number of suggestions are made to ensure that adaptive re-use work done in the future will be conducted as optimum as possible according to the adaptive re-use and conservation principles.

. 1 Introduction stated that the change of use may require refurbishment and/or complete renovation of existing buildings or Adaptive re-use is broadly defined as any building work structures. It's part of the rules that have the effect of and intervention to change its capacity, function or protecting historical buildings from collapsing (Ashurst, performance to adjust, reuse or upgrade a building to suit 2006). According to Ashworth and Larkham (1994) when new conditions or requirements (Douglas, 2006). a historic building collapsed, the history that was Adaptive re-use is a wise move to ensure that a building recorded in the same building also died and disappeared restored, given new impetus and should be used with. without being remembered by future generations. Orbasli (2008) stated that adaptive re-use works is a Adaptive re-use works on a historic building that process in which the building has been modified for the has been listed as a National Heritage Building should be new use and so leave the usage of time. done in accordance with the principles of conservation Adaptive re-use work involve works such as which have been set out in the National Heritage Act conservation, modification, repair, maintenance and 2005 and also conservation guidelines provided by the consolidation (Australia ICOMOS, 2002). Bullen (2007) local authorities of the city in which it is located. In stated that although there are many qualifying factors, the addition to the acts and national guidelines, the owner of concept of adaptive re-use has significantly support a historic buildings also have to comply with international positive strategy to make the built environmnet more charters in conduct of adaptive re-use of historic sustainable. buildings (Department of National Heritage, 2007).

Adaptive re-use of historic building as a hotel in the 2 Adaptive Re-Use of Historic UNESCO World Heritage Site of Melaka and George Buildings Town are not only able to make historic buildings prevail, but it also has a greater impact, extensive and profound. Adaptive re-use of historic building is one of the best These buildings may also become important assets to methods that can help a historic building keeps well develop a local tourism industry (Pedersen, 2002). conserved (Ahmad and Badarulzaman, 2003). Adaptive Orbasli (2000) concurred that the tourism sector is a re-use work involve works such as conservation, significant contributor to the economy of the city or the modification, repair, maintenance and consolidation historical center. Adaptive re-use of historic buildings to (Australia ICOMOS, 2002). Bullen and Love (2011) a hotel will meet the needs of the tourism sector which a Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

can provide a good return to the hotel, shops, businesses Table 1: Case study 1 – Hotel Puri at Banda Hilir, Melaka and positively support the country's tourism sector. Case Study 1: Detail

3 Objectives of Research Name: Hotel Puri, Melaka. The main objectives of this research are: Location: Core Zone. World i. To identify the common buildings element that had Heritage Site, Melaka. been renovated and maintained in adaptive re-use of Address: No.1, Jalan Tun Tan historic building as a hotel in UNESCO World Heritage Cheng Lock, 75200 Melaka. Site of Melaka and George Town. Hotel type: Boutique hotel. ii. To assess the adaptive re-use of historic building Existing function: 3 storey shop practice level as a hotel based on the principles of houses. conservation in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of No. of rooms: 82 nos. Melaka and George Town. Owner: Drs. T.S. Tan iii. To propose basic guidelines for assessing the level of adaptive re-use of historic building as a hotel based on Element Description the principle of conservation of UNESCO World 1. Facade: Heritage Site. • The facade of the hotel has been preserved as the original. 4 Research Methodology

For this research, qualitative methods was used in the study. The inventory has been carried out around Melaka 2. External wall: and George Town World Heritage Site and as a result • The hotel retains its original have led to the discovery of 35 hotels with application of external walls adaptive re-use principles. 7 hotels are located in Melaka • The walls were badly damaged and 28 hotels located in George Town. The hotels have and cannot be repaired, a new been screened to identify the four historic hotels that wall was built according to the suitable as a case study for this research based on several specifications of the original criteria to represent another 31 hotels. These criteria are: wall. While on the damaged i. The application of the adaptive reuse principles and wall, the repair works were the historic buildings located within the conservation done carefully, especially on zone of world heritage sites. the plastering of the walls. ii. Heritage Hotel. iii. The legacy that has interesting historical background. 3. Internal wall: iv. The heritage design which has interesting • Internal wall or wall divider is architecture value. the largest element modified in Hotel Puri. For this research, four ideal hotels were identified as • New partition wall constructed samples for case studies: according to new floor plan to i. Hotel Puri in Melaka World Heritage Site. create guest rooms. A dividing ii. Heeren House in Melaka World Heritage Site. wall was built in every room to iii. Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion in George Town World create a toilet and a bathroom in Heritage Site. the room for the convenience of iv. Hutton Lodge in George Town World Heritage Site. hotel guests. Two approaches have been used throughout this case • Many adjustments had to be study: made to internal wall to meet the new function as a hotel. i.Observation – observation of architectural elements 4. Ground Floor: based on the application of the adaptive re-use and • The existing cement floor was conservation principles in heritage hotels maintained and repair works ii. Interviews – Interview with hotel owners and done on the damaged floor employees to identify the application level of adaptive which patch the potholes and reuse and conservation principles used. cracks.

5 Analysis of Case Study 5. Upper Floor: • A lot of damage has occurred

on the upper floor as timber Analysis of adaptive re-use work and conservation done was used for the element. for four case studies are as follow. Conservation work has been

2 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

done to repair the damaged • China tiles that has been broken floors and replace the flooring and damaged, were replaced with timber which bears the with China tiles purchased from same characteristics as the nearest building owners which original. no longer use Genting China on their own building. 6. Column: • Hotel Puri still used the original 12. Ceiling column as the elements which Finishes: • The top floor still retains its old are still in good condition. The ceiling finishes. Repair works damaged part were repaired and were only carried out on the painting work done to restore damaged and peel par. the color of paint that had • A new type of plaster finish faded. ceiling fans have been installed in the hotel lobby to provide more attractive finish to the 7. Staircase: ceiling finishes of the hotel. • There are 2 existing stairses in Hotel Puri and 2 new staircases 13. Wall Finishes: were built in the annexe • Hotel Puri maintains the building for hotel guests. existing wall finishes, especially in the hotel lobby. • • Most of the existing wall 8. Roof finishes at the hotel was structure: • Repairs and conservation of the damaged and uprooted. roof structure has been carried • Repairing works have been out mainly on the damaged done to the wall finishes to parts. Timber structures that follow the originals. had been damaged and decayed were replaced with new timbers 14. Floor finishes: as the original one. • Floor finishes at Hotel Puri are also almost entirely broken and 9. Door: uprooted. The floor finish has • Hotel Puri still retains the main been replaced by a similar door at the entrance of the packaging with original tile hotel. Similarly, there are many specially imported from original doors in existing England. buildings. • Damage door was repaired and 15. Building the badly damaged door have facilities: • To ensure Hotel Puri provides been replaced with new doors maximum comfort and security but using the same materials to its guests, building facilities and design as the original door. such as air conditioning systems and fire fighting 10. Window: system have been installed • External windows still remains throughout the building. the original window. Although these building •The damage occurred on the facilities crippled authenticity windows repaired as soon as of Hotel Puri, building services possible in accordance with the is an important element that principles of conservation. needs to be in a hotel. • For additional buildings, the 16. Architectural design of the windows was built decoration: • No additional architectural according to the design of the decoration done to the existing original windows of Hotel Puri. ones because they are quite interesting and has a value of its 11. Roof own. Finishes: • Roof finishes of Hotel Puri were • There are many architectural maintained as they were jewels plastered, remain on the derived using China tiles. China external walls of Hotel Puri. tiles has a different pattern with These decorations have a tiles that are available today.

3 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

natural backdrop, like the 5. Upper floor: decoration of plants and • The existing upper floor of the animals that are hard to find in building was maintained. other buildings. • The damaged timber floor was repaired while the rotted timber was replaced as the original one. Table 2: Case study 2 - Heeren House at Banda Hilir, Melaka 6. Column: • Heeren House is still using the Case Study 2: Detail original column structure as the existing structure is still strong. • Existing column was repaired Name: Heeren House, Melaka. on parts which are broken or Location: Core Zone. World perforated. Heritage Site, Melaka. Address: No.1, Jalan Tun Tan 7. Staircase: Cheng Lock, 75200 Melaka. • The Heeren House retains the Hotel type: Guest House. existing structure of timber Existing function: Double storey staircase. shop houses. • Repaired work has been carried No. of rooms: 6 nos. out for staircase and wooden Owner: Mr.Bernard. handrails which have been damaged. Revarnish of Element Description staircase and handrail had been done to restore the beauty of the 1. Facade existing timber. The facade of the front, back and sides of Heeren House still 8. Roof stands as the original. structure: • The conservation work of existing timber roof structure was conducted by repair and replacement of defective and 2. External wall: rotten parts of timber. • The external walls of Heeren House remained as the original 9. Door: wall of the house. No changes • The main door of Heeren House or modifications made on the is still using the original door external wall of Heeren House. but was repaired without referring to the original door. 3. Internal wall: • A new door was installed in all • Renovations have been done on guest rooms and also on toilet internal walls of Heeren House doors in the living room. to ensure that guests can be served comfortably. The 10. Window: additional wall was built in • Many of the original buildings each guest room to provide have been damaged and need toilets and bathrooms in each new replacement windows. room. • All external windows have been • Renovations have been made to replaced with new windows the wall in order to ensure that have a design similar to the Heeren House can be serve as a original window design. hotel.

4. Ground floor: • The existing ground floor was maintained. • Most of the broken and damaged floor tiles was replaced with new floor tiles.

4 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

11.Roof finishes Table 3: Case Study 3 - Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion at • Heeren House still maintains George Town, Pulau Pinang China tiles which are specially brought from China as the Case Study 3: Detail finishing for roof. Damaged tiles were replaced with the same building materials Name: Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion, obtained from the owners of George Town adjacent buildings that are no Location: Buffer Zone. World longer used by them. Heritage Site, George Town. Address: No. 14, Lebuh Leith, 12. Ceiling 10050 George Town, Pulau finishes: • Ceiling Finishing on the top Pinang floor of Heeren House still uses Hotel type: Boutique hotel the original ceiling molding. Existing function: Mansion • Conservation and repairing No. of rooms: 16 nos works have been done on the Owner: Mr. Laurence Loh damaged section of the ceiling. Element Description 13. Wall finishes: • Most of the walls were 1. Facade: preserved. •The facade of Cheong Fatt Tze • New wall finishes have been Mansion is preserved as the installed in the bathroom / toilet original. The beauty of the in the room guests only. facade and small ceramic ornaments that characterize this 14. Floor finishes: building facade was preserved. • Installation of the new floor finish has been done in the 2. External wall: ground floor of Heeren House. • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion Floor tiles were installed on a retains the original exterior sidewalk in front of the guest walls. house, a gallery and a cafe. • The damaged parts of the wall . The new floor finishes looks repaired in accordance with the like the original floor of the specifications of the original historic building. wall. Repair work on the • In addition, new floor finishes damaged parts of the wall, done are installed in the bathroom carefully, especially on the and toilet in the guestrooms. dated plastered walls. • A gallery and café was fitted • The external walls were painted with a new floor finish. with indigo blue as can be seen 15. Building today. services: • Building services such as air • conditioning systems have been 3. Internal wall: installed in each room • Conservation work has been individually to ensure guests done to repair the damaged comfortable stay in the hotel. parts of the wall. For the • New building services such as purposes of adaptive re-use, fire extinguishing systems have many parts of the wall modified been installed to meet the to be used as a guest bedroom is requirements of the Fire inherent in the mansion. Department. • Some renovation work has been done to the internal wall of the 16. Architecture Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion to decoration: • The architectural decoration of ensure that each guest room has the Heeren house is maintained a divider wall between the as the original. living room and a separate toilet • Heeren House does not have / bathroom. outrageous architectural 4. Ground floor: decoration which needs any • The ground floor used today is adjustment to be made. the existing floor of Cheong

5 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

Fatt Tze Mansion. 9. Door: • The holes and cracks were • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion still repaired with suitable floor preserves the original main finishes. door at the entrance of the hotel • No renovation work done on the similar to the other doors in the ground floor of Cheong Fatt mansion. Tze Mansion. • At one time this old mansion 5. Upper floor: was abandoned and not • A lot of damage has occurred maintained, then many doors on the upper floors of Cheong that have been damaged. Fatt Tze Mansion. • The door, which suffered severe • Floors that were destroyed had damages have been repaired been replaced with a new floor and repainted as the original by substituting timber that has door. similar characteristic to the original timber. 10. Window: • The timber floor was varnish to • There are two types of windows make it more durable and look in the Cheong Fatt Tze more attractive. Mansion. • Windows with wooden barrel design 'gothic' and a window framed with glass panels. 6. Column: • Replacement of defective • There are two types of columns wooden barrel with similar in the Cheong Fatt Tze timber has been carried out, Mansion, which is a column of followed by re-painting wooden wrought iron and concrete. windows using traditional Specially patterned wrought organic methods. iron pillars which can be seen • Repair work to the wooden clearly in the air well are frames have been made and among the attractions in broken glass panel has been Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion. replaced with a new glass panel • The wrought iron columns which was customized as the remained in use as the elements original pattern. are still in good condition. 11. Roof finishes: • The structure of the damaged • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion's roof concrete pillar was repaired and has a very unique design that is the painting work has been hard to find on another done to restore the faded color. building. • Conservation work was carried 7. Staircase: out by replacing the broken and • There are seven existing damaged tiles purchased from staircase in the Cheong Fatt Tze the nearby building that used Mansion same type of tiles. • Two of the seven staircases are spiral staircases made of wrought iron with interesting 12. Ceiling patterned on. finishes: • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion still preserves the original ceiling moldings made of pieces of 8. Roof boards that have attractive structure: • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion still ornamental geometric pattern use the existing roof structure. on it. • However the repairing work • Work on repair and have been done to the damage rehabilitation of existing ceiling part. moldings have been made • Structure that was damaged and especially for the opening lap rotting was replaced with a new which damaged due to age building materials as the factor. original timber. • The ceiling was repainted to ensure that the ceiling look

6 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

more attractive. Mansion has been carefully restored with the help of paid 13. Wall finishes: expert artisan. • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion used • The unique architectural 'fresco' formed from lime decoration in Cheong Fatt Tze plaster in many parts of the Mansion is made from ceramic living room. glass taken from the broken • Most of it was damaged but bowls. The ceramics glass were conservation work done by permanently plastered with using the grouting injection interesting patterns and colors technique. in external and internal wall. • The fresco repainted and • The most widely used patterned 'fresco' line was repainted in are animal elements such as black Chinese ink mixed with lion and dragon that reflects glue culture of the building owner. 14. Floor finishes: Table 4: Case Study 4 - Hutton Lodge at George Town, • There are three types of floor Pulau Pinang finishes used in Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion. Case Study 4: Detail • First, the floor tiles with geometric patterned which have been used in most of the space Name: Hutton Lodge, George inside the mansion. Town • Second, the terracotta floor Location: Buffer Zone. World finishes which have been used Heritage Site, George Town. in most of the bedrooms. Address: No. 17, Jalan Hutton, • The third floor finishes is a 10050 George Town, Pulau piece of granite that was used Pinang. on the pavement and air wells. Hotel type: Budget hotel • Floor finishes at Cheong Fatt Existing function: Mansion Tze Mansion also been severely No. of rooms: 26 nos damaged. The floor of the Owner: Choong Lye Hock Estat storage containers were washed Element Descriptio and replaced with floor finishes as the original and specially 1. Facade: imported from China. As for • This building was involved in a the broken granite slabs, they fire back in 2003. have been replaced with granite • The facade of the hotel has collected from nearby shop that been managed to be preserved no longer use in the building. as the original because it was 15. Building not burned and the outside services: • Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion was walls still clearly visible. built hundreds years ago. No building services installed in 2. External the mansion at the time. Most wall: • The existing walls survived in of the existing building services the fire are installed today after the • The external walls of Hutton owners decided to adaptive re- Lodge which survived in the use of Cheong Fatt Tze fire have been restored. The Mansion as a hotel. works of scraping old paint, • Building services such as air plastering the walls, especially conditioning have been the hollow and repainting the installed to ensure hotel guests walls with new paint were receive optimum comfort done. during the stay. Air • No modification is done to the conditioning has been installed external wall of Hutton Lodge. in many parts of the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion. 16. Architecture Decoration: • Architectural decoration at the outer wall of Cheong Fatt Tze

7 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

3. Internal wall: • The internal walls which survived in the fire have been restored while the reconstruction is done for the wall which was destroyed by fire. 9. Door: • Several additions have been • Doors in the Hutton Lodge has made to the wall to ensure been replaced with new doors Hutton Lodge can meet new as the existing doors were function as a hotel. destroyed in the fire. • The existing walls have been • For the main front doors, rear modified according to the new doors and side doors, wood floor plan to change the paneled doors with unique function of from bungalow to a design and quality finishes have hotel. been used. While flush doors have been used for all hotel 4. Ground floor: room doors. • The ground floor which survived the fire has been rebuilt to get stronger floor structure. 10. Window: • The windows in the Hutton Lodge has been replaced with a 5. Upper floor: new frame and shutters to • The reconstruction was done on replace all the windows which the upper floor which was destroyed in fire. completely burnt the timber • Window with wooden ram and floor when the fire broke out. casement has been used as • Fire Department has banned the external window. While the reuse of timber floors due to iron grille was installed at fire safety. ground floor windows to • A new concrete floor was built prevent intruders from getting to replace the timber floor. into the hotel. 6. Column: • The existing column is 11. Roof conserved and conservation finishes: • The new roof finishes was build work has been carried out on to replace the existing roof the damaged part due to the finishes that had been destroyed fire. in fire. • No renovation work done to the • The roof tile patterns are the column of Hutton Lodge. same as the original clay roof tiles patterns. 7. Staircase: • The existing staircase which destroyed in the fire has been replaced with a new staircase using concrete and wooden handrail. The staircase was built in its original position. • As for the annex building, a 12. Ceiling new concrete stairses was built finishes: • New ceiling finishes were built for the convenience of hotel to replace the original ceiling guests staying in rear wing of moldings that were burnt in the the hotel. fire • Asbestos free ceiling are used in 8. Roof the reconstruction of upper Structure: • The new roof structure was level of Hutton Lodge. built using timber as the original structure was destroyed 13. Wall in the fire. finishes: • There’s no wall finishes in existing Hutton Lodge. Adaptive

8 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

re-use work to change bungalow These five elements have of percentages modification into a comfortable budget hotel exceeds 10% as compared to the other elements.Wall is floors needs wall finishes. an elements that has the highest percentages of • Wall tiles measure 1 'x 1' used in modification in adaptive re-use work of historic building the toilet in each of the room and as a hotel. Frequent modification done is the addition of also in the shared toilet used by walls in order to form more areas for living rooms and guests staying at dormitari. toilets. Unfortunately, most of the walls are not built in 14. Floor accordance with the original building material as the finishes: • The new floor finishes was original existing wall. installed in Hutton Lodge due to the existing floor finish has 6.2 Second Research Findings been destroyed by fire in the past. The results of the observations that have been made over • Almost the entire ground floor 4 selected hotels have shown that only two from four of the Hutton Lodge using hotels achieved adaptive re-use principles in accordance cement as floor finishes. with the principles of conservation.As a result of this • However, in certain areas such finding, it indicate that most hotel owners are not focused as on the front porch and the on conservation principles outlined by the local porch edge Hutton Lodge has a authorities in carrying out the adaptive re-use of historic floor tile to form a pattern on building works as a hotel. the floor. • The carpet was installed in the guest rooms for the comfort of 6.3 Third Research Findings hotel guests. 1'x 1’ sized floor tile has been The proposed assessment method is not only suitable for used in the toilet adaptive re-use of historic building as a hotel but also can 15. Building be used to evaluate the adaptive re-use of historical services: • The original building of Hutton buildings with other functions.Simple formula introduced Lodge does not have any the number of architectural elements preserved which building services. meets the principles of conservation will be divided by • Building services such as air- the total number of elements that are evaluated. Then conditioning systems, cctv multiply by one hundred to obtain the percentage level of camera systems, fire protection, adaptive re-use made by the historic buildings. internet and television services have been installed for the References comfort and safety of the guests. 1. Ahmad, A. G. and Badarulzaman, N. Adaptive Re-Use for Sustainable Heritage 16. Architectural Tourism in Malaysia. Journal of Tourism. decoration: • Architectural decoration in the 51(2). 205-214. (2003) Hutton Lodge is very simple 2. Ashurst, J. Conservation of Ruins. Oxford, and has been retained as before. Butterworth-Heinemann. (2006). 3. Ashworth, G.J. and Larkham, P.J. Building a New heritage: Tourism, Culture and Identity in the New Europe. London, Routledge. (1994) 4. Australia International Council on Monument 6 Findings and Site (ICOMOS). ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter: Principles and The findings of this research will hopefully help people Guidelines for Managing Tourism at Places of in gaining knowledge, understanding of data and Cultural and Heritage Significance. Victoria: information on adaptive re-use of historic building as a Australia International Council on Monument hotel and adaptive re-use principle that has been done and Site (ICOMOS) Incorporated. Retrieved based on the principles of conservation. 02/06/2015,from http://australia.icomos.org/publications/burra- 6.1 First Research Findings charter- practice- notes/. (2002) 5. Bullen, P. A.and love, P. E. D). Adaptive The results of the study conducted found that most Reuse of Heritage Buildings. Structural frequent element renovated building in the historic Survey. 29(5).411-421. (2011) building as the hotel adaptive re-use frequency are the 6. Department of National Heritage. 50 Warisan wall, a building, wall finishes, ceiling and floor finishes. Kebangsaan. Kuala Lumpur, Kementerian

9 MATEC Web of Conferences 66, 00030 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20166600030

IBCC 2016

Perpaduan, Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Warisan Malaysia. (2007) 7. Douglas, J. Building Adaptation, 2nd ed., Heriot Watt University, Edinburg, United Kingdom, Butterworth-Heinemann. (2006) 8. Feildin B. M. Conservation of Historic Buildings, London, Butterworth Scientific. (1982) 9. Ismail, M.Y. Rehabilitation of Heritage Building in Malaysia. Undergraduate Dissertation, Shah Alam, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 10. Orbasli, A. Tourist in Historic Towns. London & New York: E & FN Spon.. (2000) 11. Orbasli, A. Architectural Conservation. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd. (2008) 12. Pedersen, A. Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: A Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2002)