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Kajian Arsitektural Tionghoa Pada Rumah Tjong a Fie Dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze Skripsi Oleh Natasha Shafira Jiemy 150406103 !

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Kajian Arsitektural Tionghoa Pada Rumah Tjong a Fie Dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze Skripsi Oleh Natasha Shafira Jiemy 150406103 ! KAJIAN ARSITEKTURAL TIONGHOA PADA RUMAH TJONG A FIE DAN RUMAH CHEONG FATT TZE SKRIPSI OLEH NATASHA SHAFIRA JIEMY 150406103 ! DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 KAJIAN ARSITEKTURAL TIONGHOA PADA RUMAH TJONG A FIE DAN RUMAH CHEONG FATT TZE SKRIPSI Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Teknik Oleh : NATASHA SHAFIRA JIEMY 150406103 DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas berkah dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan penelitian ini dengan judul “Kajian Arsitektural Tionghoa pada Rumah Tjong A Fie dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze”. Penelitian ini diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk menempuh Sarjana Teknik Program Studi Arsitektur di Universitas Sumatera Utara. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa laporan ini masih banyak kekurangan dan masih jauh dari sempurna karena menyadari segala keterbatasan yang ada. Penulis berusaha untuk menghasilkan penelitian ini dengan sebaik- baiknya agar berguna bagi banyak pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis sangat membutuhkan dukungan dan bantuan pikiran dengan bentuk kritik dan saran yang membangun. Penelitian ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan dan dukungan berbagai pihak yang telah memberikan dorongan semangat dan doa kepada penulis sehingga pada kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih bagi semua pihak yang telah memberikan semangat dan bantuan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam penyusunan skrispi ini, terutama kepada: 1. Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunia-Nya kepada penulis. i 2. Kedua orang tua, ayahanda M. Indra Jiemy dan Ibunda Shelviana Asyanti Manthey serta kepada saudara kandung saya Rayhan Aulia Jiemy yang selalu memberikan doa, dukungan dan kasih sayang kepada penulis. 3. Bapak Ir. Novrial M. Eng selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah memberikan waktu, tenaga dan pikirannya dalam memberikan bimbingan saran, petunjuk, pengetahuan dan pengarahan selama penyusunan penelitian ini. 4. Ibu Isnen Fitri S.T., M. Eng, Bapak Dr. Imam Faisal Pane S.T., IPM, selaku Dosen Penguji Studi Perencanaan Lingkungan Binaan II yang telah memberikan saran dan masukan untuk penelitian ini. 5. Ibu Dr.Ir. Dwira Nirfalini Aulia M.Sc. selaku Ketua Departemen Arsitektur dan Ibu Beny o. Y. Marpaung, S.T., M.T., PhD., IPM selaku Sekretaris Departemen Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara. 6. Bapak dan Ibu Staf pengajar dan seluruh pegawai Departemen Teknik Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Arsitektur Universitas Sumatera Utara. 7. Kim Namjoon, Kim Seokjin, Min Yoongi, Jung Hoseok, Park Jimin, Kim Taehyung dan Jeon Jungkook yang telah memberikan semangat dan memotivasi penulis. 8. Teman-teman satu bimbingan tugas akhir, Pratiwi Ningtyas dan Fahmi Ilmi Roihan. 9. Ciwiciwi, Amanda Yasmine, Nabila Meka, Nabila Fairuz, Ririn Asfrita, Fazra Risky, Dinda Shahab yang telah memberikan doa, dukungan kepada penulis. ii 10. Sahabat-sahabat saya, Juviana Tantri, Devi Kosasih, Valentina Sinaga, Elisabeth Nainggolan, kak Renia Sinaga yang telah memberikan waktu, tenaga dan dukungan kepada penulis. 11. Seluruh sahabat dan kerabat yang tidak dapat saya tuliskan satu per satu atas dukungannya yang sangat baik. Dengan selesainya tugas skripsi ini, penulis berharap penelitian ini dapat memberikan manfaat baik pada penulis pada khususnya maupun bagi semua pihak pada umumnya. Medan, Juli 2019 Natasha Shafira Jiemy iii ABSTRAK Arsitektur Tionghoa yang terdapat di Asia Tenggara memiliki karakteristik khas yang berasal dari arsitektur China Selatan. Rumah Tjong A Fie dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze merupakan bangunan bersejarah yang memiliki nilai sejarah dan budaya khas bergaya arsitektur Tionghoa yang dinilai memiliki beberapa persamaan dalam bentuk arsitektural dan filosofis dengan bangunan yang terdapat di Cina Selatan. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan tentang karakteristik arsitektur Tionghoa yang ada di Rumah Tjong A Fie dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas dan karakteristik arsitektural Tionghoa kedua bangunan tersebut dengan melihat aspek fisik dan aspek non fisik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tahap pengumpulan data dengan mengamati dan mencatat kemudian mendeskripsikan hasil penelitian tersebut menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Data-data mengenai sejarah bangunan, riwayat fisik bangunan serta gambar arsitektur bangunan dahulu dan saat ini dikumpulkan sebagai pertimbangan dalam mengambil data. Hasil dari penelitian mengidentifikasi tentang karakteristik arsitektur Tionghoa pada Rumah Tjong A Fie dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze yang terbentuk ciri khas bangunan yang terdapat di Cina bagian selatan. Kata kunci: Rumah Tjong A Fie, Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze, Arsitektur Cina Selatan iv ABSTRACT Chinese architecture found in Southeast Asia has distinctive characteristics originating from South Chinese architecture. The Tjong A Fie House and Cheong Fatt Tze House are historical buildings that have unique historical and cultural values in the style of Chinese architecture which are considered to have some similarities in architectural and philosophical forms with buildings found in South China. This study describes the characteristics of Chinese architecture in the Tjong A Fie House and Cheong Fatt Tze House. This study aims to determine the identity and architectural characteristics of the two buildings by looking at the physical and non-physical aspects. The research was conducted with the data collection stage by observing and recording and then describing the results of the study using a descriptive approach. Data on the history of the building, the physical history of the building and the architectural drawings of the building in the past and currently collected as a consideration in taking data. The results of the study identified the characteristics of Chinese architecture at the Tjong A Fie House and Cheong Fatt Tze House which formed the characteristic of buildings found in southern China. Keywords: Tjong A Fie House, Cheong Fatt Tze House, South China Architecture v DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………………i ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………..………….iv DAFTAR ISI ……………………………………….…………………………..vii DAFTAR TABEL ……………………………………………….……..…….…..x DAFTAR GAMBAR ……………………………………………………………xi BAB I PENDAHULUAN…………..…………………………………...1 1.1. Latar Belakang.……………………………….………….…..1 1.2. Permasalahan Penelitian.……………………….…………....4 1.3. Tujuan Penelitian.………………….…………………….…..4 1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ………………….………………….……4 1.5. Batasan Penelitian………………….……….…………….....5 1.6. Kerangka Berfikir………………….………………………...6 1.7. Sistematika Penelitian……………….…………….……..….8 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA …………………………….…………10 2.1. Sejarah Perkembangan Arsitektur Cina ………….………...10 2.2. Sejarah Rumah Tjong A Fie………………..…..…………..15 2.3. Sejarah Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze…………………………...18 2.4. Aspek Fisik Arsitektur Tionghoa…………………………...20 2.4.1. Ruang Halaman Terbuka (Courtyard)….….………...21 2.4.2. Bentuk Atap yang Khas………….….……….……... 23 2.4.3. Elemen Struktural Terbuka……..…………….……...29 2.4.4. Penggunaan Warna yang Khas……..………………..31 2.5. Aspek Non Fisik Arsitektur Tionghoa…………….………..33 2.5.1. Feng Shui………….………………………………... 34 vi 2.5.2. Konfusianisme (Kong Hu Chu)……..………..……..37 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN.………….…………..………39 3.1. Jenis Penelitian………………………….………..………...39 3.2. Objek Penelitian………………….………………..……….40 3.3. Metode Pengumpulan Data………………………..……….42 3.3.1. Studi Literatur……….………………………..……..42 3.3.2. Observasi…………………………………….……....43 3.3.3. Wawancara………………………………..………....43 3.4. Sumber Data…………………………………….….……....45 3.4.1. Sumber Data Primer………………………..……......45 3.4.2. Sumber Data Sekunder…………………….….……..47 3.6. Metoda Analisa Data………………………….…….……...48 BAB IV DESKRIPSI OBJEK PENELITIAN………………..………..50 4.1. Deskripsi Rumah Tjong A Fie…………………..………….50 4.2. Deskripsi Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze.………………..……….53 BAB V HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN………………………………..56 5.1. Karakteristik Arsitektur Tionghoa dari Cina Selatan……....56 5.1.1. Aspek Fisik………………………………..………....57 5.1.2. Aspek Non Fisik……………………..……………....65 5.2. Rumah Tjong A Fie…………………………..………….....68 5.2.1. Aspek Fisik………………………………..…………68 5.2.2. Aspek Non Fisik…………………………..…………77 5.3. Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze…………………………..……......81 5.3.1. Aspek Fisik………………………………..………....81 5.3.2. Aspek Non Fisik …………………………..………...91 vii 5.4. Analisis Arsitektural Rumah Tjong A Fie dan Rumah Cheong Fatt Tze………………………………..………....95 5.4.1. Analisis Aspek Fisik ……………………..………...96 5.4.2. Analisis Aspek Non Fisik…………………..………99 BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN……………………..………103 6.1. Kesimpulan……………………………………..……….103 6.2. Saran……………………………………….……………109 DAFTAR PUSTAKA…………………………………………..….…..……109 viii DAFTAR TABEL No Judul Hal Tabel 2.1. Variasi penekanan pada bentuk atap……………………………….24 Tabel 2.2. Tipe gunungan pada atap Tionghoa………………………………..26 Tabel 2.3. Tipe bubungan pada atap Tionghoa………………………………..27 Tabel 2.4. Tipe dinding samping atap pelana Tionghoa………………………27 Tabel 5.1. Analisis kesesuaian aspek fisik berdasarkan karakteristik bangunan di Cina Selatan…………………………………………………….98 Tabel 5.2. Analisis kesesuaian aspek non fisik berdasarkan karakteristik bangunan di Cina Selatan……………..…………………………101 ix DAFTAR GAMBAR No Judul Hal Gambar 1.1. Kerangka Berfikir……………………………………..….……….7 Gambar 2.1. Etnis Hakka Tionghoa yang berada di Malaya Britania (Singapura)………………………………………………………12 Gambar 2.2. Peta penjelajahan China di dunia pada abad ke-15……………...13 Gambar 2.3. Suasana Pecinan abad ke-19 di wilayah Jakarta, Indonesia……..14 Gambar 2.4. Tokoh Tjong A Fie ……….………………………………..…….16
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