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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography

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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Hope Shinn, Librarian, NOAA Central Library NCRL subject guide 2019-11 doi: 10.25923/hhrp-xq11 September 2019 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA Central Library – Silver Spring, Maryland Table of Contents Background & Scope ................................................................................................................................. 3 Sources Reviewed ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I: Corals and UV Filters ................................................................................................................. 4 Section II: Endocrine Disruption/Toxicology of Coral Reef Associated Organisms ................................. 10 Section III: Environmental Fate and Life Cycle of UV Filters in Marine Environments ........................... 25 Section IV: Concentrations of UV Filters in Marine Environments ......................................................... 51 Section V: Laboratory Studies on the Toxicity and Endocrine Disruption Effects of UV Filters .............. 94 2 Background & Scope The NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) is in the process of evaluating research pertaining to coral reef health, especially as concerned with ultraviolet (UV) filters in sunscreen. To that end, the NOAA Central Library reviewed and reorganized an existing EndNote library on the topic that was compiled by Cheryl Woodley of the CRCP. The NOAA Central Library also conducted a literature search to identify any material that might be missing from the EndNote library. This bibliography is the result of the Library’s reorganization and literature search from the original EndNote library. Section I – Corals and UV Filters This section includes literature that directly studies the impacts of UV filters on corals. Section II – Endocrine Disruption/Toxicology of Coral Reef Associated Organisms This section includes literature that directly studies the endocrine disruption and toxicology effects of UV filters on coral reef associated aquatic organisms found within the marine environment. Laboratory studies on endocrine disruption and toxicology of UV filters are included in Section V. Section III – Environmental Fate and Life Cycle of UV Filters in Marine Environments This section includes literature on the environmental fate of UV filters in the marine environment, specifically the chemical life cycle of the filters through degradation. This section includes laboratory studies as well as studies within the environment. Section IV – Concentrations of UV Filters in Marine Environments This section includes literature on the measured environmental concentrations of UV filters in marine environments, including but not limited to coral reef ecosystems. Section V – Laboratory Studies on the Toxicity and Endocrine Disruption Effects of UV Filters This section includes literature on the toxicity and endocrine disruption effects of UV filters, specifically laboratory studies. The literature here includes studies done on non-aquatic organisms and cell lines, including those done on humans and human cell lines. Sources Reviewed The Library consulted the following sources for literature: ScienceDirect, Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, Google Scholar, EBSCO Academic Search Complete and Environment Complete, Proquest’s Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, JSTOR, and BioOne Complete. 3 Section I: Corals and UV Filters Corinaldesi, C., Marcellini, F., Nepote, E., Damiani, E., & Danovaro, R. (2018). Impact of Inorganic UV Filters Contained in Sunscreen Products on Tropical Stony Corals (Acropora Spp.). Science of The Total Environment, 637-638, 1279-1285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.108 Most coral reefs worldwide are threatened by natural and anthropogenic impacts. Among them, the release in seawater of sunscreen products commonly used by tourists to protect their skin against the harmful effects of UV radiations, can affect tropical corals causing extensive and rapid bleaching. The use of inorganic (mineral) filters, such as zinc and titanium dioxide (ZnO and TiO2) is increasing due to their broad UV protection spectrum and their limited penetration into the skin. In the present study, we evaluated through laboratory experiments, the impact on the corals Acropora spp. of uncoated ZnO nanoparticles and two modified forms of TiO2 (Eusolex(R)T2000 and Optisol), largely utilized in commercial sunscreens together with organic filters. Our results demonstrate that uncoated ZnO induces a severe and fast coral bleaching due to the alteration of the symbiosis between coral and zooxanthellae. ZnO also directly affects symbiotic dinoflagellates and stimulates microbial enrichment in the seawater surrounding the corals. Conversely, Eusolex(R) T2000 and Optisol caused minimal alterations in the symbiotic interactions and did not cause bleaching, resulting more eco-compatible than ZnO. Due to the vulnerability of coral reefs to anthropogenic impacts and global change, our findings underline the need to accurately evaluate the effect of commercial filters on stony corals to minimize or avoid this additional source of impact to the life and resilience ability of coral reefs. Danovaro, R., Bongiorni, L., Corinaldesi, C., Giovannelli, D., Damiani, E., Astolfi, P., . Pusceddu, A. (2008). Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(4), 441-447 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10966 BACKGROUND: Coral bleaching (i.e., the release of coral symbiotic zooxanthellae) has negative impacts on biodiversity and functioning of reef ecosystems and their production of goods and services. This increasing world-wide phenomenon is associated with temperature anomalies, high irradiance, pollution, and bacterial diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that personal care products, including sunscreens, have an impact on aquatic organisms similar to that of other contaminants. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to evaluate the potential impact of sunscreen ingredients on hard corals and their symbiotic algae. METHODS: In situ and laboratory experiments were conducted in several tropical regions (the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the Red Sea) by supplementing coral branches with aliquots of sunscreens and common ultraviolet filters contained in sunscreen formula. Zooxanthellae were checked for viral infection by epifluorescence and transmission electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS: Sunscreens cause the rapid and complete bleaching of hard corals, even at extremely low concentrations. The effect of sunscreens is due to organic ultraviolet filters, which are able to induce the lytic viral cycle in symbiotic zooxanthellae with latent infections. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that sunscreens, by promoting viral infection, potentially play an important role in coral bleaching in areas prone to high levels of recreational use by humans. Downs, C. A., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Fauth, J., Segal, R., Bronstein, O., Jeger, R., . Loya, Y. (2014). Toxicological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter, Benzophenone-2, on Planulae and in Vitro Cells of the Coral, Stylophora Pistillata. Ecotoxicology, 23(2), 175-191 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1161-y 4 Benzophenone-2 (BP-2) is an additive to personal-care products and commercial solutions that protects against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. BP-2 is an “emerging contaminant of concern” that is often released as a pollutant through municipal and boat/ship wastewater discharges and landfill leachates, as well as through residential septic fields and unmanaged cesspits. Although BP-2 may be a contaminant on coral reefs, its environmental toxicity to reefs is unknown. This poses a potential management issue, since BP-2 is a known endocrine disruptor as well as a weak genotoxicant. We examined the effects of BP-2 on the larval form (planula) of the coral, Stylophora pistillata, as well as its toxicity to in vitro coral cells. BP-2 is a photo-toxicant; adverse effects are exacerbated in the light versus in darkness. Whether in darkness or light, BP-2 induced coral planulae to transform from a motile planktonic state to a deformed, sessile condition. Planulae exhibited an increasing rate of coral bleaching in response to increasing concentrations of BP-2. BP-2 is a genotoxicant to corals, exhibiting a strong positive relationship between DNA-AP lesions and increasing BP-2 concentrations. BP-2 exposure in the light induced extensive necrosis in both the epidermis and gastrodermis. In contrast, BP-2 exposure in darkness induced autophagy and autophagic cell death. The LC50 of BP-2 in the light for an 8 and 24 h exposure was 120 and 165 parts per billion (ppb), respectively. The LC50s for BP-2 in darkness for the same time points were 144 and 548 ppb. Deformity EC20 levels (24 h) were 246 parts per trillion in the light and 9.6 ppb in darkness. Downs, C. A., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Segal, R., Fauth, J., Knutson, S., Bronstein, O., . Loya, Y. (2016). Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter, Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3), on Coral Planulae and Cultured Primary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 70(2), 265-288 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7
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