Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18360-5 — Syria, the Strength of an Idea Karim Atassi Index More Information 483 I N D E X 1920 constitution 1950 constitution adoption of 80 adoption of 176 , 179 Declaration of Rights 73 – 74 agrarian question 6 , 181 drat ing of 69 – 70 Assembly of Deputies 186 – 88 executive powers of the General constitutional revision 191 – 92 G o v e r n m e n t 7 5 – 7 6 executive power constraints 5 – 6 , 180 executive powers of the King 74 – 75 executive powers 188 – 90 legislative powers 76 – 78 government 190 – 91 the national question in 184 interruptions to 5 p a r l i a m e n t a r y m o n a r c h y 7 1 – 7 2 , 7 5 legislative powers 186 the provinces under 72 – 73 , 79 – 80 military inl uence and 173 – 74 separation of religion and politics 71 the national question 184 – 85 and Syrian independence 4 overview of 5 – 6 , 153 1928 constitution restoration of 193 1948 revision of 148 – 50 , 156 social issues 6 , 179 – 83 , 207 – 8 Article 116 109 , 139 sovereignty 185 – 86 Assembly of Deputies 104 – 5 1953 constitution the Executive 105 – 7 abolition of 193 i rst reading of 101 democratic guarantees 233 – 35 French objections to 108 – 9 duration of 225 government’s ten points 98 – 99 government 244 high commission’s revisions to legislative powers 237 108 – 9 , 139 national wealth organization 236 – 37 legislative powers 104 the president 241 – 44 the national question in 102 – 4 , for a presidential regime 225 , 180 , 184 231 – 33 overview of 4 – 5 , 101 – 2 the assembly 237 – 41 as pan- Syrian 162 , 184 1961 provisional constitution 208 – 10 restoration of 136 – 37 1962 constitution 1949 constitutional referendum adoption of 217 – 20 159 – 60 as emergency constitution 215 – 17 1949 drat constitution overview of 6 drat constitution 160 – 63 , 207 1964 provisional constitution executive powers 162 – 63 Arab socialism 273 legislative powers 162 citizens’ rights 271 – 72 1949 drat provisional constitution collegiate governance 7 , 275 170 – 71 , 208 – 9 council of ministers 274 – 75 483 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18360-5 — Syria, the Strength of an Idea Karim Atassi Index More Information 484 484 Index executive and legislative powers President of the Republic 313 – 15 271 , 273 – 75 role of the army 309 – 10 and the First Regional Congress 270 role of the Ba’th 7 – 8 , 309 National Revolutionary Council 2012 constitution (NRC) 265 , 273 – 74 , 275 – 76 Arabic language 388 – 89 Presidential Council 273 – 74 , 276 control of the constitutionality of revisions to 275 – 76 laws 406 – 7 Syrian Arab Republic 271 economic principles 391 – 92 the Syrian l ag 271 educational and cultural 1966 constitutional arrangement principles 393 – 94 7 , 281 – 82 electoral law 399 1969 provisional constitution executive powers 404 – 5 and the 1971 provisional future amendments to 407 – 8 constitution 300 – 3 judicial powers 405 – 7 citizens’ rights 292 – 93 legislative powers 398 economic principles 292 legislative powers of the education and culture 292 president 402 – 4 fundamental principles 291 overview of 8 , 386 – 87 head of state and council of People’s Assembly 398 ministers 294 political pluralism 389 – 90 , 405 institutions of state power 293 – 95 political principles 388 local people’s assemblies 294 – 95 popular democracy 402 people’s assemblies 293 – 94 preamble 387 preamble 290 – 91 president of the republic 399 – 402 role of the army 291 public organizations 390 role of the Ba’th party 290 , 291 , 292 , 295 rights and freedoms 394 – 97 1971 provisional constitution role of the army 390 – 91 as amended version of 1969 rule of law 398 constitution 300 social principles 392 – 93 council of ministers 301 – 2 Syrian nationality 396 People’s Assembly 300 – 1 2014 presidential elections and personalization of the regime 7 2014 electoral law 415 – 17 President of the Republic candidates and campaigns 417 301 , 302 – 3 domestic situation 413 – 14 role of the Ba’th party 301 , 302 – 3 expatriate Syrian votes 416 – 17 role of the Regional Command 302 extension of Bashar Assad’s 1973 constitution term 414 – 15 council of ministers 315 the opposition and 412 – 13 Declaration of Rights 310 – 11 regional and international drat ing of 308 situation 414 electoral law 316 – 17 result 417 – 18 Fundamental Principles 309 – 11 signii cance of 418 future amendments to 316 2015 Iranian initiative 454 – 55 judicial powers 315 – 16 2016 constitutional texts legislative powers 311 absence of dimension rel ecting People’s Assembly 311 – 13 Syrian identity 447 and personalization of the regime 7 Carter Center revision of the 2012 preamble 308 – 9 constitution 447 – 49 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18360-5 — Syria, the Strength of an Idea Karim Atassi Index More Information 485 Index 485 provisional constitution for the Ali, Mohamad transitional period 450 – 51 and the Arab renaissance 23 – 24 the Russian constitutional and Ibrahim Pasha 12 proposal 451 – 54 invasion of Syria (1831) 11 , 13 – 14 military involvement in the Greek Abed, Ali 112 , 113 – 15 , 122 c r i s i s 1 2 – 1 3 Al- Afghani, Jamal Din 24 and the Sharif of Mecca 32 A l aq, Michel as threat to British commercial Ba’th ideology 253 , 369 interests 19 – 20 Ba’th socialism 269 , 371 withdrawal from Syria 16 – 17 cabinet of national unity 166 Al- Kahtania 2 5 – 2 6 exile in Lebanon 245 , 248 , 283 Allenby, Edmund, 1st Viscount Allenby as founder of the Ba’th 158 , 369 41 , 42 , 54 as national secretary 278 , 279 Amer, General Abdel- Hakim 203 – 4 tripartite discussions 344 Arab Congress (1913) 26 – 28 Agrarian reforms Arab Federal State (AFS) Assad regime 326 340 – 41 , 343 – 44 under the 1950 constitutions 6 , Arab Liberation Movement (ALM) 181 , 207 – 8 230 – 31 , 248 under the Fourth Republic Arab renaissance (nahda ) 2 3 – 2 4 262 – 63 Arab socialism under the military republic 230 in the Ba’th trilogy 371 – 72 , 374 – 77 and reformist socialism 208 and the 2012 constitution 391 Alaa’ el- Din Droubi 69 and social issues 206 – 8 , 262 – 63 Al- ’Ahd (h e Covenant) 26 , 30 , United Arab Republic of Egypt, 3 9 – 4 0 , 7 2 – 7 3 Syria, and Iraq 344 – 45 Al- Arabia Al- Fatat (Arab Youth) 26 , 29 , Arab Socialist Party 30 , 39 – 40 , 58 initial support for 1949 coup d’état Alassar, Colonel Badr 214 , 215 157 , 164 – 65 Alawi territory merger with the Arab Ba’th Party 245 reattachment, Franco- Syrian treaty A r a b S p r i n g 8 119 , 121 , 122 – 23 , 131 , 136 Arab state separation of under the French under the revised Sykes- Picot mandate 4 , 85 , 88 , 95 , 101 , 102 , agreement 53 – 55 113 – 14 , 115 – 16 territorial division of 32 – 33 , 41 , within the Syrian Federation 42 , 47 – 48 g r o u p i n g 9 0 Arabism Aleppo Faysal’s nation state 44 under Ibrahim Pasha 15 transition from Arab- ness 34 pashalik, Ottoman Empire 13 and the union with Egypt 340 reattachment, Franco- Syrian treaty Arafat, Yasser 279 , 323 – 24 , 354 , 466 119 , 121 , 122 – 23 , 131 , 136 A r m y see also coup d’états and reintegration under French 1969 provisional constitution mandate 90 – 92 and 291 separation of under the French 1973 constitution and 309 – 10 mandate 4 , 85 , 88 , 95 , 101 , 102 , 2012 constitution and 390 – 91 113 – 14 , 115 – 16 Ba’th civilian/ military relations 253 territory of 145 – 46 checks on, 1950 constitution 180 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18360-5 — Syria, the Strength of an Idea Karim Atassi Index More Information 486 486 Index Army (cont.) National Democratic Rally 324 – 25 and the civil war 436 national project in the regional arena collapse of the United Arab 333 – 34 , 337 Republic 204 – 6 opposition to 324 – 25 form of, post- civil war 455 – 56 overview of 336 – 37 function of during Husni Al- Zaim’s political stability under 318 – 19 regime 158 sectarian analysis of (New as an ideological army 278 , 284 , 285 , Orientalists) 329 – 31 286 , 291 , 310 , 336 , 456 Seventh Regional Congress 321 – 22 military ties with Egypt 202 , 203 – 4 Sixth National Congress 325 – 26 National Security Council Sixth Regional Congress 320 – 21 (NSC) 211 – 12 Syrian– US relations 335 o i cers in the 1963 coup 256 h irteenth National opposition to General Congress 322 – 23 Shishakli 249 T w e l t h National Congress 321 and the Palestinian war 150 A s s a d , B a s h a r see also 2014 presidential political involvement of, elections ; Fit h Republic 1949- 51 174 – 79 call for national compact 433 post- 1963 coup 266 inaugural speech 356 – 58 proscription of SSNP 197 – 98 , 201 investiture 354 protection of the government, 1948/ partial reforms under 7 9 150 – 51 role during proposed transition reinforcement of 228 period 448 relations with the People’s Party succession of 356 178 – 79 , 226 – 27 support for resistance movements, role in the Second Republic wider Middle East 467 – 68 153 – 54 , 158 Assad, Hafez role in the h ird Republic 228 , air force commander- in- chief 266 245 – 46 , 251 alliance with USSR 335 stance on federation with clash with Ahmed Suwaydani 287 Iraq 171 – 73 common front of progressive and union with Iraq 261 , 347 nationalist parties 305 ‘As abiya 332 – 33 , 355 , 370 , 382 – 83 , 456 governments under 318 A s s a d r e g i m e see also 1973 as guide for the Syrian constitution ; Assad, Hafez people 306 – 7 agrarian reforms 326 legislative decrees 317 – 18 corruption 319 – 20 personalization of the regime 7 , the economy 326