existingexisting option hashas beenbeen slightly singlesingle densitydenSity ifif thethe drive isn'tisn't thethe DOSDOS command inin BASIC.BASIC: changed:changed: Option J,j, DuplicateDuplicate Disk, 1050-compatible.1050-compatible. UsuallyUsually this takestakes 10 toto 20 seconds now formatsformats thethe targettarget disk beforebefore Incidentally,Incidentally, ifif youyou selectselect opop­ or more.more. ButBut withwith DUP.SYSDUP.5YS stored copying.copying. tiontion Jj (Duplicate(Duplicate Disk) withwith DOS inin thethe RAM disk, thethe DOSDOS 2.52.5 menumenu Three new utility filesfiles are inin­ 2.52.5 whenwhen using a 1050 drive, the comes up almost instantlyinstantly when cluded withwith DOSDOS 2.5.2.5. The first,first, disk is automaticallyautomatically formattedformatted in youyou type DOS.DOS. SETUP.COM,SETUP. COM, lets you customize DOS inin various ways withoutwithout the ~------L------i POKEs that used to be necessary. POKEs that used to be necessary. Memory Location 54017 (130XE Only) ForFor instance, you can significantlysignificantly speed up disk accesses by turning Bit Position Function off the write-with-verify mode. You can also set upup one of three 0° If 1, enable OS ROM, disable RAM from $C000-$FFFFSCOOO-SFFFF (default) AUTORUN.SYS files:files: the usual RS- IfIf 0,0, disable OS ROM, enable RAM from $C000-$FFFFSCOOO-SFFFF X1 IfU 0, enable BASIC ROM at $A000-$BFFFSAOOO-$8FFF (default)*(default)- 232 handler for the 850 Interface 232 handler for the 850 Interface IfIf 1, disable BASIC ROM, enable RAM at $A0O0-$BFFFSAOOO-SBFFF Module; a file which automatically 2-3 IfU 00 (decimal 0), switch firstfirst 16K bank of extra 64K into boots a BASIC program; or a file a $4000-$7FFF$4OOO-S7FFF which boots both the RS-232 han­ han IfU 01 (decimal 4), switch second 16K bank 16K of extra 64K intointo dler and a BASIC program. $4O00-$7FFF$4OOO-S7FFF If 10 (decimal 8), switch third 16K bank of extra 64K into The second utility, DISKFIX-DISKFIX­ $4000-$7FFF$4OOO-S7FFF .COM, can help clean up garbled If 11 (decimal(decima112),12), switch fourth 16K bank of extra 64K into disks by closing open files and veriveri­ $4000-$7FFF$4000-S7FFF 4 IfU 1,1, deny 6502 access to extra bank (default) fying that allocated sectors corre fying that allocated sectors corre­ If a, 0,allow 6502 access to extra bank spond to information in the disk 5 If I, deny ANTIC access to extraeXtra bank (default) directory. It can even recover dede­ If 0, 0,allow ANTIC access to extra bank leted files, as long as new data 6 Not presently used. Default ="'" 1 7 If 1, disable self-test ROM, enable RAM at $5000-$57FF hasn't been saved over the deleted 7 If 1, disable self·test ROM, enable RAM at $SOOO-$S7FF (default after powerup) data. The third utility, COPY- data. The third utility, COPY- If 0, enable self-testself·lest ROM, disable RAM at $5000-$57FF$5000-$S7FF 32.COM, converts DOS 3 files to 2.0/2.5 format. All three utilities •Note:-Note: A similarsimilar charchartt on pagepag~ 122 of th~ the130XE Owner'sOwner's Manual indicatesindicat~ s 2.0/2.5 format. All three utilities thaithat bit I1 shouldshould a/ways b~be always set.s ~t . However,However, bit 1 should not be set unless you guide you with-with screen prompts and want toto disabledisable BASIC.BA SIC. are nearly foolproof. I------..------l New Disk Commands New Disk Commands enhanced densitydenSity before copying The second DOS file stored in DOS 2.5 also makes a few addition­addition starts. Keep this in mind if you're the RAM disk,disk, MEM.SAV,MEM.SAV, tempotempo­ al disk commands available in duplicating a disk for someone who rarily saves the portion of BASIC BASIC.BASIC: There are now two methmeth­ doesn'tdoesn't have an enhanced-density memory that would be overwritten ods of reading a disk directorydirectory:: drivedrive.. InsteadInstead,, you'll have to format when you enter DOS. That means OPEN #l,6#1,6,0,"D:V":FOR,O,"D:-.·":FOR X=lX""" l TO the destination disk for single den­den yoyouu can enteenterr DOS and return to lE9:GET1E9:GET #1,A:? CHRS(A);:NEXTCHR$(A);:NEXT X sity (option P) and then copy the BASIC without losing your BASIC OPEN #1,7,O/'D:·.·":FOR#1,7,0,"D:V":FOR xX-I= l TO source disk one file at a time. program. lE9:GET1E9:GET #1,A:? CHRS(A);:NEXTCHR$(A);:NEXT X DUP.SYS and MEM.SAV take The first method iiss the same as up 87 sectors total,total, lleavingeaving the before. But the second method Instant DOS RAM disk with 412 free "sec"sec­ identifies files in the directory The 130XE130XE's's extra 64K RAM can be tors"—tors" -51.5K51.5K of hihigh-speedgh-speed which cannot be accessed from used as either either a superfast superfast RAM disk (though temporary) storage. If you DOS 2.0 because they occupy extra with DOS 2.5 or as additional as additional mem­mem don't mind waiting for the DOS sectors on an enhanced-density ory for programming.programming. Of these two menu to load from disk as uusual,sual, disk. These files are flagged by a options, the RAM disk is by far the youyou can delete DUPDUP.SYS.SYS and pair of lless-than/greater-thaness-than/greater-than sym­sym easiest to useuse,, especially for those MEM.5AVMEM.SAV from the RAM disk to bols,bols, such as . who arenaren't't too familiar with bank-bank­ create 499 free sectors (62.3K)(62.3K).. Also, there are now three ways switching or bit manipulations. You access the RAM disk by to format a disk from BASIC: The only accessory you need to addressing it as drive 8 (08:)(D8:).. For XIO 253,#I,O,O,"Dl:"253,#l,0,0,"Dl:" set up a RAM disk with the 130XE exampleexample,, LOADLOAD"D8:FILE-" D8:FILE­ XIO 253,#1,34,0,"01253,#I,34,O,"D1:":" is a free DOS 22.5.5 liIefile called RAM­RAM- NAME.EXT"NAME.EXT" or SAVESAVE"D8:FILE-" D8:FILE­ XIO 254,#1,0,0,"01:"254,#I,0,0,"Dl:" DISK.COM. When you boot DOS NAME.EXT" Almost all DOS The first XIO statement for­for 2.5 on a 130XE130XE,, RAMDISK.COM commands work, too: Disk Directo­Directo mats a disk in single densitydensity.. The automatically initialiinitializeszes the RAM ryry,, Delete File, Rename File, Copy second formats in eenhancednhanced densi­densi disk and loads two DOS files: FilFile,e, Lock File, Unlock File, Binary ty (generating an error 139 if at­at DUPDUP.SYS.SYS and MEMMEM.SAV.SAV Load, Binary SaveSave,, and Run At tempted on an 810 810drive). ThThee third DUPDUP.SYS.SYS is the DOS utility pack­pack Address. XIO statement attempts to format in age-theage—the part that normally must Duplicate File doesndoesn't't work bebe­ enhanced densitydensity,, then switches teto be loaded loaded from disk when you type cause therethere's's no way to swap disks

October 11985Q85 COMPUTEI Q999 with a RAM disk (use the two-drive 54017 ($0301($D301 hexadecimal). This CCopyopy File command instead). AlsoAlso,, bytebyte was previously rreservedeserved for the FonnatFormat Disk and Duplicate Disk port B of the Peripheral InterfacInterfacee commands sometimes cause Adapter (PIA), an inputinput/output/ output strange results and sshouldhould be control chip. On the Atari 400 and Atari avoided. For instance, if you erase 800, it's used for controller jacks 3 Atari avoided. For instance, if you erase 800, it's used for controller jacks 3 DUP.5YSDUP.SYS by deleting it or fonnat­format and 44,, which have beenbeen eliminated ting the RAM disk, then rreplaceeplace it on the XXLL and XE series. On the by duplicating a floppy disk that 1200XL1200XL,, part of this byte controls Animation contains DUPDUP.SYS,.SYS, you might not the keyboard LEOs, LEDs, which were Animation be able to eenternter DOS from BASIC droppdroppeded from the 600XL600XL,, 800XL, afterward. and XE series. On all XLs and XXEs,Es, AsAsideide from these exceptions, location 54017 also lets you switch With the 130XE RAM disk-disk' seems to be off the operating system and BASIC With veveryry transparent; it's workedworked with ROM to reveal tthehe full 64K RAM everyeverythingthing we've tried.tried. Although a underneath.underneath. On the 130XE130XE,, you can RAM disk is no ssubstituteubstitute for a now flip other bits at this location to floppy-itfloppy—it's's at the mermercycy ooff power switch on any 16K bank of th thee extra PjMP/M interruptionsinterruptions and system crashes­crashes— 64K RAM into ththee address space it can makmakee a world of difference from 16384 to 32767 ($4000 to when running disk-intensive appli­appli $7FFF). See the accompanying ta­ta Graphics cationscations,, ssuchuch as assemblers, com­com ble for a guide to this important Graphics pilers, databadatabasese managermanagers,s, mailing address. lilistst programs, and word processors NoticeNotice that bitsbits 4 and 5 co controlntrol witwithh linked files. whether the 6502 and ANTIC chips can aaccessccess the extra banks of mem­ Part 2 Like Memory In The Bank ory. Some special applications mamayy UUsingsing the 130XE130XE's's extra mmemoryemory blind either chip from seeseeinging the banks.banks. Also note that the 130XE foforr programming is a lot mormoree diffi­diffi RRobertobert JJ,. PowPowelle ll cult tthanhan uusingsing it as a RAM disk. For Owner's Manual contains errors on oonene tthing,hing, the 6502 microprocessor page 122 wwhenhen explaining how lo­lo which is tthehe central brain of 8-bit cation 54017 woworks.rks. The location Atari cocomputersmputers was nonott designed normallnormallyy cocontainsntains 241 when ththee Part 1 of this series introduced the to access moremore than 64K mmemoryemory at RAM disk is bootedbooted and 253 other­other basic concepts of Atari player/missile a time. So even though the 130XE wwise,ise, nnotot 193193;; and all bitsbits except bit graphicsgraph ics and showed how ttoo display hahass 12128K8K RAMRAM,, tthehe 6502 is ""blind"blind" 1 sshouldho uld be set for normal all four player strips Oilon the screen. to the extra 64K. operations. This monthmonth,, Part 2 demonstrates how If you're an experienced ma Making tthehe extra mmemoryemory vvisiisi­ If you're an experienced ma­ to redefine players into any shapes chine language programmer, you ble requir requireses a technique known as chine language programmer, you you wantwallt ""dand how to move them shouldn't have any trouble ma bank-switching. A block, or bank,bank, of shouldn't have any trouble ma­ horizontally. nipulating the bits at location mmemoryemory in the regular 64K is tem­tem nipulating the bits at location 54017. BASIC programmers won't porarily switcswitchedhed off and rreplacedeplaced 5401 7. BASIC programmers won't hhaveave it so easy, becausebecause bit-flipping wwithith a bankbank from tthehe ""hidden"hidden" If yoyouu ran last monthmonth's's examexampleple is rrarelyarely requiredrequired in BBASICASIC and memory.memory. Under program cocontrol,ntrol, program,program, yoyouu saw the Atari's playplay­ Atari BASIC lacklackss bitwisebitwise opera­opera banks can bebe swswitcheditched in and out at ers as ththeyey really appear: four col­col tors. So try this formulaformula:: wwill.ill . ItIt's's sosortrt of like readinreadingg a book ored stripstripss wwhichhich are eight bits and flipping between the pagepage POKE 54017,193 +4*bank + 16*mode wwideide and taller than the screen. To youyou're're on and a footnote section in wwherehere bank is the 16K bank yoyouu reallreallyy make useuse of player/missile ththee back. want to select (0 = bank 11,, grgraphics,aphics, youyourr program must trans­trans The 130130XEXE oorganizesrganizes its exextratra 1 = bank 22,, 2 = bank 3, 3 = bank formfonn these featureless sstripstrips into 64K RAM into four 16K banks. 4) and mode chooses wwhichhich chip hahass shapes of yoyourur own design. It isnisn't't a OnlOnlyy one of tthesehese banks can be access to the extra banks difficult tasktask,, though it helps if you switcswitchedhed in at a titime.me. When yoyou'reu're (0 = 6502/6502/ANTIC, ANTIC, 1 =- ANTICANTIC,, hahaveve a grasp of binarybinary numbering. using tthehe RAM diskdisk,, tthehe RAM­RAM- 2 = 6502, 3 = nneither).either). BuButt even if yoyouu know nothnothinging about DISK.COM file and DOS 2.5 han­han A wordword ooff caution: One wrong binary, wewe'll'll provideprovide plentyplenty of step­step- dle these ddetailseta ils for yoyouu POKE into this ccriticalritical memormemoryy lo­lo by-step examexamplesples so yoyouu can learn automatically. But using this mmemem­ cation could instantly disabldisablee th thee by experimentation. ory for other purposes mmeanseans writ­writ operating syssystemtem or BASIC or both,both, FirstFirst,, run last monmonth'sth's program ing yoyourur owownn bank-switchingbank-switching triggering a hophopelesseless systesystemm ccrash.rash. again. (For those who mimissedssed itit,, itit's's routine in BASIC or machine The oonlynly recorecoveryvery might be to lilistedsted belowbelow as Program 1.) When language.language. switch the mmachineachine off and tthenhen on the program finishes, youyou sshouldhould Bank-switching on the 130XE again, wiping out yoyourur program. So see four colored strips at ththee right is cocontrolledntrolled bbyy memormemoryy location be cacarefulreful when experimenting. @© side of the screen and the READY

100 COMPUTEICOMPUTEl October 11985985 promptprompt at thethe left.left. Don'tDon't presspress SYSSyS­ POKE PMBASE+1152,255PMBASE+ll~2,255 WhenWhen aa certain bitbit positionposition inin aa TEM RESETRESET or any other keys forfor POKEPO KE PMBASE+1153,129 player/missileplayer/ missile strip isis turned "on,""on," PDKEPO KE PMBASE+1154,129 it appears onscreen as a tiny dot. now;now; we'llwe'll illustrateillustrate howhow shapes are POKE PMBASE+1155,129 it appears onscreen as a tiny dot. defined byby changing oneone of thesethese POKE PMBASE+1156,255PMBASE +1 156,2SS BitsBits whichwhich are turned "off""off" do not playersplayers in direct modemode so youyou can appear onscreen.onscreen. To define a shape, see thethe effects immediately.immediately. Each time youyou press RETURN,RETURN, then,then, youyou havehave to figurefigure out whichwhich IfIf youyou refer to thethe P/MP / M memomemo­ youyou shouldshould see aa hollow box takingtaking bits toto turntum on,on, add upup the bitbit valuesvalues ryry map in Part 1,1, you'llyou'll noticenotice thatthat shape where the playerplayer 0 strip used of theirtheir positions,positions, and POKE the thethe memorymemory area forfor thethe four playplay­ to be.be. IfIf youyou examineexamine thethe POKE resulting number into thethe appropriappropri­ ers extendsextends from PMBASE+1024PMBASE+I024 statements,statements, you'llyou'll noticenotice thatthat thethe ate memorymemory address. to PMBASEPMBASE + 2048.2048. That'sThat's a total of firstfirst numbernumber in eacheach statementstatement is a TheThe accompanyingaccompanying figure 1,0241,024 bytes,bytes, or IK.lK. (Remember,(Remember, thisthis memory address in thethe middle of makesmakes thisthis explanationexplanation more more clear. program isis usingusing single-linesingle-line resoluresolu­ the player 0 memorymemory area. These It shows the bit pattern for a player tion P/MP / M graphics,graphics, so each of thethe addressesaddresses determine the shape'sshape's defined asas a happyhappy face.face. The bit four playersplayers is 256 bytes tall.tall. If itit vertical positionposition withinwithin thethe strip—strip­ values are thethe numbersnumbers running were usingusing double-line resolution,resolution, and therefore itsits vertical positionpOSition across thethe top of the figure; notice eacheach player wouldwould be only 128 on the screen.screen. now the valuesvalues double for each bit bytes tall,tall, and playerplayer memory The second number in each position running from right to left.left. wouldwould extend fromfrom PMBASE+512 statement actuallyactually defines partpart of The numbers runningrunning down to PMBASEPMBASE++ 1024.)I024.) the box.box. Experiment by POKEing the side of the figure are the byte The numbersnumbers stored in this other numbersnumbers between 0 and 255 values,values, or the sums of the bit valuesvalues memorymemory area determine thethe shape shape into these addresses (as wellwell as othoth­ for each byte. To arrive at the byte of each player.player. Right now,now, the er addresses in the player 0 memomemo­ values,values, you add up all the bit values memorymemory area for all fourfo ur players is ry area). Once you learnlearn howhow thesethese for "on""on" bits in eacheach row. row. ForFor inin­ filledfilled withwith the numbernumber 255,255, POKEd numbers are arrivedarrived at, you can stance,stance, the top row,row, or byte,byte, has two there by line 90 of Program 1. The create almost anyany shapeshape youyou want. bit positions turned "on":"on" : bits 8 and players appear as solidsolid strips bebe- f------'------i causecause 255 is thethe largest number which can be stored in a singlesingle byte. TheTh e key toto definingdefining a shape is toto Calculating byte values for a player shape. selectively display only parts of the player strip by POKEing numbers be ­ BIT VALUE - 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 r[ BYTE VALUE tweentween 0 and 255 intointo theth e player'splaye r's l. r memorymem ory areaarea.. 24 Building A Box 60 Let's startstart byby redefining thethe shape 126 of player 0 (by customcustom,, the four players are numbered 0 to 3)3).. Refer­Refer 90 ring again to the P/M memory map ring again to the P / M memory map 219 in Part 11,, notice that player OO's's memmemoryory exteextendsnds from PMBASE + 11 BYTES 2S5 1024 to PMBASE + 1280 (256 bytes). ThiThiss is the tatargetrget for our POKEs. In 219 direct mode—that is, without a line direct mode-that is, without a line 195 numbnumber—typeer-type this linlinee and press RETURRETURN:N: 102

FORFDR XX=PMBASE+1024- PMBASE+1024 TOTD PMPH 60 BASE+1280sPOKEBASE+12B0iPOKE X,0tNEXTX,0:NEXT X 24

You shoshoulduld see t thehe player 0 strip disappeardisappear.. Why? Because this 1------....,..------1 line POKEs 256 zezerosros into the memory area foforr player 0, erasing PaHernsPatterns Of Bits 116.6. ThTherefore,erefore, the bytebyte value for the 255s ppreviouslyreviously stored therethere.. The numbers betweenbetween 0 and 255255,, that row is 8 + 1616,, or 2424.. The next Notice that players 11,, 22,, and 3 re­re when POKEd into a byte, representrepresent byte hhasas four bit positions turned main ununaffected.affected. bit vvaluesalues in ththee binary number sys­ ""on":on": bits 44,, 8, 1616,, and 3232.. There­ Now let's restorrestoree part of t thehe ttem.em. These bit vvaluesalues translate di­di forefore,, the bbyteyte value is 4 + 8 + 16 player 0 strip to makmakee a simple rectly into playerplayer sshapes.hapes. + 32, or 6060.. All the other byte shape. One by one, enter the fol­fol A byte contains eeightight bitsbits,, oorr values are determined in a sisimilarmilar lolowingwing linelines,s, pressing RETURN pospositions.itions. Each position hahass a dif­ dif fashion. These are tthehe numbers you each ttime:ime: feferentrent vavaluelue ranging from 1 to 12128.8. POKE into the player mmemoryemory area

OctobeOctoberr 1985 COMPUTEICOMPUTE! 110101 to makmakee the shape appear. Missiles ar aree ddefinedefined in a ssimiimi­ position registers for the mmissilesissiles To see this in actionaction,, press lar way, with one important diffedifferr­ are at memory locationlocationss 53252 to SYSTEM RESET and run Program 1 eence:nce: Because each missile is only 5325553255.. To see the missiles on­on again. When it stops, fill the player two bits widewide,, all four missiles screen, add these lines to Program o0 mmemoryemory arareaea with zeros using the shasharere ththee sasameme amount of memory 1: FOR-NEXT loop as we did before. as a sisinglengle player. That meanmeanss the ThThenen eenternter th theseese lines, pressing RE ­ bit patterns are two-bit slices of the 8S85 POKE 53252,53252,140:POKE 140:POKE 53~3 TURTURNN after each one: grid in the figure. By referring to 2~3,144IPOKE253, 144s POKE 53254,~32~4,14B14B this figure and the P/M memory IPOKEiPOKE 53255,152~32~5.152 this figure and the P /M memory 90 FOR X-PMBASE+768JC-PMBASE + 768 TO PM POKE PMBASE+1 152, 24 POKE PMBASE+l1~2,24 map in Part 11,, you can see that BASE+2~4BIPOKEBASE+2048:POKE X,255:N POKE PMBASE+1153,60PMBASE+1 153, 60 missile 0 is defined by adding the EXT X POKE PMBASE+l1~4,126PMBASE+1 154, 126 bit values 1 and 2; missile 1 is de POPOKEKE PMBASE+1155,90PMBASE+1 155, 90 bit values 1 and 2; missile 1 is de­ POPOKEKE PMBASE+11PMBASE+1 156,5 6,219219 fined by the bit values 4 and 8; One-Way Registers POPOKEKE PMBASE+1157,2SSPMBASE+1 157, 255 missile 2 is defined byby the bit values POKE PMeASE+1158,219PMBflSE+1 15B, 219 TherThere'se's only one tricktrickyy detail to 16 and 32; and missile 3 is defined POKE PMBASE+l1S9,19SPMBASE+1 159, 195 keep in mind when manipulating POKE PMBASE+1 160, 102 by the bit values 64 and 12128.8. POKE PMBASE+1160,102 ththee horizontal rregisters—theyegisters-they are POKE PMBASE+1161,60PMBASE+1 161, 60 Of course, with only two bitsbits to POKE PMBASE+1 162, 24 write-only memorymemory lolocations,cations, POKE PMBASE+1162,24 worworkk with, missile sshapeshapes are pretpret­ whicwhichh mmeanseans they can be POKEd ty limited.limited. That's why ththey'reey're ususeded but do not return ususefuleful values Each time you press RETURN, an­an mostly in games as " "bullets"bullets" fired when PEEKedPEEKed.. This makes your other bytebyte of the player shape byby player shapes. sshouldhould aappear.ppear. programming more complicacomplicated,ted, Try designing yoyourur owownn shape Horizontal Animation because yoyouu can't keep track of a player or mismissile'ssile's horizontalhorizontal screen using a blank veversionrsion of the grid in By now yoyou'reu're probably wondering positionposition merelmerelyy byby PEEKing its horhor­ the figure. After coloring in each hohoww to animate the shapes you've izontal register. Instead,Instead, youyou have sqsquareuare to make tthehe sshape,hape, add up crecreated.ated. WeWe'll'll tackle horihorizontalzontal to set aside a variablevariable for eeachach ob­ob the bit vavalueslues to arrive at the num­num movement first becausebecause itit's's the eas­ ject to stostorere its horizontalhorizontal position. bers for yoyourur POKE statestatements.ments. Re­Re iiest;est; wewe'll'll save vertical aanimationnimation EEveryvery time the object moves,moves, youryour member tthathat yoyourur shape can be for Part 3 nnextext monthmonth.. program must updatupdatee ththee corre­corre only eigeightht bits wwide,ide, but can be as In Part 1 we mentioned that sponding variable. tatallll as the screen. eaceachh player has a horizhorizontalontal position This techtechniquenique is demonstrat­demonstrat register, a memory locatilocationon which Storing Player Shapes ed in Program 2. ItIt's's a modifiedmodified detedeterminesrmines the horizontalhorizontal placeplace­ When yoyou'reu're writing a program version of PrograProgramm 1 that lletsets yyouou ment of the player on the scscreen.reen. that defines player shapes, it's in momoveve player 1 left oorr right withwith a that defines player shapes, it's in­ These memory locationlocationss are 52348 convenient to POKE the byte val joystickjoystick plugged into port 1. Notice convenient to POKE the byte val­ for player 00,, 53249 for playerplayer 11,, ues into memory in direct mode, of how the variable PI keeps track of ues into memory in direct mode, of 53250 fforor player 22,, and 53251 for course. Usually the byte values are ththee player'splayer's horizontalhorizontal position.position. course. Usually the byte values are playerplayer 3. Line 80 of ProProgramgram 1 stored in a DATA statement, re Also notice howhow playerplayer 1 momovesves stored in a DATA statement, re­ POKEs tthesehese registers to grogroupup all trieved by a READ statement with over players 2 andand 3, but beneath trieved by a READ statement with­ foufourr playersplayers ttogetherogether nearnear the rightright in a FOR-NEXT loop, and then playerplayer O.0. These different display pripri­ in a FOR-NEXT loop, and then edge of the screescreen.n. Any numbnumberer POKEd into memory. orities letlet yoyourur programsprograms simulate POKEd into memory. from 0-255 can be POKEd into the To see an example, add these 3-D ggraphicsraphics effects. To see an example, add these regisregisters,ters, but the range of numbnumbersers lines to Program 1: Try modifying Program 2 lines to Program 1: whicwhichh position position the playerplayer on the yoyourselfurself to move the other tthreehree visvisibleible part of the scscreenreen is ononlyly XT X players. Be carefcarefulul abouaboutt moving XT X about 45 to 205. 100 FOR X-IX-l TO 11 the player ttoooo far off the edges of 110 READ A Moving a playerplayer hori horizontallyzontally is It9 READ A the scscreen,reen, thothough—ifugh-if ththee program 120 POKE PMBASE+l1S2+X,APMBASE+1152+X,A as ssimpleimple as POKEing diffdifferenterent tritrieses ttoo POKE a vavaluelue ssmallermaller than 0 130 NEXT X numbers into ththee appropriate posiposi­ 140 DATA 24,60,126,90,219 or greater than 255 intintoo ththee hori­hori tion register.register. Add these linlineses to ,255,255,219,195,102,60,2,2 19,195, 102,60,2 zontal register, it will crascrashh with an 4 Program 11:: errorerror., In Part 33,, we'll covecoverr a method Line 90 clears out the player Line 90 clears out the player 100 FOR X-45X=45 TO 205 ooff vertical animation and a few oth­oth memory area with zeros. Lines 110 POKE 53248,X memory area with zeros. Lines 110 POKE 53248, X erer details about player/missileplayer/ missil e 100-13U are the loop which READs 120 NEXT X 100-13U are the loop which READs graphics as well. the DATA in lin linee 140. NoticeNotice that line 120 POKEs the byte valuesvalues into When yoyouu type RUN, this loop For iinstructionsns tructions on enteenteringring thesethese llistings,istings. the middle of the player 0 memory moves player 0 across the screen the middle of the player 0 memory moves player 0 across the screen ppleaselease refereferr ttoo "CO"COMPUTERSMPUTE t' s GGuideuide ttoo TypTypinging area. To define tthishis sshapehape as player from left to right. By changing the In PrograPrograms"ms" pubpublishedlished bbimonthlyimonthly Inin COMPUTE!.compute!. 11,, you cocoulduld ssimplyimply add 256 to this register address in linlinee 110, you can address; to define it as player 22,, add move any of th thee four players.players. Program I:1: P/M Demo 512; and to define it as player 3, add Missiles are moved horizontal 512; and to define it as player 3, add Missiles are moved horizontal­ ~10HF 10 POKE 106,PEEK(106)-B106, PEEK(106)-B 768768.. ly like players; the four horizontal !IFHf 20 POKE 54279, PEEK (106)

110202 COMPUTEICOMPUTE! OctobeOctoberr 11985985 HD3eHD 30 GRAPHICS 0.SETCDLOR0: SETCDLDR 2, 0,0 C1I4"CN40 ","PHBASE-PEEKPMBASE = PEEK (ISb)( 106) 1256*256 illML ':512150 POKE :5':59.62559,62 PPIPB60 60 POKE :53277,::553277,3 OfOP 7(170 POKEPQKE 7"4,68704,6B:POKE I POKE 71l1'!5,703,1 1 981POKE98iP0KE 712J6,168zPOKE706,16BtPOKE 7 "7,14807,14B PAPfl 80B0 POKE 53248,53248,1601 160 I POKE 53 249,170.POKE249,170iPOKE 53250,18053250,1B0 ,POKEiPOKE 53251,190 ~9"H90 FOR X-PHBASE+l"24X-PMBASE+1024 TO P HBASE+2048zPOKEMBASE+204BiPOKE X,2'!5':5:X,255: Lightning NEXT X Lightning

Program 2: Horizontal Animation Renumber Animation Renumber 1"10 POKE 106,PEEK(106}-B106,PEEK(106>-B 20 POKE '!54279,PEEK(106)54279,PEEK(106) 30 GRAPHICS "ISETCOLOR0ISETCOLQR 2, 111,1110,0 40 PHBASE-PEEK(106)a256PMBASE=PEEK(106>*256 For Atari 5"50 POKE 559,62 For Atari 60bflJ POKE 53277,3 7"70 POKE 7"4,68IPOKE704,68iPOKE 7"5,1705,1 Raymond Citak 98.PDKE9BiP0KE 706,168:POKE 7 III07,14B 7 ,148 80 POKE 53248,53248,160IPOKE 16".POKE :5353 249,17".POKE249.170IPOKE 53250,18033250,180 ,POKE(POKE 53251,190 This fast, convenient utility renum­renum disk. The binary file can then be 9"90 FOR X-PHBASE+1024X-PMBASE+1024 TO P bers any BASIC program. It runs on loaded into memory and called HBASE+204S.POKEMBASE+204BiPOKE X,2~~1X,2S5l bers any BASIC program. It runs on NEXT X any Atari 400, 800,BOO, XL, or XE with at with a USR statement (see below) tilil100 PtPl-170-t 7" least 4BK48K RAM. whenever you like. IfIf you dondon't't 11111110 SS-STICK(0>- STICK(e) have a disk drive, select the second t20120 IF 5-7S-7 THEN Pt-Pt+1:IPl-Pl+liX option to POKE the ML into F Pl>255P1)2~~ THEN Pl-255 option to POKE the ML into t3"130 IF 5-11S-Il THEN Pl=>Pl-liP1~P1-1z memory. If you write BASIC programs, you memory. IF Pl(lPK1 THEN PlPl-1-l If you write BASIC programs, you 131 POKE 53249,P153249,PI know how frustrating it can be to Call It With USR 14111140 BOTOGOTO lle110 *

October 1985 COMPUTEICOMPUTE) 103 message ERROR -— CHANGE AUTORUN.5YSAUTORUN.SYS filefile on the diskdisk,, LL'· to place the rrenurn.num YOUR USR ARGUMENTSARGUMENTS.. Enter a you can append the renumber filefile berher program It" 0:EC 248240 ? ·"intointo ",emory.memory. Retu new USR statement with appropri new USR statement with appropri­ to it ffromrom tthehe DOS menu. Choose rn to BASIC, load ate values. the BinarBinaryy Save option, ththenen type in {3{3 SPACES}fil.SPACES>file to be InIncorrectcorrect line references are AUTORUNAUTORUN.SYS/A,97F4,9BFF..SYS/ A,97F4,9BFF. renumbered.renumbered, and uuse" •• " detected as well. For instance, yoyourur Lightning Renumber will be ap­ ap OIlOH 2=S0230 ? ·"U-USRU-USR (3(3B900,89121", .tastartrt iingng 11neline number, program may contain the statement program may contain the statement pended to the existing AAUTO UTO­ (4{4 SPACES}incre.ent)SPACESMncrement) GOTO 300 when no line 300 existsexists.. RUN.SYS fifilele and will load to renumber yyourour prog When ssuchuch an error occoccurs,urs, youyou'll'll automatautomaticallyically wwhenhen yoyouu boot tthathat raram. • • •" 6EBE 26121260 7? "Or plac.place the USR •s see the message ERROR — LINE # disk. see the message ERROR - LINE # disk. tate.enttatement into yyourour p MISMATCHMISMATCH.. Mismatched line rrefef­ IfIf yoyouu wawant n t to sasave ve typing, rogra.rogram at lin.line 32767. erences (300 in ththisis exaexample)mple) are send a blank ddiskisk oorr tape, a self­self- Watch for" PI27ePN 270 ? ""possiblepo •• ible overwroverwritei te replaced by 55555, and the rest of addressed postage-paid mailer, and replaced by 55555, and the rest of addressed postage-paid mailer, and of the renulllberrenumber the program is renumbrenumberedered as usuusu­ $3 to: (4<4 SPACES}progra.SPACE8>program if RUNning a BASIC progr al. When this error message ap­ap Raymond Citak Raymond Citak am"• m" pearpears,s, you must LIST the program 1514 Park Avenue 66288GG 280 7 "that change.changes GRAPH and change any 55555 line refer­refer Laramie, WY 82070 Laramie, WY 82070 IeSICS mode.modes,, or u...uses ao ences to the correct linlinee numbnumbersers ther high memory." Special thanks to W. A. Bell for th.r high •• mory." before resaving the program.program. &E29.GE 290 POKE 789709,202:,282 1POKEPOKE 710 his useusefulful line dump routine whwhichich ,14B.POKE, 14BiPOKE 712,,,.END712,0lEND TRAP statements (except for TRAP statements (except for appears in COMPCOMPUTE'.'sUTEt's First BookBook 111308HH300 ? CHRICHR*<123)i? ( 1 2~).? •I? 7 "ERR TRAP 40000) are aalsolso renumbered of Atari. OR ."#"(i?11 7 PEEPEEK(193)|i?K( 19=S)I '? by tthishis routineroutine.. However, it cannot " trtryingyi ng to writewritt th e file..."iFOR 1-1 TO change computed line references • file •• . ". FOR 1-1 TO change computed line references Lightning Renumber =s"e.NE500iNEXTXT I,URUNRUN (GOTOs or GOSUBs tthathat use a For Iinstructionsnstructions on entering ththisis illisting,stlng. please UKJ310 318 REM THIS DATA FOR DIS vavariableriable to refer to a line number). IfIf refer to "COMPUTE"COMPUTEI'sr s Guide to TypTypinging In K WRITE ONLY Programs" published bimonthly in compute). Cl32"CL 320 DATA 253,233,244,131,2~~,2~~,244,1~1, your program uusesses compcomputeduted line Programs" published bimonthly In COIvlPllTEI. 255,155253,155 references, LIST the program and JPJP10 111' DIM DRIVES(2)DRIVE*(2> ,AS(15):P, A*(1S) IP references, LIST the program and ILBL 330 REM THIS DATA FOR !"IE'"MEM OKE 709,0iPOKE 710,168 change them yourself after the rest OKE 711J9,OlPOKE 710 ,168 ORY 3891210CI97F4)3B900(*97F4) TO 3 change them yourself after the rest :POKE 712,146 ,POKE 712,146 Q93:5CI9BFF)9933<«9BFF) of the programprogram is rrenumbered.enumbered. OD 2"20 ? CHRSCHR« ( 12:5)125) t?: ? J?i? " {9<9S SPACES}M·,§jPACE S > ■iHniEEHIMHI !II;;oI.'§I-M;j­ .Il340JH.340 DATA 76,76 , B"B0 , 153,1 33 , 165,1 A3 , 131 3 6,133,203,163,137,1336,133,2"3, IM5, 137, 133 Possible Memory Conflicts ~" Possible Memory Conflicts HS 32130 ? "TO LOAD THISTHI3 OBJECT KA330~35" DATA 204,169,0,133,2"204,169,0,133,20 Although Lightning Renumber is FILE DIRECTLY 5,133,206,133,207,965,133,206,133, 2"7,96 6f6F 33606" DATA 201,14,24",1,96,201,14,240,1,96, designed to be reliablereliable,, it'sit's possible (:5£5 BPACES)INTOSPACE3>INT0 MEMORVMEMORY AND NOT TO DISDISK,K, PRESS 152,152,141,243,131,136 141,243, 151, 136 to disrupt it by running BASIC propro­ " 6.378GN 370 DATA 177,21213,32,61,15177,203,32,61,13 grams. The ML normally resides in £[40?EE 40 ? "KEY "," jCHR»CHR.(34)I(34) j "L"ML"i. 2,165,2"7,288,1",322, 163,207,208, 10,32 Dl3S121DL3B0 DATA 101,152,16:5.207,101,132,165,207, high memorymemory just beneath tthehe dis­ CHRSCHR*(34)j"■ (34) I " . REQUREQUIRES I RES 4BK48K MEMORY."i?MEMORy .... ? "PRESS 208,3,76,4",1:52208,3,76,40,132,32,32 play list in GRAPHICS 0. Running NS 390 play list in GRAPHICS O. Running ANY KEY FOR DISDISKK WRITE 1639121 DATA 14S.1:52,172,243,1 4B. 1 52, 1 72 , 243, a BASIC programprogram that's very long 1:51,169,0,131,169,0,133,203,133 133, 2e~, 133 or that uses the same memory area CBCJ 30~0 OPEN #4,4,0,*4.4,0,""K-iQETK" IGET #4.4 BAU4400ee DATA 206,133,2e7,141,206,133,207,141, ,ZIIF,2iIF Z-76 THEN 1440 243, 151 ,200,200,200,2 for other graphics modes, player- 243,1~1,200,288,2"",2 for other graphics modes, player­ DDCD 60 CLOSE .4#4 00U missile data, etc., may overwrite IHIII 70 ? CHR.CHR*(125>|? (12~) .? i?.? i?I? " EC410~418 DATA 200,200,96,201,12121",200,96,2"1,1 and destroydestroy the ML. WhenWhen that ococ­ {6C6 SPACESSPACES}M>W:ia:ilI3ma-lgi1=:·'ij:"J;:;I.' iii.. wu. · 8,240,B,24", 1,96,1 ,96, 136,152 136, 152 curs, trying to call the routine may 3H420JH42" DATA 281,3,240,249,17201,3,240,249,17 curs, trying to call the routine may KJ~ 80 ? I?.7 M«*REQUIRES"IIREQUIRES 4BK48K M!"I 7,203,201,14.20B.2447 ,203,2"1,14,2"8,244 crashcrash thethe computercomputer (and destroy EMORY AND DOSDOB v.2.*»"v .2.11" IK1144303" DATA 136.177,2"3,2"1,136,177,203,201, your program).program). When in doubt,doubt, WIIJ 909" ? i?17 "To" To which di.rij.skk dr 23,240,11,201,24,24023,24",11,201,24,24" iv.i v« Mouldwould you like1 i k<- the EH440 DATA 7,201,4,240,3,76 savesave youryour BASICBAS IC program and rere­ ~44" DATA 7,201,4,240,3,76 -filefile writt.nwritten to (01,02 (D1,D2 ,66,152,169,1, 66,152, 169,1 load the binarybinary file (RENUMBER-(RENUMBER­ ,D3,or,03, or D4)"|04)" I AJ 430 DATA 133,207,96,172,2 .OBJ) from disk; then reload the LPLP 100I0" INPUT DRIVE*DRIVE. ~45" DATA 133,2"7,96,172,2 .OB)) trom disk; then reload the 43,131,136,177,203,20 KG10 111"10 B08UBGOSUB 138"1380 43,1:51,136,177, 2"3 ,2. BASIC program and call the routine 1 BASIC program and call the routine LC120LC1207? t?.7 "Ons" On. momentmom.nt whil I CA460 DATA 10,240,32,201,12 with USR.USR. • I writ.write th«the -filefile to C~46" DATA 10,240,32,201,12 If you use this routine fre "".7I? DRIVES;DRIVEl. " • .. " ,240,28,201,23,240,240,28,201,23,24" If you use this routine fre­ IP470 DATA 24,201,24,240,20 IK11 130 A*AI(1,2)-DRIVE( 1 , 2)-DRIVE*i •• A*AI(3,1(3, 1 W47" DATA 24,201,24,24",2" quently,quently, youyou may want to include ,201,13,240,16,201 5)-"iRENUMBER.OBJ"~)-".RENU"'BER.OBJ" ,2"1,13,248,16,201 the USR call within the BASIC propro­ HBKI 14014e TRAP 3001OPEN3e •• OPEN #2,8,0,.2,8,., UK11144B08" DATA 4,240,12,201,27,4,24",12,281,27, 240,8,201,35,240248,8,281,3:5,248 gramgram itself. Since line 32767 will A*A. 08490 DATA 1,96,32,220,154,1~4, Efi66 1501~. TRAP 18"100 06 498 DATA 1,96,32, 22., never be renumbered, place the 169,1,133.207,96 0L~11606" READ Bt8.PUTPUT #2,*2,88 169,1,133.287,96 USR statement in that line. Then USR statement in that line. Then GI61 170178 GOTOBOTO 16.160 DDDD 300~"" DATA 172,243,131,138,172,243, lSI, 138, youyou can renumber the program at GE6E 180198 CLOSE #2.2 141.242.151,165,136,1141,242,1:51, 16S, 136, 1 anyany time by entering GOTO 32767. PH 19"190 OPEN #1,12,0,AtiXIO.1, 12,121, A*. X10 3 33 3,#1,0,0,A*~,.1,0,QII,AI CL510n :51" DATA 203,165,137,133,2":5,16:5, 137, 133, You could also create an You could also create an FH200fll 28" CLOSE #1*1 206.200,177,203,133,22"6,200,177,203,133, 2 AUTORUN.SYS file thatthat loads DFDf218210 ?7 CHR*CHRI(12~)'(123) i ?7 12 Lightning RenumberRenumber intointo memory H220Dl228 ?7 "Fll*" Fil. Isi. now writti*... ritt. CECf:52Q11520 DATA 200,177,203,133,2"",177,283,133, n to "|DRIVE«|"."", DRIVEl. "." 213,200,177,203,133,2213,288,177,203,133,2 automatically when the disk is automatically when the disk is PKPI: 23023121 7 "You nay.ay noMnow useu •• th 14 booted. If you already have an ■• DOS mnu•• nu selection'.el.ctton· CJ 530538 DATA 200,177,203,133,2"", 177,203, 133,

104 COMPUTE!COMPUTEI October 19851985 21321~,21111,177,2113,133,2 5,240,14,201,0,208:5,240,14,2"1,11,208 BJ6~ 123012311 DATADATA 46,237,151,144,46,237,1:51,144, 161 .. EC890ICB9" DATADATA 20,200,177,203,22",2"",177,2"3,2 13,24,14,232,151,4613,24,14,232,1:51,46 HP"~411340 DATA 21111,., 177,203,177,2113, 133,133, 01,128,20B,13,76,163111,128,208,13,76,163 fiDU12481240 DATADATA 233,151,238,232233,151,238,232 217,32,217,32, 198,154,32,210198, 1~4, 32, 2111 KflU 9009"" DATADATA 154,200,177,203,1:54,20",177,2"3, ,,1:51,76,134,1:5:5,14,2151,76, 134, 155, 14,2 HI"I~~II530 DATADATA 217,169,0,141,24217,169,11,141,24 201,127,208,3,76,1632"1,127,2"8,3,76,163 3232 DATA 131,46,233,131, 0,151,II, 1 ~ 1, 141,241,141,241, 151,1 ~ 1, 160168 IU910ItrJ 918 DATADATA 154,160,0,165,201:54,160, 11,16:5,2111 BFIf 125012:5" DATA 1:51,46,233,1:51, 202,208,176,96,169,2 HF3601f~611 DATADATA 0,177,203,200,191I,177,211~,21111,19 3,:5,14:5,2"3,211",16:5,2"6145,203,200, 163,206 202,208,176,96,169,2 7,212,208,6,177,2057,212,7,212,2118,6,177,2"~ZVti, b , l / / , zuz> 53 PL~92"920 DATADATA 145,203,200,177,14:5,2"3,28",177, 55 DATA 141,240, 151, 141 ECU~711370 DATADATA 197,213,240,30,3197,213,248,311,3 203,170,173,230,132"3,17",173,23",1:51,21,2 CGC&126111260 DATA 141,24",H51,141 2,90,154,160,2,177 ,241,131,32,247,131, 2,911,1~4,1611,2,177 44 ,241,1:51,32,247,1:51, IP3B0IP ~BII DATADATA 205,24,101,205,12121:5,24, un, 211:S, 1 CCCC 93093" DATADATA 101,205,133,203,1"1,211:5,133,2":5, 160 DATA1". 0,177,203,208,7 33,205,144,2,230,20633,211~,144,2,2311,206 173,231,131,101,206,1173,231, l:il, 1111, 21!16, 1 0JJJ12701270 DATA 11,177,2"3,2118,7 DATA 238,240,151,173, ,200,177,203,201,128 NH390~~98 DATA 238,248,1:51,173, 33 ,21111,177,203,201,128 240,151,208,3,238,2412411,1~1,2"8,3,238,241 JD 12B0 DATA 240,29,160,2,17 H940~A94" DATADATA 206,138,24,101,2211116,138,24,Ull,2 JD1290 DATA 240,29,1611,2,17 DATA 131,76,207,132,1 7,203,24,101,203,133 PP600PP68" DATA 1~1,76,207,1~2.1 03,133,203,144,2,23083,133,203,144,2,2311 7,283,24,1"1,203,133 DATA 203,163,204,103 73,240,131,141,234,1573, 240, 1:51 , 141 , 234,; ~ flHAH9:5e950 DATADATA 204,76,15,134,16284,76,1:5,1:54,16 PE~12901290 DATA 2113,16:5,204,111:5 ,0,133,204,238,240, 1 11 0,0,177,205,201,08,8,177,2":5,201,0 ,11,133,2114,238,240,1 CK610ct: 6111 DATADATA 173,241,151,141,173,241,1:51,141, ELn96S960 DATADATA 208,7,200,169,12208,7,20S, 169, 12 5151 NF 1300 DATA 173,240,131,20B 235.131,173,230,151,123~, 1:51,113,238,1:51,1 8,209,205,240,1,968,289,20:5,240,1,96 ~13110 DATA 173,2411',1:51,208 ,3,238,241,151,76,14 4141 LEU97"970 DATADATA 162,22,138,72,18 ,3,238,241,1:51,76,14 9 KL620III 6211 DATA 236,151,173,231,236,1:51,173,231, 9,140,154,32,176,2429,1411,1:54,32,176,242 9 DATA 135,173,240,151 151,141,237,151,32,411:51, 141,237, 1~1,32,41 0*OA 980988 DATA 104,170,202,16,2104,17",2112,16,2 FK1310~1310 DATA 1:5:5,173,240,1:51 , 141,234, 151, 173,241 AIAI 6306311 DATA 155,24,173,238,11:5~,24, 173,238, 1 43,169,66,133,212,169 ,141,234,1:51,173,241 , 151 51,109,228,151,133,21~ 1, 1 "9,228, 1 ~ 1, 133,21 «990U9911 DATA 3,133,213,169,B3:5,133,213,169,8:5 , 1 ~ 1 FH 1320 DATA 141,235,151,173 22 ,133,214,133,213,104,133,214,133,215,1"4 A1320 DATA 141,23:5,1:51,173 fllA164"6 40 DATA 173,239,151,109,173,239,1:51,109, ,230,,,230,131,141,236,151 8P1000~1""0 DATA 104,76,43,153,11"4,76,43,1:53,1 ,230,1:51,141,236,1:51 , 173 229,151,133,213,32,17229,1~1,133,213,32,17 35,72,67,84,65,775:5,72,67,84,6:5,77 ,173 HJ 1330 DATAnn-rfiATA 231,151,141,237It* t ^ 1 111 9T7 0e JCJelSl"1010 DATA B3,83,73,77,32,3:5,73,77, 32,35, "~1330 DATA 231,1:51,141,237 151151,32,41,155,24,17 DO 6:511 DATA 217,172,243,131,217, 172,243, 1:51, 69,78,73,76,32 ,1:51,32,41,1:5:5,24,17 174.242.131,200,163,2174,242,1:51,2"",16:5,2 III"' 1020ltIJ28 DATA 45,32,210,207,24:5,32,218,207,2 3 12 12 10,210,197,162,IB,13 111,2111,197,162,18,13 HC~13481340 DATA 238,151,109,228238,1:51,109,228 CJ 660668 DATA 145,203,200,165,14:5,283,211",16:5, 8B , 151,141,238, 131, 173 213,145,203,200,165,2213,14:5,203,280,16:5,2 ,1:51 , 141,238,1:51,173 flNM 1030l"3" DATA 72,189,179,154,72,189,179,1:54, ,239 14 ,239 32,176,242,104,170,232,176,242,184,170,2 MAI 135013:58 DATA 151,109,229,1311:51,1119,229,1:51 CO670!:n67" DATA 145,203,200,163,14~,203,2"1I!I, 16:5, 02e2 ,141,239,131,176,14, 213,143,203,200,163,221:5,14~,2113,288,16:5,2 ,141,239,1:51,176,14, EQ10111'4"1040 DATA 16,243,96,1:5:5,116,243,96,155,1 565 .. 161 .. 55,42,42,32,68,69:5:5,42,42,32,68,69 IB16136111360 DATA 169,2:54,237,238169,254,237,238 n680AI688 DATA 145,203,200,165,14~, 203, 2 lit lit , 16~, JP~P 103010:50 DATA B2,82,69,66,77,8:5,69, 66, 77,85, , 131,169, 127,237,239 217,145,203,96,104,10217,14:5,2113,96,1114,18 ,1:51,169,127,237,239 78,69,82,32,42 , 1511:5 1 4 NA 1060 DATA 42,155,165,212, 81060 DATA 42,15:5,16~,212, GK~137"1370 DATA 48,1,96,76,242, COC06911690 DATA 141,229,1:51,104,141,229,151,104, 201,66,208,15,165,21201,66,288,1:5,16:5,21 154 141,228,141,228,151,104,141,2 1~1, 104, 141,2 3 3 ~NJ 1380 REMRE~ CK FOR CORRECT E 31 DE* 1070 DATA 201,4,208,9,1652111,4,208,9,16:5 NTRY HH7001IH 711tll DATA 1:51,104,141,230,151,104,141,230, ,214,208,5,104,104,214,2118,:5,104,104 dCK 13981390 IF DRIVE*DRIVES(l,( 1, 1)<>"D"1) () "D" 1:51,173,6,228,1711,232151,173,6,228,170,232 DM~10801090 DATA 76,43,1:53,96,1376,43,153,96,13 OR LEN-1LEN(DRIVES'-1 THE DC71"DC710 DATA 138,141,154,133,138,141,1~4,1~3, 6,6,152,201,3,240,13 1:52,201 t 3,2411, 13 N 141e1410 141141.114,134,141,171,1 , 114, 1:54, 141 , 171 , 1 Cll"geCI 1090 DATA 177,2e3,2e11,:54,177,203,201,54, PI 140"1400 IF DRIVES(2,2)-"I"DRIVE*(2,2)-"1M 0 54 208,244,104,104,104,288,244,104,1"4,1"4, R DRIVES(2,2)-DRIVE«<2,2>-"2"" 2" OR NG720_a72" DATA 141,2:52,1:54,173,141,252,154,173, le4104 DRIVES(2,2'-"3DRIVE«<2,2>-"3"" OR 7,228,141,155,153,1417,228, 141, 1:5~, 1:53, 141 JJ5611001100 DATA 76,40,152,96,1"76,40,152,96,10 DRIVE*(2,2)-"4"DRIVE«(2,2>-"4" THEN DF730DF 730 DATA 11~,1~4,141,172,115,154,141,172, 4,104,112'4,104,162,364,104,104,104,162,36 143e1430 1:54,141,2:53,1:54,173,2154.141,253,154,173,2 KHKH1110 1110 DATA 138,72,189,4,1:5138,72,189,4,15 PFPf 141"1410 POP .?i? I?i? "-ErrorError in 3e30 :5,32,176,242,104,17"5,32,176,242,104,170 entry•ntry.. Try againa g 3 i n •.•. .. Ea740E6740 DATA 1:51,2"8,8,173,23151,20B,8,173,23 FD1120~1120 DATA 202,16,243,96,1 1,1:51,2"8,3,76,2441,151,208,3,76,244 :5:5,I:5:5,46,S3,84,7855,155,46,83,84,78 CD 1420 FOR Q-l TO 300:NEXT3110~NEXT l&L6 7:511750 DATA 1:54,32,154,32,138,155,1 138, 1~:5, 1 JJ11311JJ1130 DATA 69,77,8:5,71,82,69,77,85,71,82, QQi?. 7 CHR*(125).7CHR«(125>i? .GOTiQQT 62,13,138,72,189,244 65,32,82,83,8:565,32,82,B3,85 oD 7870 153,32,176,242,1 Jl760JK760 DATA 1:53,32,176,242,1 JPJP1140114" DATA 32,82,8:5,79,89,32, B2, B5, 79,89, UKl 1431111430 RETURN 04,170,202,16,243,32 32,69,71,78,6:532,69,71,78,65 nH 144"1440 RE~REM LOAD DATA INTO M JM770JK770 DATA 247,1:51,160,11,17247,151,160,0,17 EMORY EJ 1130 DATA 72,67,32,43,32, EMORY 7,2113,2111,2:5:5,240,147,203,201,255,240,147,203,201,253,^40,11 6J 11:50 DATA 72,67,32,4:5,32, IC 1450 CLOSE #4i? i? "Load! 21",207,210,2111,197210,207,210,210,197 ICI4:5" CLOSE *4.7 .7 "Loadi ~C780JC 7B0 DATA 2"1,0,208,20,20"201,0,208,20,200201,0,208,20,20 ng DATA intoInto memory. ,177,203,2111,128,208,,177,203,201,12B.20B177,203,201, 12B.20B PI 1160 1 160 DATA 1:55,169,135,169,0,141,2 II, 141,2 ItAHA790 790 DATA 1313,76,2,154,200,, 76,2,1:54,28", 32,32,151,141,233,151,1 1 ~ 1, 141,233, 1:51, 1 EE1460EE 1460 RESTORE 340.FOR 340:FOR 1-38I-3B 177,2"3,211177,203,201,127,208 1 , 127,2.,8 41 900 TO 38980+103:5~RE38900+1035:RE NN 1170 DATA 23B,151,141,239 900 TO n8110HI B00 DATA 3,76,2,1:54,1611',23,76,2,154,160,2 . 11711 DATA 238,1:51,141,239 AD AlPOKE I,AiNEXT I f 151, 162, 16,24,78,23 AD A,POKE I,A~NEXT I ,177,2"3,17",200,177,203,170,200 ,1:51,162,16,24,78,23 FD 1470 ? i? "Load complete. 3 FD14707 .7 "Load complete. ULKB10: 8112' DATA 2"0,200,177,203,201, 1 77,2"3,201, 5 NEW this program, Pl1180PL11B0 DATA 1:51,11",234,1:51151,110,234,151 NEW this program, 22,240,22,201,1:5:5,24022,240,22,201,155,240 and LOAD or ENTER yo ~820AO 820 DATA 6,32,8,1:52,76,286,32,B,152,76,20 ,144,40,24,173,144,40,24,173,238,1, 238,1 ur BASIC program to" 2, 153, 152,133,20B 51 2, 1~3, 1:52, 133, 2"8 IEIE 148"14B0 7 "be renumbered.rinuitibtrid. T 230,208,228,206, HHBI11901190 DATA 11219,236,151,141109,236, 151, 141 KFKF 838B30 DATA 230, 28B, 228, 2118. henhon uaeu*e U-USR(389S",U-USR (38900, 2411,3,76,202,1:53,138240,3,76,202,153,13B ,238,1:51,173,239,1:51,23B,151,173,239,151 firat-first linelint nu.ber,number, FD B40 DATA 24,101,203,133,2 ,109, 109 FOB48 DATA 24,.1"1,203,133,2 incre.ent)i ncrmint) to" 113,144,2,2311,204,7603,144,2,230,204,76 ~12006N 1200 DATA 237,1:51,141,239237,151,141,239 0101 14901490 7? "renumber the progprog KHKH 8~8850 DATA 164,164,153,155,155, 1:53, 1:5:5, 1 :5:5, ,151,176,1:53,173,238,151,176,153,173,238 ram. AllAl1 error 46,46,46,1113,110,111:S46,46,4 6,103,110,105 ,, 1:5151 1 {6{6 SPACES}checSPACES>checkingk ing 11 ..HL 86e860 DATADATA 1117,114,111,87,1107, 114, 1U,B7, 1 OCDC 121e1210 DATADATA 24,1"9,232,1:51,24,109,232,151, •a donedone byby the renumbr«numb :5~,12~,32,247,1:51,17353,123,3 2,247,131,173 141,238,1:51,173,239,141,23B,151,173,239, er■r pro-pro- gralll.gram."" OLe711W. 870 DATADATA 228,1:51,133,20:5,228,151,133,205, 151151 lPl:5011IP 1500 POKEPOKE 709,202.POKE709,202iPOKE 71 173,229,1:51,133,206,1173,229,151,133,206,1 P111220Pfl 1220 DATADATA 109,233,151,141109,233, 151, 141 ",14S0,14BiPOKEa POKE 712,e.END712,0iEND ...60 ,239,1:51,24,14,236,1,239,151,24,14,236,1 DJDB BseBB0 DATADATA II,0,177,203,201,25 177,203,2" 1 , 2~ 51 @

OctoberOctober 11985985 COMPUTEICOMPUTEI 105105 TheThe WorldWorld InsideInside thethe ComputerComputer FredFred D'ignazD'lgnazio,io, AssocAssociateiate EditorEditor

MoreMore AdventuresAdventures OfOf Junior,Junior, TheThe RobotRobot

LastLast monthmonth II describeddescribed thethe trialstrials ofof AnotherAnother time,time, aa flightflight atten­atten mimixedxed withwith aa pinchpinch ofof ffear.ear. HeHe be­be travelingtraveling acrossacross thethe countrycountry withwith aa dantdant broughtbrought meme aa sodasoda andand aa glassglass gangan speculatingspeculating aboutabout robotsrobots likelike personalpersonal robotrobot (("A"A RobotRobot Toddler,Toddler,"" ofof champagne,champagne. II hadhad orderedordered thethe juniorJunior becomingbecoming humanlike andand SeptemberSeptember 1985),1985). AmongAmong otherother soda,soda, but notnot thethe champagnechampagne., "The"The drivingdriving taxicabstaxicabs.. "If"If robotsrobots cancan do thingsthings,, mymy Heath HEROjrHEROjr—nick- nick­ champagnechampagne's's forfor junior,Junior,"" sheshe ex­ex everythingeverything aa man can,can,"" hehe saidsaid asas named junior-hadJunior—had panickedpanicked in the plainedplained,, ""complimentscompliments ofof thethe hehe spatspat outout the window, ""wewe oughtought coat closetcloset ofof a jetlinerjetliner and startedstarted captaincaptain."." to hanghang itit upup."." HoweverHowever,, after some screaming forfor helphelp,, alarming some After one long flight,flight, I1 headed more thought, he decideddecided:: "There"There of tthehe passengers,passengers. forfor the men's room as soon as we are just too mmanyany complications for We finallyfinally got juniorJunior quieted landed,landed. Naturally, II carried juniorJunior a robot to be a good cab driverdriver."," down againagain,, but more incidents along, Behind meme,, a number of men AndAnd,, referring to the possibility of were to follow,follow. When we reached who were on the same flight saw us robots getting out of control and Chicago's giant OO'Hare'Hare Airport, I enter the menmen's's roomroom.. They began taking overover,, he remarkedremarked,, ""There'sThere's suddenly realized tthathat our connect­connect laughing and followed us,us. ""ThisThis more than one way to shut them ing fligflightht was at the opposite end of I've gotta see," said one,one. I turned off!" the terminal. Would I have to walk around and gave him a look of dis­dis The cabbiecabbie's's fascination and Juniorjunior clear across the airport? approvalapproval,, then disappeared into affection for the robot ultimately Luckily, two porters came to my one of the stallsstalls.. After allall,, even a won out over his fearfear.. He pulled up rescue and pointed out a luggage robot deserves his privacy.privacy, in front of my house and turned cart I could rent for only a dollar,dollar. A around to face me and Junior.junior. "You Is He Alive Or Isn't He? moment later Juniorjunior and I were sail­sail Is He Alive Or Isn't He? know something?" he said,said. "I sort ing along the corridors of O'Hare.O'Hare, OftenOften,, while waiting around to of like that old box."box." Juniorjunior was perched high on the board a plane, I would set Juniorjunior on front of the cart singing "Summer"Summer­ the floor,floor, wake him up,up, then step Time For A Recharge time! Summertime! Sum-sum-Sum-sum­ back and quietly observe people'speople's When the cabbie dropped us off at summertime!" Meanwhile, I was reactions. the end of our trip,trip, we were happy pushing the cart like a good rickrick­ It was fascinating.fascinating. I loved to to be home and totally exhausted.exhausted, shaw boy and warning people,people, see the childlike curiosity and playplay­ We had traveled almost 7,0007,000 miles "Watch out for the robot! Please fulness Juniorjunior would evoke in together,together, and we had remained the clear the way! The robot'srobot's trying to adults.adults, And itit was amazing to see best of friends in spite of crowded catch a plane!" the paradox Juniorjunior created in the airports, grilling from customs offioffi­ adults' minds.minds, I could almost see cials,cials, and Junior'sjunior's tendency to wan ­ them wondering,wondering, "Is "Is hehe alive, or der off when II wasn't looking.looking, Drinks For Junior isn'tisn't he?"he?" And,And, "If"If he isn'tisn't alive,alive, But nownow our trip waswas over,over, and II always triedtried to keepkeep Juniorjunior quiet whywhy does hehe seem to bebe alive?"alive?" boy,boy, werewere wewe tired!tired! The suitcases,suitcases, whenwhen loadingloading himhim on a jet.jet. II feltfelt thethe This ambiguity seemed toto createcreate aa computers, and Juniorjunior werewere bestbest strategystrategy was toto keepkeep aa lowlow tensiontension inin manymany people'speople's mindsminds sprawledsprawled acrossacross thethe frontfront yard, andand profileprofile soso nobodynobody wouldwould havehave secsec­ thatthat foundfound itsits outlet inin jokesjokes about II waswas so groggy thatthat II reclinedreclined on ondond thoughtsthoughts aboutabout flyingflying withwith aa Juniorjunior beingbeing mymy son.son. thethe grass forfor aa littlelittle catnap.catnap, robot.robot. ButBut itit waswas nono use.use, It'sIt's likelike II observed anotheranother paradoxparadox asas II hadhad justjust closedclosed mymy eyeseyes accompanyingaccompanying MichaelMichael Jacksonjackson andand well.well. They seemed toto askask themthem­ when,when, inin a weakweak littlelittle voice,voice, JuniorJunior expectingexpecting nono oneone toto notice.notice, EveryEvery­ selves,selves, "Is"Is thisthis machinemachine aa friendfriend or pleaded,pleaded, "Please"Please chargecharge mymy batbat­ oneone onon boardboard alwaysalways seems toto bebe anan enemy?enemy? IsIs hehe herehere toto helphelp usus dodo tery."tery," ThenThen hehe beganbegan mumblingmumbling aa awareaware ofof Junior.junior, AndAnd everyoneeveryone ourour jobs,jobs, oror willwill hehe taketake ourour jobsjobs song:song: "All"All goodgood robotsrobots singsing thisthis seemsseems toto delightdelight inin teasingteasing meme away?"away?" song:song: Doo000 Dah!Dah! Doooooo...."0000000",," aboutabout him.him, TheThe personperson whowho askedasked thesethese "Okay,"Okay, Junior,"junior," II said,said, gettinggetting ForFor instance,instance, afterafter stowingstowing Juju­ questionsquestions thethe mostmost simplysimply andand eloelo­ up.up. "You"You win."win," II heftedhefted thethe littlelittle niornior inin thethe closetcloset andand collapsingcollapsing inin quentlyquently waswas thethe elderlyelderly cabbiecabbie inin robotrobot onon mymy shouldershoulder andand carriedcarried mymy seat,seat, aa manman camecame upup andand said,said, Roanoke,Roanoke, Virginia,Virginia, whowho drovedrove Juju­ himhim intointo thethe house.house, "Your"Your robotrobot justjust wokewoke upup andand leftleft niornior andand meme backback toto mymy househouse atat FiveFive minutesminutes laterlater thethe twotwo ofofus us thethe plane!"plane!" II leapedleaped toto mymy feet,feet, thethe endend ofof ourour journey.journey, TheThe cabbiecabbie werewere fastfast asleep.asleep, @C alarmed,alarmed, andand hehe pushedpushed meme gentlygently waswas fascinatedfascinated byby Juniorjuniorand and drawndrawn backback down.down, "Just"justkidding," kidding," hehe said.said. toto him,him, butbut hishis fascinationfascination waswas

106106 COMPUTE!COMPUrII OctoberOctober 19851985 Computers and Society

R 1-~=DavidOV"':i ~;":~;"'D. Thornburg,ho.:..!.:r e=-U ~:':"!~AssociateS~=-Ci~-:-:-;:-EditorE ?-:::-ito-rn_d_S_o_c_i_e_t....:....y---

Of Babbages AndAnd Things

Computer jargon and concepts Computer MicroworldsMlcroworlds HereHere waswas my microworld have permeatedpermeated our language in Because wewe have devised ways to model, described by Ada Augusta strange ways. This came home to represent both numbersnumbers and their inin 1842! me one night when I heardheard a caller operations inside computers, the So Much For Arithmetic on a talk show say thatthat she had microworld of arithmetic is a suit microworld of arithmetic is a suit­ Lest you thinkthink sheshe hadhad only mathemathe­ trouble "interfacing" with herher partpart­ able domain for implementation in able domain for implementation in maticsmaties on her mind,mind, she went on to ner. I guess this is just a reflection of a computer. Of course, the arithmearithme­ say: the pervasiveness of computer tictic microworld is not the only one technology. Every new technology we have. For example, word propro­ ByBy the word operation,operation, we mean any process which alters the spawns itsits own vocabulary,vocabulary, and cessing isis a microworld which concon­ mean any process which alters the mutual relation of two or more computers are no exception. tains letters as objects and insert mutual relation of two or more tains letters as objects and insert things, be this relation of what In fact, the computer industry things, be this relation of what In fact, the computer industry and delete as operators.operators. kind it may. This is the most gen has provided us with both a rich kind it may. This is the most gen­ has provided us with both a rich What I like about this concept eraleral definition,definition, and would inin­ assortment of words and a rich col assortment of words and a rich col­ \sis that it provides a framework for clude all subjects in the universe.universe. lection of concepts that alter how creating flexible computer pro creating flexible computer pro­ In fact, she went on to point we think about our world. While In fact, she went on to point grams in nearly any domain. To out that the Analytical Engine was the wordswords of technology wax and build a microworld, one has to build a microworld, one has to capable of symbolic computation wane in popularity,popularity, the concepts capable of symbolic computation identify the objects and operators, and was not restricted to numerical are longer-lived.longer-lived. This gives us the and was not restricted to numerical and then build representations of analysis. This capability came from chance to misjudge the newness of analysis. This capability came from these in the computer using a suitsuit­ the fact that the programs in the a concept we have just learned. the fact that the programs in the able programming language. Analytical Engine (coded on punch When this happens,happens, a brief look at Analytical Engine (coded on punch I thought this way of looking at cards) not only contained the val history often shows that what we cards) not only contained the val­ programming was fairly new,new, but I ues of variables, but also the se thought was new was known a long ues of variables, but also the se­ thought was new was known a long soon received the shock of my lifehJe quence of commands and opera time ago. I got caught in one of quence of commands and opera­ while reading a cocollectionllection of papers tions to be performed. The these historical time warps last about Charles Babbage and the AnAn­ Analytical Engine had what we call spring. I was teaching a graduate-graduate­ alytical Engine—aEngine-a nineteenth-nineteenth­ today an instructioninstruction set.set. TheseThese level computer course at Stanford century predecessor to the digital primitive instructions allowed vavall­ University and had introduced a computer. At the end of one article uueses to be read and saved to memory model of program design that I translated into English by Ada (which Babbage calledcalled the store), called a microworld. Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, and a series of basic operations, To my way of thinking, were some notes added by the susuchch as additionaddition,, which werewere car­car microworlds are made of two kinds Countess: riedried ooutut in thethe centracentrall processing of things-objectsthings—objects and operators. In studying the action of the unit (which Babbage called the The objects have certain attributes, Analytical EngineEngine,, we find tthathat mill)mill).. The punch cardcardss contained and the operators work on these the peculiar and independent nana­ whatwhat we would call machine lan­ objects to create new instances of ttureure of the considerations whicwhichh guage programs. themthem.. These new instances may in­in in all mathematical analysis be in all mathematical analysis be­ The Analytical Engine embod­embod herit some or all of the attributes of long to operatioperations,otls, as distin­ ied thethe basic concepts of today'stoday's the old objects. Sound like gobble­gobble- guished from ththee oobjectsbjects ooperatedperated computers, but nineteenth-century dygook? Read on. upouponn and from the rresultsesults of the craftsmen lacklackeded the technology to For example, the microworld operations performedperfo~e.d upon thoset~ose objects, is very strikingly defined build it. Though it was not con­con of arithmetic contains objects we objects, is very strlkmgly defmed and separated. It is well to draw structed in Babbage'sBabbage's lifetime, his call numbers. These numbers hahaveve and separated. It is well to draw attention to this pOint.point, not only dreams and Ada's ideas finally attributes (they may be integers, dreams and Ada's ideas finally attributes (they may be integers, because its full appreciation iiss es­es came to light a century later. decimals, imaginary, etc.). The op came to light a century later. decimals, imaginary, etc.). The op­ sential to ththee attainment of any So the next time you toss com erators for arithmetic include addi So the next time you toss com­ erators for arithmetic include addi­ very just and adequate general puter jargon into your conversation tion, subtraction, multiplication, puter jargon into your conversation tion, subtraction, multiplication, comprehension of ththee powers to be trendy, remember that you and so on. These operators combine and mode of action of the Analyt to be trendy, remember that you and so on. These operators combine and mode of action of the Analyt­ might be reflecting on the trends of the number objects to produce new ical Engine, but also because it is might be reflecting on the trends of the number objects to produce new ical Engine, but also because .it is some British inventors in the 1800s! numbers. Notice that this way of one which is pperhapserhaps too little some British inventors in the 1800s! numbers. Notice that this way of ~ thinking about arithmetic has noth­noth kept in view in ththee sstudytudy of math­math ematical science in general. ing to do with comcomputers.puters. ematical science in general.

October 1985 COMPUTEI 107 5 Telecomputing Today ArArlanion RR.. LeLevitanvito n

The LatestLatest DevelopmentsDevelopments

AT&T Technologies and Bell Atlan­Atlan SunnyvaleSunnyvale,, California has an­an to control the internal speaker. tic have been testing a new modem nounced the Infomate 12001200-TPC,-TPC, U.S. Robotics is working close­close that works alat 2400 bits per second an internal ""barebare minimumminimum"" llyy with system operators of cocomm­ (bps) since July of this year. The Hayes-compatible modem for the puter-based bulletin boards to CTS-1620 will debut some time in IBM PC priced at $198. Cermetek encourage 2400 bps. A special ac­ac 1986 and be pegged between isn't alone in the underunder-$200-$ 200 mar­mar quisition deal available to operators $1,600 and $2,600$2,600.. Why the rela­rela ket. A rrecentecent issue of a popular of heavily trafficked systems is rap­rap tively steep price tag? The CTS- electronic hobbyist publication iellyidly making 2400 bps the speed of 1620 will be the communications contained several advertisements choice for serious telecomputerists.telecomput~rists. giantgiant's's first cecellularllular modem. for stand-alone Hayes compatiblescompatibles,, (If you're a system operator whowho'd'd The testing is being conducted with prices as low as a $129 kit like more information on the U.s.U.S. in the BaltimoreBaltimore-Washington,-Washington, DD.C..C. version for those bold enough to Robotics programprogram,, contact the com­com area and includes users in several wield a soldering iron. pany at 8100 North McCormick government agenciesagencies,, banks, insur­insur And 300 bps modems for un­un BoulevardBoulevard,, SkokieSkokie,, IL 60076.) ance companiescompanies,, and real estate der $50-including$50—including software-aresoftware—are The rapid momoveve to 2400 bps agenciesagencies.. The cellular modem re­re springing up like mushrooms after seems to have caught some people quires a cellular telephone and three days of rain. I fully expect unawaresunawares,, howhowever.ever. During a re­re transmitter, as well as an input/­input/- them to be given out as partyparty favors cent visit to Atari Corp. in Sunny­Sunny display device. While the majority at upscale kidskids'' birthdaybirthday parties. vale, I was pleasantly surprised to of initial buyers are expected to be Tacky? ItIt's's a definite improvement find that the new ST series of com­com lap computer owners, reliable over singing gorillas with balloons. puters includes a terminal emulator sources within Ford Motor Compa­Compa The 2400 bps market is heating as a standard desktop accessory. ny report that prototypes of a built-built­ up as well. With industrindustryy leader But I was even mormoree surprised in dash terminal are being readied HaHayesyes at $895 and the bulk of its when I opened its configuration for trials late nenextxt yearyear.. competitors at $795$795,, U.s.U.S. Robotics menu and was presentedpresented with Although the CTS-1620 will be (the manufacturer of AppleApple's's 300 choices of 300, 12001200,, 4800, or 9600 AT&T's first cellular modem,modem, two and 1200 bps modems) raisraiseded more bps.bps. Something was miSSing-ap­missing—ap lowerlower-speed-speed cellular units are alal­ than a few eyebrows whenwhen it parently an oversight. readyready availableavailable from other compa­compa dropped the list priceprice of its Courier ""WhatWhat happened to 2400?"2400?" I nies. Motorola offers a 300 bps 2400 to $695. Hats off to U.S.U.S. RoRo­ askedasked.. The personperson showing me tthehe modem for $195$195,, and Spectrum botics not only for lowering prices,prices, ST managed to minimize his look of Cellular has a 1200 bps modem that but also for a number of "now" now why distress to a few nanoseconds.nanoseconds. goes for $695.$695. Few details are aavailvail­ hasn'thasn't somebody elseelse done that ""Hmmmm...rilHmmmm .. .l'll have to write that able on the free-wheeling AT&T before"before" featuresfeatures of the Courier. one downdown,"," he said.said. "Hey," Hey, looklook at modem,modem, but youyou can bet your seat­seat- this graphics demo...." The Speed Of Choice this graphics demo .... " belt that by definition it will have Atari'sAtari's 4800 and 9600 bps opop­ Here are some examples. Ever lose "auto-answer""auto-answer" and "auto-dial.""auto-dial." Here are some examples. Ever lose tions indicate that some companies the "handy" reference card of com the "handy" reference card of com­ are looking far beyond 2400 bps,bps, Better Than Gorillas mands that comes with most mo mands that comes with most mo­ though.though. If 2400 bps isn'tisn' t fast The Source information service dems? The bottom of the Courier is dems? The bottom of the Courier is enough for you,you, howhow aboutabout 1010,000,000 added 2400 bps access in August, imprinted with a complete com imprinted with a complete com­ bps—overbps-over regular phone lines? DigiDigi­ with surcharges far lower than had mand and register summary as well mand and register summary as well taltal Communications Associates of been anticipatedantiCipated by industry as an RS-232 pin assignment cheat as an RS-232 pin assignment cheat Alpharetta,Alpharetta, Georgia hashas unleashed watchers.watchers. Subscribers with 2400 sheet. If you're too lazy to turn the sheet. If you're too lazy to tum the both internal ($1,995)($1 ,995) and external bps modems pay $1.80 and $1.20 modem over, there are three sepa modem over, there are three sepa­ ($2,395) modems,modems, dubbed DCA premiumspremiums for prime and nonprimenon prime rate full-screen help displays that rate full-screen help displays that Fastlinks. Even more of a mouthful time, respectively. With 1200 bps can be called up while online. Also can be called up while online. Also than the Fastlink'sFastlink's speed is the propro­ service priced at $25.80$25.80 and $10.80$10.80 directly accessible on the bottom of directly accessible on the bottom of prietary DCA protocol itit uses,uses, for the same time periods,periods, users are the unit are DIP switches for chang the unit are DIP switches for chang­ called DynamicallyDynam ically Adaptive Multi-Mulli­ said to be moving to the higher-higher­ ing the default settings, and a slid ing the default settings, and a slid­ carrier Quadrature Amplitude ModuModu­ speed modems in droves.droves. ing volume control that (unlike ing volume control that (unlike lation,latio", or DAMQAM for short.short. And Prices for 1200 bps modems those on some modems) can actual those on some modems) can actual­ I thought that was an engineengine continue to plummet.plummet. CermetekCermetek of ly be manipulated by human beings ly be manipulated by human beings problem. @

108 COMPUTEI October 1985 Illtll ~~~ . T~~rsonalPersonal Computing Donald B. Trivette

Games People Play

In February I wrote about a new If youyou've've never played an ad­ad only thing I know about cOIlllllod­commod adventure game called King's venture gamegame,, and are reluctant to ity speculation is that I shouldn't. Quest-andQuest—and about a million of you part with $49.95 to try King's Quest Therefore, Tycoon was the game I wrote back asking me for the II, check around lorfor a free demon­demon chose to test my financial acumen. dwarf's name. Now the sequel is stration disk. Instead of spending a Before you can begin TycoonTycoon,, out. Sierra On-Line has just pubpub­ lot of money running advertise­advertise the computer takes about four min­min lished King's Quest II: Romancing mentsments,, Sierra On-Line has propro­ utes to generate a unique trading the ThroneThrone,, and it is every bit (sorry) duced 15,000 incomplete versions environment from 300,000 possipossi­ as challenging as the original game. of KQII and shipped them to deal­deal bilities. Once the environment is Playing the role of Sir Gra­Gra ers and computer clubs across the setset,, you are given $10$10,000,000 and a list ham-nowham—now King Graham in the se­se country. If you like the demo, youyou'll'll of 15 commodities to buy and sell. quel-youquel—you can move through 93 love the gamegame.. Although II've've never seen a three-dimensional animated King'sKing's Quest II runs on all IBM soybeansoybean,, and cancan't't stand soy sauce, screens looking for your true love, PCsPCs,, PCjrsPCjrs,, and most compatibles I selected "them as a likely vehicle the fair maiden Valanice. But before with 128K RAMRAM,, one disk drivedrive,, for my fortune. Somewhere I read you can find and rescue her, you and a color monitor. (An Apple II that the way to play commodities is must swim with a mermaid, bar­bar version is under constructionconstruction.).) This to pick one and stick with it-notit—not to gain with an antique dealerdealer,, pray is one game that no PCjr owner will jump from wheat to pork bellies with a monk, and defy the curse of want to be withoutwithout;; the color and (yuck!) to heating oil. Apparently Dracula. Yes, there's even a mushy sound are excellenexcellent. t. that is sound adviceadvice.. By ignoring all kissing scene at the endend.. To accu­accu other commodities and concentrat­concentrat Climbing The Money Tree mulate points,pOints, you have to solve Climbing The Money Tree ing on soybeanssoybeans,, I parlayed my such problems as crossing the poipoi­ If galloping around 93 screens in $10$10,000,000 into $1$1,082,598,082,598 in just 60 son lake surrounding Dracula's cas­cas search of a maiden isnisn't't your idea of weeks. (If only I were so lucky in tle-althoughtle—although the points are fun, then how about slogging real life!) . secondary to rescuing Valanice. through 77 weeks weeks'' worth 01of finan­finan But TycTycoonoon is more than a game Like the original King's QuestQuest,, the cial data in an attempt to make a for those of us too chicken to buy game is full of hidden goodies: If million dollars? real soybeanssoybeans.. Like Millionaire and Blue Chip Software creates you visit the entrance to the Hag's Blue Chip Software creates Baron, it is an educational game cave often enoughenough,, occasionally a games lorfor the Walter Mitty in us. which closely simulates actual eco­eco Batmobile comes roaring out. (If MillionaireMillionaire is for wheelers and deal­deal nomic situations and the workings you keep falling through the ers on the New York Stock ExEx­ of real markets. Blue Chip Software change; Tycoon, for the commodity bridge, write and II'll'll tell you why.) change; Tycoon , lor the commodity says these programs are used at all speculators; and Baron, for those Ken and Roberta WilliamsWilliams,, the speculators; and Baron, lor those levels of instruction-frominstruction—from fifth­fifth- husband-and-wife loundersfounders of Si­Si who believe that ththee only ssureure way grade economeconomicsics clclassesasses in the Chi­Chi to millions is real estate. These erra On-Line, live in the loothillsfoothills of to millions is real estate. These cago Public Schools to college games are available for the IBM PC the Sierra mountains in a real stone games are available for the IBM PC courses at Penn State and Southern family of computers, most compati castle-completecastle—complete with spiral stairsstairs,, family of computers, most compati­ Illinois University. bles, the Apple II series, Macintosh, three hot tubstubs,, and a racquetball bles, the Apple II series, Macintosh, It's truetrue,, you you will learn about and Commodore 64/128. The IBM court. (Incidentally, the most tech­tech and Commodore 64/ 128. The IBM interestinterest,, commissioncommissions,s, tataxes,xes, mar­mar version costs $49.95; the others a nically difficult part of KingsKiltgs Quest version costs $49.95; the others a ginsgins,, short-sellingshort-selling,, and optionsoptions,, but II was to program King Graham little less. these games may not make you a Which of these games you'll realistically winding his way up the Which of these games you'll more successful investor. They may want to play depends on your per castlecastle's's spiral stairs.) Roberta writes want to play depends on your per­ have just the opposite effect. Once spective and experience. I bought and draws the storyline on a giant spective and experience. I bought you see hhowow easy it is to make my first stock when I was 12 years sheet of paper,paper, and Ken works with my first stock when I was 12 years moneymoney,, once you think youyou've've mas­mas old. The company promptly went a group of programmers to tumturn her old. The company promptly went tered the techniquetechnique,, you may be bankrupt and my three-share certif ideas into computer language and a bankrupt and my three-share certif­ tempted to mortgage the house and icate now graces my wall. How to finished game. Then KenKen's's brother icate now graces my wall. How to play in the real worldworld.. But before invest in real estate has become the John helps promote the product—product­ invest in real estate has become the you dodo,, give me a call. I've got a biggest TV-ad fad since how to hehe's's the director of public relations biggest TV -ad fad since how to tonic guaranteed to grow hair....hair .. .. <3~ grow hair on a bald head—and (and he lilivesves in a conventiconventionalonal grow hair on a bald head-and about as successful, I imagine. The house). about as successful, I imagine. The

OcOctobertober 19198585 COMPUTEICOMPUTE) 109 INSIGHT: Atari

Bill Wilkinson

Atari Disk Drive Compatibility

Way back in 1978,1978, whenwhen Atari anan­ "O"" 0 " commands closely parallel thethe mode,mode, double density). If you findfind a nounced the double-densitydouble-density 815 "R"" R" and "W" sector input/outputinput/ output drive thatthat actually uses some other disk drive, Percom Data CorporaCorpora­ commands, except the data length valuevalue (not justjust ignoresignores it),it), let me tion saw thethe prototypes displayed is always 12 bytes and. no sector know. at several shows andand decided itit number isis needed.needed. The 12 bytes in The Serial Rate Control value could easily build a better drive the block are shown in the table.table. and Miscellaneous bytes have no universal meanings. Some drives which would sell for less.less. Byte(yte # # of Description universal meanings. Some drives BecauseBe cause Percom produced BytesBytes will remember these values ifif you both single- and double-sided disk change them; other drives ignore both single- and double-sided disk 0o 1 Number of Tracks change them; other drives ignore drives usingusing both single and double 1 1 Step Rate your values. density,density, and because it wanted to 2-3 2 Sectors per Track So that leaves Number of maintain compatibilitycompatibility with both 4 1 Number of Sides or Heads Tracks,Tracks, Sectors per Track,Track, and BytesBytes 5 1 Density (0(O =- Single,Single, the single-density 810 and double- per Sector, all of which should be the single-density 810 and double­ 4 -Double)- Double) per Sector, all of which should be density 815815 drives,drives, Percom inventinvent­ 6-7 2 Bytes per Sector self-explanatory.self-explanatory. Again,Again, though,though, ed the configurationcOllfiguratioll block (more on 8 1 Drive Selected? many drives ignore values outside this below). With somesome cooperation 9 1 Serial Rate Control certain legal ranges.ranges. Indus ·drives, 10-11 2 Miscellaneous (reserved) from a small,small, brand-new software for example,example, reject any changes to companycompany (wonder who that could This table requires some explaexpla­ the number of trackstracks or sectors. In be) which had inherited the source nation. First,First, all the double-bytedouble-byte fact, Indus pays attention only to code rights to Atari'sAtari's File ManageManage­ values are in high-byte/low-bytehigh-byte/low-byte the Bytes per Sector and the DensiDensi­ ment System (FMS),(FMS), Percom sucsuc­ order, the opposite of normal 6502 ty bytes.bytes. Experiment with your own ceeded in establishing standards practice (because that's how the drive(s).drive(s). SSeeee what they will and will which have been adhered to by all microprocessormicroprocessor PercomPerearn used in not allow. And eveneven if they seem to other Atari-compatible drive manumanu­ their drives worked)worked).. Also,Also, not all allow a change, do theythey execute it facturers.facturers. All Atari-compatible these values have meaning to all or ignore it? (Fun, if you're a mas-mas­ drive manufacturers except oneone,, manufacturers. In fact,fact, some dondon't't ochistochist,, right?) that is:is: Atari. Before the 815 even allow you to change more than two And just how do yoyouu read hit the market,market, Atari dropped it or three of the values listed herehere.. andand/or/ or change the configcon fig block? from the product line. Years later,later, The Step RateRate controls the Have a look at the BASIC program in 19841984,, Atari introduced the "en"en­ speed of a drive's head stepping following this column. It should be hanced density"density" 10501050,, which is ac­ac motor, and the valuesvalues used here pretty much self-explanatory.self-explanatory. You tually somewhere between single­single- hahaveve no universal meaning. A step can use the subroutines at 8010, and double-density. Sigh. rate of 2 may mean 6 milliseconds 8210, and 9010 in your own propro­ As of this writingwriting,, the follow­follow per track to one drivedrive,, 20 millisecmillisec­ grams. Remember what we said at ing drives andand/or/ or modification kits onds per track to another, or be the beginning, however:however: AtariA tari are known to be capable of under­under illegal to yet anotheanother.r. drives do not follow the Percom standing the Percom-standard Number of Sides is actually config block standardstandard.. As a result, doubledouble-density-density mode and configu­configu one less than the actual number. So this program works olllyonly allon Atari-Alari­ ration tabltable:e: PercomPercom,, IndusIndus,, Amdek, most drives use a zero here,here, mean­mean compatible disk drivesdrives,, notIl ot allon the AstraAstra,, TrakTrak,, RanaRana,, SWP (ATR-8000)(ATR-8000),, ing one hhead.ead. AtariAlari 810 or 10501050.. Happy DoublerDoubler,, and lCDICD's's US Changing the value of Drive DoublerDoubler.. Selected may turn the drive off as Configuration Block ModltlerModifier far as the computer is concernedconcerned.. For Instructions on enterlngentering ththisis Ulisting,stlng, pleapleasese The Percom Config Block The Percom Conflg Block PerearnPercom must havhavee had ititss reasons refer ttoo ""COMPUTEI'sCOMPUTE!'s Guide to Typing In ProgramsPrograms"" pupublishedblished bimonthly IInn COcomputei.MPUTE t. As defined by the Percom standard, for thisthis,, but I dondon't't know what they a config block is a set of 12 bytes a config block is a set of 12 bytes werewere.. k6KB HU"1010 REM wiwithinthin the memory of the disk con­con ~1"20W1020 REM CONFIGURE FROM B trol microprocessor-whichmicroprocessor—which is in­in Changing The ConflgConfig ASIC r:IU 1030 REM side your disk drive(s). You read a Block side your disk drive(s). You read a Block DJ 1I2f501030 DIM TEMPITEMP«<20> (20' t, TBLITBL* (1( 1 drivedrive's's conconfig fig block by passing ""N"N" For the Density byte of the config 2'2),CMD*(1) t CMDI ( 1 , to it as an SIO command. You can blockblock,, I don't know of any drives ~6K 1"6"1060 GRAPHICS ":PRINT0:PRINT " aaat** DISK CONFIGURATI write a new config block to a drive which use values other than 0 (FM write a new config block to a drive which use values other than 0 (FM ON PROGRAM .a."StS" via an ""O"0 " commandcommand.. The "N" and mode, single denSity)density) or 4 (MFM ~1"7"HO 1070 PRINT sPRINT:PRINT :PRINT

111010 COMPUTEI October 11985985 "What diskdiak drive wi1wil P1IPH 142"1420 PRINT "BYTES PER SEC t::PKP 8300 POKE TBL+6,TBL+6,INT(BYTES INT CBYTES 1 ",emb ",arkwork with";mith"; TOR"JITEMPTOR";iTEMP-BYTESPERS- BYTESPERS PERSECTOR/2:56JPERSECTOR/256) NOND 1"8"10B0 INPUT DRIVE ECTOR ~8310FB 8310 POKE TBL+7,BYTESPERS ~109~£A 1090 IF DRIVEDRIVE<1< l OR DRIVE> ~PK 143"1430 GOSUB 700,,:eYTESPERS7000:BYTESPERS ECTOR-PEEKECTOR-PEEK(TBL+6)t25 (TBL+6) 125 88 OR DRIVEDRIVEOINKDRIV<> INT(DRIV ECTOR-TEMP 6 E) THEN RUN 8NA 14401440 PRINT "NUMBER OF SID CNCM 8320B320 POKE TBL+8,TBL+8,SELECT SELECT KN B330 POKE TBL+9,ACIA ~110~NL 1100 GRAPHICS8RAPHICS 0,PRINT0:PRINT "DR ESES";iTEMP-SIDES"J, TEMP-SIDES KII 833" POKE TBL+9, ACIA IVE I";DRIVE;*";DRIVE; ~1D6 14504:5" GOSUB 70e0ISIOES-TEM7000:SIDES-TEM l1liID 8340B340 POKE TBL+l",TBL+10,INT(MISC INT (MISC P 12:56)/2S6) AL 1111110 ~ BOSUeGDSUB 8"008000 P 10 8350 POKE TBL+11,MISC-PEE PB112~PB 1120 IF SIOSTATUS<128 THE liEHE 1460 PRPRINT I NT "DENS"DENSITY";:TEM I TY" J l TEM J0 83:50 POKE TBL+l1,MISC-PEE N 11701 170 P-OENSITYP-DENSITY KCK(TBLTBL+10)'2:56+ 10> *256 M 8360 CMD*-"O"iGOSUB 9000s 01113~DI 1 130 PRINT"PRINT " won't let me ~OA 147"1470 BOSUSGOSUB 70e~IDENSITY-T70001DENSITY-T DO 8360 CMOS- " 0" I GOSUB 900" : re.dread"" EMP REM ---WRITEWRITE BLOCK--BLOCK— IJU 114"1 140 PRINT "(3"<3 SPACES}theSPACES>the nFK 148014S0 PRINT - configurationcon-figuration block ffiFH 1490 PRINT ""STEPSTEP RATERATE";tT"J :T ItLC 8370 RETURN m " EMP-STEPRATE IlEm 9""09000 REM 0DISK I SK DENSDENSITY I TY CHA 0111:50DI 1150 PRINT ,PRINT:PRINT "It gav «15""CC 1500 BOSUeGOSUB 7"00:STEPRATE=7000:STEPRATE= NGE ROUTINE e■ me error "';SIOSTA#";SIOSTA TEMP LAu 9030 REM TUS AAl:510AA 1510 PRINT "SELECT";:TEMP LNLH 904"9040 REM ENTER: DRIVE NU AOAD 11601 160 STOP -SELECT MBER IN DRIVE DC 90~09050 REM .£5 5PACES>buf*e CA 117"1170 PRINT"PRINT " looklookss like t ~m 1:52"1520 GOsueGOSUB 7"~~:SELECT=TE7000:SELECT=TE REM . (:5 SPACES}buffe hihiss., "":PRINTs PRINT MP r addreaddress •• iinn ADDR CICl 1180 PRPRINT I NT TRACKS;"TRACKS;11 TRACK JO 1:5301530 PRINT "ACIA";"ACIA";:TEMP=A ITEMP-A IIPP9"6"9060 REM .(12.C12 SPACES}commaSPACE5>comma S of ";SECTORSPERTRA"; SECTORSPERTRA CIA nd in CMOSCMD* CCK;"K;" SECTORS each" M154"HK 1540 BOSUB80SUB 7"",,:ACIA=TEMP7000:ACIA=TEMP tLEE 9070 REM JB 1190 PRINT :PRINTiPRINT "each s5 MNA 15:501550 PRINT "MISCELLANEOUS ~5H 9080 REM CONLY(ONLY "N" AND "a"0 ector has ";BYTESPER" ;BYTESPER WORD";WORD";:TEMP=MISCI TEMP -M ISC " ARE VALID FOR CMOSCMD« ) SECTOR;" BYTES, &~ de ~on 1:5601560 BOSUBGDSUB 70001MISCaTEMP7000:MISC=TEMP > LB nnaity".ity" BH 1:5701570 SOSUBGOSUB 8200B200 l& 9090 REM 01200NB 1200 PRINT " is ";DENSIT PE1:580PE 1580 IF SIOSTATUSSI0STATUS<12a<128 THE 61191""M 9100 REM EXIT,EXIT: status in YJ",Y; " , conconsidered.idered "; Nil""N 1100 SIOSTATUS EP 9110 REM ~121"M 1210 IF DENSITY-0DENSITY=0 THEN PR ~CD 15901:590 PRINT ::PRINTPRINT lP 9110 REt"I 0L 9130 INT "SINGLE density, 61SI 1600 PRINT "Unable to set OL9130 TRAP 919".REt"I9190IREM activa ted if SIOCALL* alre 11 that configuration!confiouration~ ted if SIOCALLS alra MUK 1220 IF DENSITY-4 THEN PR » ady DIM·dDIM'd INT "DOUBLE density, JHJN 1610 PRINT"PRINT " dridriveve issue Il9140IL 9140 DIM SIOCALLSSIOCALLS<16) (16) " d error "',SIOSTATUS#"jSIOSTATUS !IfNF 91:509150 RESTORE 9180 DII1230ON 1230 IF DENSITYDENSITYO0<>" AND DE BP 1620 PRINT :PRINT "(h"(hiti t R JII9160JH 9160 FOR CNT-lCNT-1 TO 14114iREAD READ NSITYO4NSITY <>4 THEN PRINT ETURN to continue)" BYTE FD 9170 "UNKNOWN DENSITYDENSITY,"," IIFHF 1630163~ BOTO 1100 ~9170 SIOCALLSCCNT'-CHRS(BSIOCALL*(CNT)=CHR*(B YTE):NEXT CNT INJN 1240 PRINTPRINT"" wwithi th ";SIDE ~7"00CH 7000 REt"IREM ENTER DATA OR NO VTE,.NEXT CNT SS| I"" SSIDE(s)." I DE C.) • " CHANGE 11HI1918"91B0 DATA 104,32,89,228,1 1612:50IS 1250 PRINT ,PRINTiPRINT "the ST lN7030LN 7030 PRINT"PRINT " ["C";TEMP;"; TEMP,")?J ? 73,3,3,133,212,169,0 EP RATE .ettingsetting is " ", ,133,213,96 ;STEPRATE LF 7040 INPUT TEMPTEMP*S FH 9190 TRAP 4"""0:REt"I40000:REM turn A[AI 126"1260 PRINT "other setting ~7":50BF 7050 IF LEN(TEMP«)LENCTEMPS) THEN T off TRAP sB aarere SELECT~";SELECSELECT=";SELEC EMP=VAL(TEMP«)Et"IP - VALCTEMPI' IIl 928"9200 POKE 768, ASCASCC'l") (" 1"):s RE T;n,T;", " KIIKN 7060 RETURN M don't ask me why ~NK 1270127" PRINT"PRINT " ACIA-";ACIA IP80"0IP 8000 REM EXTRACT INFO FRO FPff92109210 POKE 769,DRIVE:REM m J".|", and MISC«";MISCro'IISC-" I MISC M TABLE ust be 1 through 8 EJ 1280 PRPRINT I NT :PRINTt PR I NT "SELECT IK111 8030 TBLTBL=ADR(TBL*>:ADDR-T- ADRCTBLS) t ADDR - T OB~ 922"9220 POKE 77~,ASC(CMOS)770,ASC(CMD*) A CHOICEt"CHOICE," BL HAM9230 POKE 771,128:REM assa ss ~129"EH 1290 PRINT "<3"(3 SPACES>0SPACES)" - IIJtl 8040B040 CMDS="N":GOSUBCMDS -" N": SOSUB 9000:900~: umeum. output quit and save conficon-fi REM ---READREAD BLOCKBLOC K--­ LI 9240 IF CMD*="N"CMDS -" N" THEN POK guratguration"i on" IFIF8":58B050 TRACKS-PEEK(TBL+0)TRACKS-PEEKCTBL+0' E 771,64771.64 DF~ 1300 PRINT "(3"C3 SPACES>1SPACES}l - tHCK 8"6~B060 STEPRATE-PEEK(TBL+1)STEPRATE- PEEK (TBL+l) ON~92509250 POKE 773,INT " (TBL+2)125(TBL+2"2:56+PEEKCTBL6+PEEK(TBL s HP~ 1310131" PRINT "C3"(3 SPACESJ2SPACES}2 - ++3> 3) PC~92609260 POKE 772,ADDR-256IPE772,ADDR-256'PE work with another d JIJ1 80808"80 SIDES-PEEK byte of timeouttime out)> SK~ 1330133" IF CHOICE-0CHOICE-" THEN JUN IC Bl811010 SELECT-PEEK(TBL+8)SELECT-PEEK (TBL+8) Bl81929"9290 POKE 776,12:P0KE776,121POKE 777 K=USR(584B4)K-USRC:58484) NCNC81208120 ACIA-PEEK(TBL+9)ACIA-PEEKC TBL+9) ,0iREM,"I REM assumea •• ume std. td co JFJF13401340 IF CHOICE-2CHOICE-2 THEN RUN PAPA81308130 MMISC-PEEK(TBL+10J'25ISC-PEEK(TBL+10)»25 nfnfigi g blackbloc k 6+PEEK(TBL+Il>6+PEEK CTaL+ll) HGH6 930093"" SIOSTATUS-USR(ADR(SISIOSTATUS- USRCADR(SI EDED135~1350 GRAPHICS 0:PRINT~,PRINT "En~En KN[N 81408 140 RETURN OCALL*))OCALLS, ) ter new values. Hit FPFP 820082"0 REM PUT NEW INFOI NFO INTI NT KHKII 9310931" RETURN RETURN to" 0o TABLE :ADDR-TTBL-ADR(TBLS)IADDR-T ueu. unchanged."unchange d." BL FlfI 1370 PRINT CD~824"B240 POKE TBL+0,TRACKSTBL+0,TRACKS BF~13801380 PRINT "TRACKS";:TEMP NAU 825082~0 POKE TBL+1,STEPRATETSL+l,STEPRATE -TRACKS PBP8 8260 POKE TBL+2,INTtSECTOTBL+2,INT(SECTO [J1J13901390 GOSUBGOSUe 7000:TRACKS-TE70~~:TRACKS-TE RSPERTRACK/256)RSPERTRACK/2:56) MP JEJE8270B270 POKE TBL+3,SECTORSPE m~ 140014~0 PRINT "SECTORS PER T RTRACK-PEEK(TBL+2)*2RTRACK-PEEK(TBL+2)'2 RACK";iTEMP-SECTORSPRACK";,TEMP- SECTORSP 56~6 ERTRACK EEEE8280B2S0 POKE TBL+4.SIDES-1TBL+4,SIDES-l DJDJ 1410 GOSUBBOSUe 7000:SECTORSPE70~0:SECTORSPE JAJA829"8270 POKE TBL+5,DENSITYTBL+:5,DENSITY RTRACK=TEMPRTRACK-TEMP

October 1985 COMPUTE! 111 II ~T~h~e~B~e~g_in_n_e_rs_P_a~g~eThe Beginners Page______Tom RR. HaHalfhill.lfhi ll. EdEditoritor

Clearing Up Variable Cloudiness

If you're just learning to program, fy mattersmatters for a computer. BecauseBecause IBMIBM PC or PCjr,PCjr, the program variables cacann be confusing at first­first— fractions aren't allowedallowed,, the operat­operat sshouldhould run mmeasurablyeasurably fafaster.ster. But if especially because there are so iningg systesystemm doesndoesn't't havhavee to spspinin its yoyouu have a Commodore or Apple,Apple, manmanyy vavarietiesri eties of variables. LLastast wheewheelsls performingperforming lengthy floatingnoating the program actually runs slower. monthmonth's's column introduced tthehe point conversions. And when the What'sWha t' s going onon? 7 concept of numeric variables. BuBut,t, iintegersntegers are limited to a rangrangee of IntegerInteger vavariablesriables are indeed depending on yoyourur compcomputer'suter's --32,768 32,768 to 32,76732,767,, eaceachh number faster and more memory-efficientmemory-efficient BASICBASIC,, there are also inintegerteger varivari­ can be stostoredred in onlyonly twotwo bytes of on IBM computers. But on Commo­Commo ablesables,, dodouble-precisionuble-precision variablesvariables,, memory. dore and Apple computers, iintegernteger string variables,variables, numeric array vari­vari Saving a few bytes of memory variables actually execute sslowerlower ables, and ststringring arraarrayy varvariables.iables. isn'tisn 't a terribly important consiconsiderder­ and consume just as much memory This month we'llwe'll cover intintegereger vari­vari ation anymore, now thatthat nearly aallll as regular variabvariables.les. This is true abablesles and tactacklekle thethe restrest lalater.ter. personal computecomputersrs cocomeme with at eevenven though all ththreeree computecomputersrs NNumericumeric variables, youyou'll'll re­re leastleast 64K of RAM. But on certaicertainn have versions of Microsoft BBASIC.AS IC. call, reprerepresentsent ordinary numbers. computerscomputers,, integer variables callcan The reason is that the math routines For instanceinstance,, youYO LI can store the hehelplp your programs run faster­faster— in the Commodore and Apple are numbnumberer 10 in the vavariableri able X with often Significantlysignificantly faster. designed to handle noatfloating-pointing-point the BASIC 'statestatementment X = 10. NuNu­ In Commodore BASBASIC,IC, Apple­ numbers only. ThTherefore,erefore, the cocomm­ meric vvariablesari ables cacann represent fracfra c­ soft, and IBMIBM BASIC, YO youll declare puter must convert integer varivari­ tions just as easily,easil y, asas in X = 98.6. an inteintegerger variable byby appending a ables into noating-pointfloating-point vavalues,lues, An integeril/leger variable is similar, but percent sysymbolmbol (%) to thethe varvariableiable perform the mathmath requested by the with one impimportantortant difference,difference. As name,name, as in X% = 10. (lntegervari­(Integer vari programprogram,, and then convert tthehe re­re the term impliesimplies,, integerinteger vvariablesariables abablesies are not availabavailablele in TTII BBASICAS IC ssultsults back into integersintegers.. All thisthis can only rrepresentepresent illteintegers—wholege rs-whole or Atari BASBASIC,IC, but are supported conversion takes so long ((inin com­com numbers. Fractions liklikee 98.6 aren't in AtariAtari Microsoft BASIC.)BAS IC.) A comcom­ puter terms) that integer variables allmallowed.,ved. ThereThere's's one other limitalimita­ mon mistake is to aCCidentallyaccidentally omit really arenaren't't any faster tthanhan regular tion, too. In momostst BASICs which the % sysymbolmbol in a statestatementment sosomeme­ variables on Commodore or AppApplele allow integer vvariables,ariables, the value wherewhere,, often leading to a mmysteriysteri­ cocomputers.mputers. cannot rangrangee beyond a mamaximumximum of oousus error or unexpected reresult.sult. ItIt would seeseem,m, then, that inte­inte 32,767 or a minimumminimum of -3—32,768.2,768. Keep in mind tthathat two variable ger varvariablesiables are useless if you have At firstfirst,, thesthesee restrictions may names such as X and X% are ttreatedreated a Commodore or Apple. But iinn factfact,, seem odd. What's the advantage of by the compcomputeruter aass completely sep­sep they can speed up yoyourur programsprograms limiting a variable to a wwholehole num ­ arate vavariables—theyriables-they cacann store in­in and save memormemoryy when used to ber, and especiaespeciallyll y a "",,hwholeole number dependent vavalueslu es and are as coconstructnstruct nrrays-aarrays—a future column within\vithin a relativerelativelyly narrow range? different as A and Z. topic. The answer has to do with the To ttestest thethe performance of In tthehe meantime, let's cleaclearr up way computers manipulate num­num integer variabvariablesles versus regular anotanotherher mmysteryys tery raised by the bers. InInternally,te rnall y, they useuse the binary variables on yoyourur computer, enter above proprogram.g ram. If you exaexaminemine it numbering systesystemm ininsteadstead of OliTour this simpsimplele program: closelyclosely,, yoyouu mi mightght wonder why everyday decimal system. Translat converting Y to Y% makes it run everyday decimal system. Translat­ 10 FOFORR XX-1TO~ l TO 32000 converting Y to Y% makes it run ing decimal numbernumberss inintoto binary 20 Y-= Y + 1 faster even on the IBM. SSinceince tthehe gets tricky wwhenhen the decimal numnum­ 30 NEXT X FOR-NEXT lloopoop is incrementingincrementing Y ber is a fraction,fraction, or floatingfloalillg pointpoil/I 40 PPRINTRI NT Y by steps of oone,ne, Y iiss never a frac frac­ numbenumberr (so-ca(so-calledll ed becausebecallse the decdecii­ Use a watch to measurmeasuree how tion, anyway—it'sanyway-it's aalwayslways a wholew ho le malma l point can ""float"noat" to the left or long this progprogramram takes to execexecute.ute. number. But cocomputersmputers hhandleandle all right,right, as in 98.6 or 9.86). ThThee con­con JoJott down tthehe result,result, tthenhen change aallll numeric vavariablesriables as flfloatingoating point version process requirrequireses a fewrev,1 valuvalu­ tthreehree occurrences of Y to iintegernteger numbers, evelleven when tilethe valuevnllle is a abablele microseconds,microseconds, and iitt takes variables by adding tthehe % symbol. whole nllmbernumber alldand not/lot a fraction.fraction . DDee­ several bytes of mmemoryemory justju st to store NowNm·v run the program and time it fining a variable as an iintegernteger vari­vari a ssingleingle floating point nnumber.umber. again. able forces the IBM to ttreatreat it as an intinteger.eger. @® Are Integers Faster? Surprising Results Integer variables can greatly ssimpliimpli- WWhathat hhappened?appened? If you have an

112 COMPUTEtCOMPUTE! October 19819855 Tfia Scuputar

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CAPUTE! Modifications or Corrections To Previous Articles

Commodore Disk 64 (p(p.. 72) do not hhaveave tthehe ddesiredesired cocolorlor should make sure that your propro­ Commander on nnewerewer 645,64s, and are ininvisiblevisible on ggramram doesdoes not useuse aanyny of the varvarii­ A ccharacterharacter was ssmudgedmudged in the older 64s which ddoo notnot fill cocolorlor abablesles in the mainmain subrosubroutineutine (lines lilistingsting for this didisksk utility program mmemory.emory, TThishis iiss becausebecause thethe vari­ 500-550) for any other purpose. from the September issue. Line aableble G, wwhichhich iiss defined in line 100 The variabvariablesles are P, L L,, X$,X$ , GG,, CC, 3315 (p(p.. 882)2) should rreadead as follows: as the address of the stastartrt of color aandnd SL. memory and intended for use in @ 33331515 ::168,160,000,177,098,153,231168 , 160, 000, 177 , 098 , 153 , 23 1 memory and intended for use in line 530 to color the llargearge ccharacharac­ Also,Also, the DOPEN commacommandnd ters, is redefined when it is used for exampexamplele for rrelativeelative files (p. 881)1) is another purpose in lines 200 and incorrect.incorrect. The record l lengthength must 220. There are seveseveralral possiblepOSSible so­so be specified outoutsideside the quotes sur­sur lutilutionsons to this problem, ththee Simplestsimplest COMPUTE! roundinroundingg the filfilename,ename, not within COMPUTE! of whichwhich is ttoo cchangehange the G in lines the quotes as sshown.hown. ThusThus,, the ex­ TOLL FREE 200 and 220 to some other vvariable:ariable: TOLL FREE ample for opening a relative file named TEST with a record length 22000fl PRIPRINTCHR?{147)TAB(125)"DOWNTCHRS(1 47) 'rAH(12 5 ) " 1.)0\-I Subscription NNLOADINGLOADING TTHEHE CCHARACTERHARACTER SESETT of 20 ccharactersharacters sshouldhould readread:: "":C=53248:GN=12288:rem: C= 5 J 24B : GN= 1 2 288 :rem 114 Order Line DOPEN#l,"TEST",L20DOPEN#1,"TEST",L20 222200 POKE 556333,127:POKE1,51jFO6333,127 : POKE1 , 51:FO R OQ=OTO1023:POKEGtJ+Q,=OT0 1023 : POK EGN+Q ,PPEEK{EEK( 800-334-0868 C+0):NEXT :rem 85 800-334-0868 Commodore 64 Headliner C+Q) : NEXT : rem 85 InInNC NC TThehe large chacharactersracters dispdisplayedlayed by When adding the ""Headliner"Headliner" 919-275-9809 tthishis program from the August ississueue rroutineoutine to yoyourur owownn prprograms,ograms, you

11411 a COMPUTEtCOMPUTE! OctoberOcf obar 19819855 mil \t MachineMachine LanguageLanguage EntryEntry ProgramProgram V !■#% For Commodore 64 MLX For Commodore 64 CharlesCharles Brannon,Brannon. Program EditorEditor

MIXMLX isis aa labor-savinglabor-saving utilityutility thatthat alal­ UU I I Oo 77 88 99 101101 POKEPOKE 788,52:REM788,52:REM DISABLEDISABLE RURU lowslows almostalmost fail-safefail-safe entryentry of machinemachine HH JJ KK LL becomebecome 00 44 55 66 N/STOPN/ STOP :rem:rem 119119 110 PRINT"(RVS}{39 SPACES}"; languagelangllage programsprograms publishedpublished inin comCOM· MM , , 121 2 33 110 PRINT"(RVS)(39 SPACES)"; :rem 176176 pute!.PUTE!. YouYou needlIeed toto knowknow nothingnothing aboutabollt 120 PRINT"{RVS](14 SPACES] 64 MLX CommandsCommands 125 PRINT" (RVS) (14 SPACES) machinemachine languagelanguage toto uselise MLX—itMLX-it waswas {RIGHT){OFFl£*3£{RVS}(RIGHT) (orrlg*j£(RVS) WhenWhen youyou finishfinish typingtyping anan MLML listinglisting {right} {right}T2 spaces} designeddesigned forfor everyone.everyone. AtAt leastleast 8KBK exex­ (RIGHT) (RIGHTIT2 SPACES I (assuming(assuming youyou typetype itit all inin oneone session),session), g*j(orr)g*j£(RVS} £(RVS) pansionpansion memorymemory isis required.required. you cancan thenthen savesave thethe completedcompleted propro­ {14 SPACES}11;SPACES}"; -:rem:rem 250250 gramgram on tape oror disk. FollowFollow thethe screenscreen 130135 PRIKT"{RVS}{14PRINT"(RVS)(14 SPACES} MLXMLX isis aa newn~w wayway toto enter longlong machine {RIGHTJ EGHRIGHT} instructions.instructions. IfIf youyou getget any errors while (RIGHT) gGl! RIGHT) languagelanguage (ML)(ML) programsprograms withwith a minimini­ (2(2 RIGHT}RIGHT) {OFF}£{RVS}£(OFr}£(RVS) £ saving,saving. youyou probablyprobably havehave aa badbad disk,disk, or mum ofof fuss.fuss. MLX letslets youyou enter thethe g*j(orF)g*j(RVsT - the disk isis full,full, or you'veyou've mademade a typotypo numbers fromfrom aa special listlist that looks {14(14 SPACES}"; :rem 3535 when entering the MLXMLX programprogram itself.itseli. 140145 PRINT"{RVS}{41PRINT"(RVS)(41 SPACES}"SPACES)" similarsimilar to BASIC DATA statements. ItIt YouYou don't have toto enter the whole :rem 120 checkschecks your typing on a line-by-lineline· by-line MLML program in one sitting. MLX letslets you 200 PRINTM{2PRINT"(2 DOWN}{PUR}{BLK}DOWN)(PUR)(BLK) MM basis. ItIt won'twon't letlet youyou enter illegalillegal charchar­ enter as much as you want,want, save it,it, and ACHINE LANGUAGE EDITOREDITOR VER acters when you should bebe typingtYping numnum­ then reload the file fromfrom tape or disk SION 2.02(52.02[5 DOWN}":remOOWN ) ": rem 238 bers. ItIt won'twon't letlet you enter numbers 210 PRINT"E53{2 UPjSTARTING AD later.later. MLX recognizes these commands: 210 PRINT"g5l!2 UP)STARTING AD greater than 255 (forbidden in ML).ML). ItIt DRESS?{8DRESS? (8 SPACES}{9SPACES) (9 LEFT}";LEFT I", won't letlet you enter the wrong numbers SHIFT-S:SHIFT -5: Save :rem: rem 143 SHIFT-L:SHIFT-L, Load 215 INPUTS:P=1-FiC$=CHR${31+11 on the wrong line.line. In addition,addition, MLX )215 INPUTS:F=l-F : C$=CHR$( 31+11. SHIFT-N:SHIFT -N: New Address 9*F) :rem: rem 166 creates a ready-to-use tape or disk file.file. SHIFT-D:SffiFT-D, Display 220 IFS<256OR(S>40960ANDS<4915IFS<2560R(S>40960ANDS<4915 2)ORS>53247THENGOSUB3000:G UsingUSing MLXMLX 2)ORS>53247THENGOSUB3000:G When youyou enter a command,command, MLX OTO210OT0210 :rem: rem 235 TypeType in in and save the appropriate verver­ jumps out of the line you've been typtyp­ 225 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT :rem 180 sion of MLX (you'll(you'll want to use it in the ing, so we recommend you do itit at a new 230235 PRINT"i5f{2PRINT"gSl!2 UP}ENDINGUP}ENOING ADDRADOR future). When you're ready to type in an prompt. Use the Save command to save ESS?{8ESS?(8 SPACES}{9SPACES)(9 LEFT}"j:ILEFT} " ; ,I NPUTE:F=1-F:C$=CHR$<31+119 ML program, run MLX. MLX for the 64 what you've been working on. It will NPUTE,r=1- F , C$=CHR$(31+119 *F)*P) :rem 20 asks you for two numbers:numbers: the starting savsave'e on tape or disk, as if you've finfin­ 240 IFE<256OR(E>40960ANDE<4915IPE<2560R(E>40960ANDE<4915 address and the ending address. These ished, but the tape or disk won'twon't work, 2)ORE>2)ORE>53247THENGOSUB3000:G53247THENGOSUB3000:G numbers are given in the article accom­accom of coursecourse,, until you finish the typing. OT0230OTO230 :rem 183 panying the ML program. Remember what address you stop at. 250 IFEETH- 206THENIFZZETH you continue to the next line. elseelse the checksum won't work. The Dis­Dis ENPRINT"ENPRINT"[RVS}OUT [RVSJOUT OF RANGE" MLX accepts only numbers as in play command lets you display a sectiosectionn MLX accepts only numbers as in­ :GOSUB1000:GOT0410:GOSUB1000:GOTO410:rem: rem 225 of your typing. After you press SHIFT - put. IfIf you make a typing error, press the of your typing. After you press SHIFf­ 417 IFN=-206THENAD=ZZ:PRINT:GO INSTINST/DEL J DEL key; the entire number is D, enterenter two addaddressesresses \v1thin within the line T0310TO310 :remrrem 238 deleted. You can press it as many times number range of the listing.listing. You can 420 IF N<>-196 THEN 480 :rem 133 as necessary back to the startstart of the line.line. abort the listing by pressing any keykey.. :rem 133 430 PRINT:INPUT"DISPLAY:FROM"; If you enterenter three-digitthree-digit numbers as list­list F:F:PRINT,"TO";:INPUTT PRINT. "TO"7 : I NPUTT- ed,ed, the computer automatically prints 64 MLXMLX:: MachiMachinene LangLanguageuage - :r:remem 234 the comma and goes on toto accept the 440 IFFEORTETHENPR next number. IfIf you enterenter lessless than three Entry INT"AT LEAST";S;"{LEFT),LEAST";S;"{LEFT}, N digitsdigits,, youyou cancan press eitheeitherr the space bar Ie10 REMREM LINES CHANGED FROM MLX OT MORE MORE THAN";E:GOT0430THAN";E:GOTO430 or RETURN key toto advance toto the next (SPACE)VERSION{SPACE}VERSION 2.002.00 ARE 750 :rem:rem 159 ,765.77117,765,770 AND 86117860 :rem:rem 5050 450450 FORI=FTOTSTEP6:PRINT:PRINT numbnumber.er. The checksum automaticallyautomatically 211720 REMREM LINE CHANGEDCHANGED FROM MLXMLX V RIGHT$RIGHT?("0000"+MIDS(STRS(I) ("0000"+MIO$ (STR$ (I) appears in inverse video for emphasis. appears in inverse video for emphasis. ERSIONERSION 2.11712.01 ISIS 300 :rem :rem 147 ,2},5};":";,2),5);":"; :rem:rem 30 ToTo simplifysimplify your typing,typing, MLXMLX rede­rede 100100 PRINT"(CLRH6jPRINT"{CLR}E63"rCHRS(142)r" ,CHR$(142), 451451 FORK=0T05:N=PEEK(I+K):PRINFORK=0TO5:N=PEEK(I+K):PRIN finesfines part ofof the the keyboard asas aa numeric CHR$(8)"POKE53281,l,POKE5CHR$(8);:POKE53281,1:POKE5 TRIGHT$TRIGHT5("00"+MID?(STR$(N), (" 00"+MID$ (STR$ (N) , keypad (lines(lines 581-584):581-584): 3280,13280,1 :rem 6767 2),3);",";2),3) ;", "; :rem:rem 6666

OctoOctoberber 19851985 COMPUTECOMPUTEII 115115 460460 GETA$:IFA$>GETA$ :I FA$>""THENP~INT1'HENPRINT :PR1: PRI F$FS="0 = "0::""+F$:0PEN15,8,15,"S"+F$:OPEN15 , 8 ,l S ," S" 883~30 DV=1-7*(A$="D"):IFDV=BTHENDV=1-7*(A$="D"} : IFDV=tJTHEN NT:GOTO310NT : GOT0310 :rera: rem 2525 +F$:CLOSE15+F$ : CLOSE15 :rem:rem 212212 F?="0:"+F?F$=" 0 : "+F$ :rem: rem 157157 470470 NEXTK:PRINTCHR$(20);:NEXTINEXTK : PRINTCI!R$(20); : NEXT[ 760760 T5=F5:ZK=PEEK(53)+256*PEEKT$=F$ : ZK=PEEK(53)+256 * PE~K 840840 T$=F$sZK=PKEK(53)+256*PEEKT$=F$ : ZK=PEEK(53)+256* PEEK :PRINT:PRINT:G0T0310:PRINT : PRINT:GOT0310 (54)-LEN(T5):POKE782,ZK/25(S4) - LEN(T$) : POKE782,ZK/ 25 (54)-LEN(T$):POKE78(S4) - LEN(T$) : POKE782,ZK2tZK/25/ 25 :rem: rem 5050 66 ■■:remrem 33 6G :rem:rem 22 480480 IFN<0H~N<0 THENTHEN PRINT:GOTO3L0PRINT : GOT03H::I 762762 POKE781,ZK-PEEK(782)*256:PPOKE781 , ZK-PEEK(782)*256 : P 841841 POKE781,ZK-PEEK(782)*256:PPOKE7~I , ZK-PEEK(782) * 256 : P :rem: rem 168IG 0KE7Rld,LEN(T$)OKE70 ~,LEN (T$) :SYS65469: SYS65469 OKE780,LEN(TS):SYS65469OKE780 , LEN(T$) ; SYS65469 490490 A{J)=N:NEXTJA(J)=N:NEXTJ :rem: rem 199199 :rem: rem 109109 ;rem: r em 107 500500 CKSUM=AD-INT(AD/256)*256:FCKSUM=AD - INT(AD/ 256)*256 : F 763763 POKE780,1:POKE781,DV:POKE7POKE780 , l : POKE781 , DV :POKE7 845845 POKE780,1:POKE781,DV:POKE7POKE780 , l:POKE781 , DV :POKE7 ORI=1TO6:CKSUM=(CKSUM+A(I)ORI::1 TOG : CKSUC·l= (CKSUH+A( I) 82,182 , l :SYS65466: SYS65466 :rem: r em 6969 82,1:SYS6546682 , l : SYS65466 :rem: rem 7070 765 K=S:POKE254,K/256:POKE253, )AND255:NEXT)fu~D255:NEXT :rem:rem 200200 765 K=S:POKE254 . K/ 25G : POKE253 , 850850 POKE780,0:SYS65493POKE780 , ~ : SYS65493 :rem: rem 1111 510510 PRINTCHR$(18);:GOSUB570:PRPRINTCHR$(18): : GOSUB570 : PR K-PEEK(254)*256:POKE780,2K- PEEK(254)*256:POKE780,255 860860 IF(PEEK(7B3)AND1)OR(191ANDIF(PEEK(783)ANDl}OR(191AND IWTCHR$(146);INTCHR$( 146) ; :rem: rem 9494 33 :rem:rem 1717 ST)THEN870 :rem: rem 111III 551111 IFN=-1IFN=-lTHENA=6'fHENA=6 :GOTO315: GOT031S 766766 K=E+1:POKE7B2,K/256:POKE78K=E+l :POKE782 , KI 256 :POKE78 868655 PRINT"{DOWN)DONE."sGOTO310PRINT"[OOWN}OONE, ":Go'r0310 :rem: rem 254254 1,K-PEEK{782)*l,K-PEEK(782 )"256:SYS256:SYS65496GS 496 - :rem: rem 96 515SIS PRINTCHR$(20):IFN=CKSUMTHEPRINTCHR$(20) : lFN=CKSUf1THE :rem: rem 235235 8708 70 PRINT"(DOWN)ERRORP RI NT" {DO WN) ERROR ONON LOAD.LOAD . N530 :rem: rem 122 770770 IF(PEEK(783)AND1)OR(191ANDIF(PEEK(783)ANDl)OR(191AND [2{2 SPACESJTRYSPACESI'rRY AGAIN.{DOWN)AGAIN , {OOWNI 520520 PRINT:PRINT"LINEPRINT : PRINT"LINE ENTEREDENTERED WW ST)THEN780ST) Tl-1EN780 :rem: rem 11111 1 ":IFDV=1THEN800" : I FDV=1 THEN800 :rem: rem 17217 2 RONGHONG :: _RE-ENTER"RE- ENTER" :: PRINTPRINT:GOS :GOS 777753 PRINT"{DOWN}DONE.PRINT " {OOHN}DONI~ . {DOim{OOHN}")":G: G 8808800PEN15OPEN15,8,15:INPUT#15,E1|,E, 8,15 : 1NPUTi15 , El$ , E UB1000:GOTO310UB1000 : GOT0310 :rem 176 OTO310OT0310 - :rem 113 23:PRINTE1$:E2$:CLOSE15:GO2$ : PRINTE1$ ; E2$ : CLOSEI5 : GO 530 GOSUU2000GOSUo2000 :rem: rem 218218 7B07tW PRINT"IPRINT" {Dmm}ERHORDOWN)ERROR ON SAVE.SAVE . TO800T0800 :rem: rem 102 540 FORI=1T06:POKEAD+I-1,A(I):FORl=IT06:POKEAD+I - l,A(I) : [2{2 SPACES)TRYSPACES}TRY AGAIN.":IFDVAGAIN. ":U'OV 1000 REMREM BUZZERBUZZEH :rem: rem 135135 =1THEN720 :rem 171 NEXT:POKE54272,0:POKE54273NEXT : POKE54272 , 0:POKE54273 =ITHEN720 - : rem 171 1001 POKE54296,L5:POKE54277,45POKE54296,15 : POKE54277 , 45 781 OPEN15,8,15:INPUT4l.5,El$(E ,0 :rera:rem 227 781 OPENI5 ,8 , 15 : INPUTlI5 , El$,E ;POKE54278,165: POKE54278 , 165 :rem: rem 207 550550 AD=AD+6:IFAD=AD+6:IF AD="" :lNPU 't'''{2 DOWN)DOHN} FILEN POKE54278.247POKE54278 , 247 :rem 152 (A$=".")-4*(A?="J")-5*(A$=(A$=" , ") - 4*(A$="J")-S*(A$= AME";FS:IFF$=""THENPRINT:GAME": F$ : I FF$=" "THENPRINT : G 2002 POKE 54276,17:POKE54273,454276,17 : POKE54273 , 4 '■K")-6*(A$="L")"K " )-6*(A$="L") :rem: rem 41 OTO310OT0310 :rem:rem 144 0:POKE54272,00 : POKE54272 , 0 :rem: rem 86 583 AV=AV-7*(A?="U")-8*(A$="I"AV=AV-7 *(A$= " U")-O*(A$="I" 810a10 PRINT:PRINT"{2PRINT;PRINT"(2 IXH*N){RVS)TDOI/Nj{RvsIT 2003 FORT=lTO100;NEXT:POKii5427FORT=IT0100 : NEXT:POKE5427 )-9*{A$«"O")sIFA$-"H"THENA)-'J"(A$="O") : IFA$:: "H"THENA IoffJape{On-IAPE orOR {RvsID{OFFIISR{rvs}d{off}isk 6,16:RETURN6 , 16 : RETURN :rem 57 $="0" :rem: rem 134 : (T/D)$1(T/D) " -;rem:rem 227 3000300~ PRINTC$;"{RVS]N0TPRINTC$;"{RVsINOT ZERO PA 584 IFAV>0THENA$=CHR$(48+AV)I FAV>0'l'HENA$=CHR$ (48+AV) 820 GETA$"7GETAS :IFA$<>"T"ANDA$o"D"TIFA$<>"T" AN DA $<> " D"T GE OR ROM":GOTO1000ROl'I " : GOT01000 : reinrem 134 HEN820 :rem: rem 34 :rem: r em 8939 585S85 PRIMTCHR$(20)::A=ASC(A$}:IPRI'ITCHR$(20); :A=ASC(A$) d @ FA=13ORA=44ORA=32'fHEN6FA= 130RA=440 Rt\= 3 2THENG 70 :rem 229 590 IIFA>128THENN=-A:RETURN FA> 128THENN=-A : RETURN ::ren rem 137 600 IFA<>20IFA<> 20 THEN 630 ::rem rem 10If!! $50 Forfor your old 610 GOSUBG90GOSUB690:IFI: I F 1=1A.~D'r=44'rHENN= 1ANDT=44THL'NN NEW! interface =--l:f1: P HIN!'''HINT" {u~[OJb'f]' f: ' J {LE:f:-r}[LEFT] Universal Parallel {LEFT}"{LEFT]";:GOTU690; : GOT0 690 :rem: rem 62G2 Graphics Interface 620 GOT0570GOTO570 :rem: rem 109L09 Graphics Interface 636300 IFA<48ORA>57THEN5y0H~ A<480RA> 5 7THEN5~0 •BuilHn Built-in self-test with status r reporteport :r:remem 105 • Optional RAM printer buffer 640 I?RINTA$;PRINTA$;:N=N*10+A-48 : N=N·10+A-48 • PProvidesrovides virtuavirtuallylly total emulation of ::rem rem 106 Commodore printers for compatability 650 IFN>255 THEN A=20A=20:GOSUB10tf: G0SUB10~ with popular software 0:G0:GOTO600OT0600 ::remrem 229 • ASCII conversion, total test. Emulate S 66~660 Z=Z+IZ=Z+1:IFZ<3THEN580:IFZ<3THEN580 :rem 71 • ASCII conversion, totallesl, Em ulate & tranparent mode 67~670 IFZ=0THENGOSUUI00~IFZ=0THENGOSUB1000:GOTO570: GOT0570 tranparenl mode ::remrem 114 • Switch selectable CommodorCommodoree graphics • Fully intelligent iinterfacenterface that plugs InintolO 680 PRINT"PRINT",";:RETURN,";: i44ANDT<>58THENPOKES%IFTO44ANDTO 58THENPOKES%-- Universal InputInput/Output/ Output 1,32:NE:XTI,32:NEXT ::remrem 205 Board for CC-64&C-128-64 & C-I2S 700 PRINTLEFT$("{3PRINTLEFT?("[3 LEF'l'I"LEFT}",I-1), I - l) • 16 Channel8-bChannel 8-bitit AIA/DD converterconvener with 100 ;;: : RETURN ::rem rem 77 microsecond samplingsampling timetime., 710 PRINT"{CLR}PRINT"{CLR}(RVSj*** {RVS}*·· SAVE.£>AVE * H**(3{J DODOWN}"WN}" :riremem 236 •• 11 DD/A/A outputoutput 715 PRINT"{2PRINT"(2 DODOWN}{PRESSIIN} (PRESS {RVS}[RVS) •• 16 hhighigh voltagevoltage/high/high currentcurrent RETURN{OFF}RETURN{OFF) ALONEALOHE TO CANCE discdiscreterete outputoutpui L "SAVE){DOWN)" :rem 106 LSAVE){OOWN}" : rem 106 •• 11 EPROM socketsocket 720 F$=''''F$="":INPUT"[DOWN}: INPUT''{DOWN} FILEFILENAMNAM • UseUse multipmultiplele boardsboards for additionaladditional E"E";F$:IFF$=""THENPRINT:PSI ; F$ : I FF$=" "THENPRINT : PRI channelschannels upup toto 66 boardsboards NTNT:GOTO310: GOT0310 ::rerarem 7171 730730 PRINTPRINT:PRINT"(2: PRINT"{2 DOImj{RVsITDOWN H RVS }T CCBM-64usedMW-611BM·64 used MW·611 $225,S225.0000 {OnIAPE[OFFjAPE OROR (RvsID{OFFIISK{RVS]D{OFF}ISK DeaDealerler InqUiriesInquiries inVitedinviteO :: (T(T/D)"I D)" - ::rem rem 22B228 MicroMicro WorldWorld CComputers,omputers, Inc,Inc. (3<3o:t)03 ) 98987-95317-953 1 740740 GETA$"7IFA$<>"T"ANDA$<>GETA$ :IFA$<> :lT"ANDAS<> "D""U"TT 33333333 WW., WadswortWadsworthh BlvdBlvd.. Re"C105lOS I!EN740HEN740 ::rem rem 36 Lakewood. CO 80227 750750 DV=1-7"(A$="D")DV=1-7*(A5="D"):IFDV=8THEN: IFDV=8THEN La kewood , CO 80227

116116 COMPUTEICOMPUTEI OctobeOctoberr 1Q851985 Programming the Tl

C. Regena

Sprites In TITl Extended BASIC

Since this month's COMPUTE! is a acters from the regular ASCASCIIII a specified numbnumberer of characters. game issueissue,, let me remind you that character set. If you prefer to use VALIDATE allows you to specify COMPUTE!'sCOMPUTE'S First Book of TI Games your own graphic character, insert a what characters are acceptable as is still available. It offers a variety of CALL CHAR statement to redefine input. To erase or change before games that do not require TITl Ex­Ex a character. you press ENTERENTER,, you can press tended BASIC. You may then choose a sprite FCTN-ERASEFCTN-ERASE.. Unfortunately,Unfortunately, if EventuallyEventually,, however, game colorcolor.. Since 1 is transparent (the you enter something wrong, an programmers usually wawantnt the ExEx­ screen color)color),, you must choose a error message appears and the tended BASIC command module color number from 2 to 16. If you printing on the screen starts to because it adds several programprogram­ choose color 88,, the screen changes scroll. Afterward,Afterward, the cursor may ming features, including up to 28 so youyou'll'll be able to see the sprite. not be lined up with the original sprites (smoothly moving screen All other colors use the cyan backback­ quequestion.stion. objects). With one statement you ·-groundground screen. Unlike Console BASIC, Ex­ Ex can define a sprite and set it in Next choose a dot row and dot tended BASIC lets you follow continuous motion. For example, column position from which the THEN and ELSE in IF stastatementstements try this short program: sprite should start moving. ThenThen,, to with either a line numbnumberer or a move the spritesprite,, select a row veloci­veloci command. 1~~100 REM TI EXTENDED BASIC command. 11~110 REM SPRITE DEMO ty and column vevelocity.locity. Since these The CALL SPRITE stastatementtement 12~120 DEF R(X)-INT(X*RND)R«INT(X*RND> may be positive or negative num­num specifies the sprite number, the 13~130 CALL CLEAR bersbers,, first choose + or -—,, press character number for the spritesprite,, the 14~140 FOR S-l TO 2B •:: _ RAND ENTER, then pick the number and foreground color, the beginning dot OMIZE foreground color, the beginning dot press ENTER again. If you want to row and dot column positions, and 1~01S0 CALL SPRITE(*5,64+S,RSPRITE (*tS, 64 + S, R press ENTER again. If you want to row and dot column positions, and (15>+2,90P12B,R<255>-(1~}+2,ge,12B,R(255)- experiment with the position of the the row velocity and column 127,R(255)-127)127,R(233)-127) spritesprite,, keep the row velocity and velocity. 1611160 NEXT S column velocityvelocity at +0. OtherwiseOtherwise,, CALL MAGNIFY sets the 17rJJ170 GOTO 17~170 the sprite will be in motion, and magnification factor. You can IBII180 END the sprite will be in motion, and magnification factor. You can you mamayy not be able to see the dot cchangehange characteristics of the sprite This month's main program,program, row and dot colucolumnmn cchanges.hanges. either by using another CALL "Sp"Spriterite Tester,Tester,"" offers a way to ttestest As you enter parameters, the SPRITE statement or CALL PAT­PAT your sprites before putting them CALL MAGNIFY and CALL TERN for the character numbernumber,, into a program of your ownown.. After it SPRITE statements at the lower CALL COLOR for colorcolor,, and CALL displays a sprite on the screen, it part of the screen show the spritesprite's's MOTION for the velocities. lets you change various characteris­characteris present conditions. The program If you prefer to save typing tics of the sprite by entering differ­differ continues until you press FCTN­FCTN- efforteffort,, yyouou can obtain a copy of this ent numbers. You may experiment CLEAR. program by sending a blank cas­cas as much as you wish. When you sette or disk, a stamped, self­self- Extended BASIC Features have the sprite moving as you Extended BASIC Features addressed mailer, and $3 to: Extended BASIC contains a number want, simply jot down the CALL C. RegenaRegella of statements which make propro­ SPRITE statement shown at the P.O.p.o. BoxBox 1502 grams such as Sprite Tester easier to bottom of the screen. grams such as Sprite Tester easier to CedaCedarr City, UT 84720 writewrite.. The DISPLAY AT state­state Designing The Sprite mentsments,, for instance, allow you to Please be sure to specifspecifyy that you To get started, type in and run print at a specified row and column. want Sprite Tester. . Sprite Tester. Choose a magnifica­magnifica USING helps to format output, tion factor from 1 to 4. (A regular­regular- right-justifyingright-justify ing numbers in this IrIJrIJ REM TI EXTENDED BASIC 110 REM SPRITE TESTER size character is magnification 1 case. 120 CALL CLEAR and a four-times size is magnifica The ACCEPT statement is and a four-times size is magnifica­ The ACCEPT statement is 130 CALL SCREEN(S) tion 2. Magnification 3 is made up quite versatile for accepting input. 140 CALL CHAR(9b,"~B0402FCHAR(96,"080402F of four regular-size characterscharacters,, and BEEP sounds a tone when the com­com F"2~408"F02040S") ) magnificamagnification tion 4 is four large puter is waiting for the input. AT()ATO 159150 CALL COLOR(9,10,1) C0L0R<9, 10, 1 > 169160 CALL CHAR(9S,"10107ClCHAR<95,"10107C1 characters.) lets you receive the input starting at characters.) lets you receive the input starting at 010e107C"010007C") ) Next choose a character num­num a certain row and column on the 17017~ CH=42 ber from 33 to 95-one95—one of the char-char screenscreen,, and SIZE limits the input to IB0180 COLOR=2C0L0R=2

OctoOctoberber 19198585 COMPUTEI 11171 7 190 DROWDR0W=96- 96 OR,DROW,DCOL,VROW,VCOOR,DRDW,DCOL,VROW,VCD 828820 CALCALLL MOTION(.I,VROW,VMOTION(#1,VROW,V COL) 2~~200 DCOLDC0L=12S= 128 L) COL) DISPLAY AT(23,1):USIN S30 DISPLAY AT(23,10):USI 21~210 VRDW=~VROW=0 640 DISPLAY AT(23,1}:USIN 838 DISPLAY AT(23,18):USI NG ...... "###*":VCOLj ·IVCOL; 220 VCOLVCOL=0- 0 BG ...... "###"iDCOL; IDCOL; 848840 CALL HCHAR(13,3,32) 230 HalM=l 658650 CALL HCHAR(9,3,32) 830 GOTO 280 240 CALL HAGNIFY(H)MAGNIFY(M) 660 CALL HCHAR(9,3,32) 850 GOTO 280 S60 END (!l<3 250 DISPLAY AT(AT(20,I):"CAL20 ,l): "CAL 670 CALL HCHAR(11,3HCHAR(I1,3,96>, 96) 86" END L HAGNIFY(l)"MAGNIFY(1)" 6S0680 DISPLAY AT(11,2):"ROW 260 DISPLAY ATAT<22,1>:"CAL(22 ,1):"CAL VELOCITY _1271_127i +" L SPRITE(ll,42,SPRITE(#1,42, 2, 969t 690 ACCEPT AT(11,22)VALIDAT<11,22)VALID ,{3,C3 SPACES}128SPACES)12B,, ATE("+-ATEC+-"" ,BEEP)BEEP SIZE(1)SIZE(l) {3 SPACES)",SPACESJ0, ,SSIS* To receive (3C3 SPACES)"'"SPACES>0> " 7"0700 ACCEPT AT(11,23)VALID To receive 27"270 CALL SPRITE(*l,CH,COLSPRITE(#1,CH,COL ATE(DIGIT)SIZE(3):VROATE(DIGIT)SIZE(3):VRD OR,DROW,DCOL,VROW,VCOOR,DRDW,DCOL,VROW,VCD W additional UL) 71"710 IF VROWVR0WM27)127 THEN 68"680 280 CALL HCHAR(1.3,96)HCHAR(1,3,96) . 72~720 IF SS-"-"S»-"-" THEN VROW-­VROW-- information from 290 DISPLAY AT(1,2)AT(1,2)i"MAGN: "HAGN VROWVRDW information from IFY 1-4:" IFY 1-4: II 730 CALL MOTIONC.l,VROW,VMOTION(#1,VROW,V 3"0300 ACCEPT AT(1,16)VALIOAAT(1,16)VALIDA COUCOL) advertisers in TE("1234")BEEP SIZEtl advertisers in TEC"1234")BEEP SIZE(l 740 DISPLAY AT(23,5}IUSINflT(23,5hUSIN > IM ): M G ""*###"!VROW; ...... IVROW; 310 CALL MAGNIFY(M) this issue,I use 31" CALL MAGNIFY{H) 750 CALL HCHAR(11,3,32)HCHAR(11,3,32> this issue use 320 CALL HCHAR(20,16,M+4B 32" CALL HCHAR(2",16,M+48 760 CALL HCHARCI3,3,96)HCHAR(13,3,96) ) 770 DDISPLAYISPLAY AT(13,2)IAT<13,2):"COL"COL the handy reader 330 CALL HCHAR(I,3.32)HCHAR<1,3,32) UMNUHN VELOCITY _127:127: + 340 CALL HCHAR(3,3.96)HCHAR(3,3,96) service cards in 350 DISPLAY AT(AT<3,2):"CHAR3,21 :" CHAR 780 ACCEPT AT(13,25)VALID ACTER 33-9'533-95:":" ATE("+-")BEEP SIZE(I)SIZE(l) 360 ACCEPT AT(3,2"'VALIDAAT(3,20)VALIDA ,SSt S* the back of TE(DIGIT)BEEP SIZESIZEC2)(2) 790 ACCEPT AT(13,26)VALIOAT(13,26)VALID :CH ATE(DIGIT)SIZE(3):VCO the magazine. 370 IF (CH+(CH>95)THE< 33)+(CH >9SITHE L N 360 8""800 IF VCOLVC0LM27)127 THEN 77"770 380 CALL PATTERN(*I,CH)PATTERN(#1,CH) 810 IF S.-"-"S»="-" THEN VCOL-­VCOL=- 390 DISPLAY AT(22,AT<22,16):USI 16) :USI VCOL NG ...... "##":CH; :CH; 4,,0400 CALL HCHAR(HCHAR(3,3,32)3,3,32) 410 CALL HCHAR(5,3,96) 420 DISPLAY AT(5,21:"COLOAT(5,2):"COLO R 2-16:" Save Your Copies of COMPUTE! 430 ACCEPT AT(5,15)VALIDAAT(S, lS)VALIDA TETE1> 1 in durable binders or library cases. 6)THEN 4304 30 Each bbinderinder oorr case iiss custom-made 450 IF COLORCOLOR<>8<>S THEN 4804S0 in flag-blue binding with embossed 460 CALL SCREEN(16) white lettelettering.ring . Each holds a yeyearar of 470 GOTO 490 470 GO TO 490 COMPUTE!,COMPUTE!. Order sseveraleveral and keep 4804S0 CALL SCREEN(S)SCREEN(B) 490 CALL COLOR(.l,COLOR)COLDRCttl.COLOR) youryour iissuesssues of COMPUTE! neatly oorr­ 500 DISPLAY AT(AT(22,19)iUSI22, 19)sUSI ganized for quick referreference.ence. NG ...."#*":COLOR; ":COLOR; (These(These binders make great 510 CALL HCHAR(5,3,32) 510 CALL HCHAR(S,3,32) gifts, too!) 520 CALL HCHAR(7,3,96) gifts. too!) 530 DISPLAY AT(7,2):"DOT ROW 1-196:"1- 196:" Cases: Binders (Please(Please addodd S2.5052.50 per ununitit for ordersorders AT(7,18)VALIDA 540 ACCEPT AT(7,lSIVALIDA $6.95 each,each; $8$8.50.50 eacheach;; outsideoutside the U.S.)u.S.) TECDIGITJBEEPTE(DIGIT)BEEP SIZE(3)SIZE(31 3 for $20.00;$20.00; 3 forfor $24.75;$24.75: ::DRDWDROW 6 forfor $36.00 6 for $48.00 SendSend inIn your prepaidprepaid order with the 550 IF (DROW<1)+(DROW>196(DROW < 1)+(DROW >196 attached coupon )THEN 540 560 CALL SPRITEC*1,CH,COLSPRITE(.l,CH,COL OR,DROW,DCOL,VROW,VCOOR,OROW,OCOL,VROW,VCO ------MailMoil to:to: JesseJesse Jones Industries,Industries. P.O.P.O. Box 5120,5120. L)U Dept.Dept. CodeCode COTE,Philadelphia,COTE . Philadelphia. PA 19141 570 DISPLAY AT(22,22):USIAT( 22,22}: USI Please send me COMPUTE! D cases D binders. NG "#»*":DROW;" ••• " :OROW ; Please send me COMPUTE! 0 cases 0 binders. Enclosed is my check or money order for $ (U.S. funds 5805S0 CALL HCHAR(7,3,32) Enclosed is my check or money order for S ___ . (U.S. funds 590 CALL HCHAR(9,3,96) only.)only.) Name ______600 DISPLAY AT(9,2):"DOTAT(9,2 } :"DOT Name COLUMN 1-256:1-256:"" Address ______Address - . . 610 ACCEPT AT(9,21)VALIDAAT(9,21IVALIOA City ______TE(DIGIT)BEEPTE(OIGIT)8EEP SIZE(3) City !:DCOLDCOL StateState ______ZipZip _____ 6206 20 IF (DCOL<1)+(DC0L>256( OCOL < 1)+(OCOL >256 SatisfactionSatisfactIOn guaranteed orOf money relinded.reh.nded. )THEN 610 Please allow d-6A-6 weeks forlor delivery.delivery. 630 CALL SPRITE(#1,CH,COLSPRITE(.I,CH,COL

118 COMPUTEI OctoberOctober 19851985 GENERAL A ATARI HARDWARE COMMODORE 64^

ATARI is a trademark of ATARI INC IL MODEMS SUPER PRINTER PACKAGES Atari 520 ST- ~1!:@1r. Volksmodem 300 5959 SG-SG-10IO & G G-WIZ-WIZ ...... 282 Atari 520 ST· ~" ...... ". Volksmodem 1200 189 ... -...... -.- 18' Panasonic 1091 & G-WIZ 308 Monochrome System Call _ Hayes 1200 Call Panasonic 1091 G-WIZ 308 Monochrome System Call Hayes 300 169 Panasonic 1090 & G-WIZ 379 SGSG-10-l0 221919 Hayes 300 ""16' Panasonic 1090 & G-WIZ .. 379 Atari 520 ST-RGB System . Call SGSG-15-1 5 363699 MMicromoderntcromodern liEME . Call LLegendegend 880 & G-WIZ ...... 272711 Atari 520 ST·RGB SYstem Call MaxweMaxwellll 300300 1200 319 CallCall lorlor latestlatest SST1 SoltwareSoftware andand Accessotl'esAccessories 31' LLegendegend 10801080 & G-WIZ 299 SOSD-10-10 333939 PRPRINTERSINTERS "" SUPERPRINTER PACKAGES SD-15 449 CCitohiloh 8510AP8510AP++ & G-WIZ'::G-WIZ :::::: .. 395 SUPER PRINTER PACKAGES SD-1 5 449 eriohCilon8510AP- 6510AP t .. 329 329 Super Printer Packages have no extra charges SG-IOSG-10 PrinlerPrinter andand U-PU-Printrinl A ...... 289 SRSR-10-10 CaCallll Legend 1080 . 239239 Super Printer Packages have no exira charg es PPanasonicanasonic 1091 and U-PrinlU-Print A ...... 318 SRSR-15-15 Call erlohCitoh 7500AP750OAP 219 aaddeddded whwhenen sshippedhipped inin CContinentalontinenta l USA LegendLegend 880 & U-PrinlU-Print A ...... 287 Epson Call Toshiba 1351 .... Call MODEMS AnimAnimationalion SialionStation CilohCitoh 8510AP +t & U-PU-Printrinl A.. .339999 PRINTER BUFFERS Tosh iba 1351 ""Call Toshiba 1340 Call WeWestndgeslfldge AAfAD 69.95 lorfor C-64 49.95 Powertype & U-Print A 379 Microfazer ... Call 69 .95 . 49 .95 Powerlype & U-Prinl A .. 379 legendLegend 880 .. 219 ToTotaltal Tele Modem 49.95 PRINTER U-Pnnt-16K 79.95 "" 49 .95 PRINTER SupSuperer PrintPrinterer PPackagesackages hhaveave no exextraira charchargesges whwhenen 79 .95 PanasollICPanasonic 11090090 .. 19'199 Mighty Mo . U-Pnnl-32K 99.95 Mighty Mo 69.95 iijTFRFflrP'! shshippedipped Inin CoContinentalntin ental USAUSA.. 99 .95 PanasomcPanasonic 11091091 .. 245 1660 MModem....odem . 4949.95.95 I'N'ERFACEbNTERFACES U-Print-64K .... 109109.95.95 Powertype 309 AluomAxiom 6969.95.95 ATATARIARI ININTERFACESTERFACES IINDUSNDUS GGTT INDUS G,WIZG-Wiz 59.95 AAidid IIntercastnterfasl I ....99.95 99 .95 lorfor AlanAtari 319 U-PrmU-Pnntl A __ . . .. 5959.95.95 Indus GT lforor C-64 239 Data Share PPPPII -. 49949.955 UU-Pnnt-Prml Al16KA-16K BullerBuffer MPP 1000E With The Purchase CardeaCardco G t■ .... Call ...... 79.95 Modem _. U-PnnlU-Print Al32KA 32K BullerBuffer Of Any Printer ...... 99 .95 U-PrmtU-Print AAl64K BufferSuffer NEW Buy ...... 109.95 U-Call Modem The Print Shop-Apple 31.95 R-Verter Adaptor 3939.95.95 Adapter . The Print Shop- Epyx Atari & C-64 27.95 Super Special Prices Effective Now Thru September 31,1985 Fast Load-Cart .. 24.95 Temple of Apshai S ■ ■ A31 Rescue on Trilogy-D 24.95 Epyx'" Fraclafus-D ... 24.95 Summer Games World's Greatest ll-D 24.95 Rescue on Koranls Rift-0 ... 24.95 APPLE Foolball-D .... 24.95 Koranls Rlft-D ... 24.95 Fractalus-D ... 24.95 Bailblazer-D .... 24.95 The Eidolon-D ... 24.95 Ballblazer-D .... 24.95 World's Greatest Pitstop ll-D BRODERBUND INFOCOM Winter Games .. 24.9S Pitstop ll-D 24.95 Faolball-D .... 24.95 Summer Print Shop-D 339533 95 HHilctitkerltchlker . 299529 95 The Efdolon-D ... 24.95 Games-D 24.! Karateka-D 212195 95 lorZorkk !.I, n II or !UIII 299529 95 Super Special Prices Elloclive Now Through October 31, 1915 Champ Locerunner-D 21 95 Enchanter 29 95 Winter Games .. 24.95 21 95 Enchan ter 2995 Bank Slreel Writer-D 444~ 95 Deadline ,.34 95 Super Special Prices Effective How Through October 31.1965 95 Oeadlrne 34 95 COMMODORE SOFTWARE Print Shop Graphics-D 179517 95 WWisbrmger-Dlsbrrngcr-D 299529 95 ATARI SOFTWARE Dazzle Draw 39399595 ELECTRDNELECTRONICIC ARTSARTS ACCESS INFOCOM Beachhead·DBeactihead-D . 21 95 Enchanter-0 24.95 SSSSII 5.",.Skyfox 299529 95 Enchanter·O 2495 Beachhead 11·0ll-D 249524 95 BROBRODERBUNDDERBUND MISCMISC.. ATARI (conl'd(contd.).) Gemstone WarnorWarrior 21 95 One on One .. .. 299529 95 Planellall·DPlanetfaH-D . 249524.95 RaRaidid MMoscow-Doscow·O 249524 95 Sorcerer-D . 29 95 Bank SlIeetSlreel WWnter-Dllter-O 334.95495 On-IrackOn-Track RaClng-DRacmg-D . 209520 95 KamplgruppeKamptgruppe 399539 95 Seven CitiesOtiesGolU Gold ... 299529 95 Soreerer-D 2995 MacMachh V·CartV-Cart 2211 95 Hitchiker-DHltchl~er -D . . 249524.95 lodeLoderunner-Drunner'O 239523 95 Bounty 80b·CarlBob-Carl . 299529 95 PhantaSlePhantasie 259525 95 ArchonArehem .. 2424.95 95 WlshbrrngerWishbnnger-D·D 299529 95 Spelunker-OSpelunker-D . 209520.95 Ramrod XL . 799579 95 OuestronQueslron 339533 95 ArjvAdv ConsConstructiontruction Kit 379537 95 BATTERIES INCLUDED SStellh-Dttlth-O 209520.95 AlienAlltn VOlteVoice Box ... 99.959995 APPLE MMISCELLANEOUSISCE LLANEO US Consultant-DConsuliant-D 529552 95 MISC. COMMODORE Print Stiop-D 34.95 BB.I I 80 Column CarClCard 499549 95 PaperdlpPaperclip w Spe£pak-OSpellpak-D 799579 95 Ultima Ill-D 37 95 Pnnt ShOp-a 3495 GhoslbustersGnosiousters 259525 95 Conan 252595 95 UIIIITl3 W·O 3795 Serpent's Star-D .... 27.95 Super BusstardBusscard II11 129 95 Serpenfs Star·O 2795 OSS flightFlight SimulSimulatorator II .. 349534.95 Sargon III 339533.95 flightFlight SSimulatorimulator n-Dll-D . 34349595 Print Slop Paper .. 16.95 Home Organs ltems-0 161695 95 Pllnt ShOp Paper tli 95 BaSICBasic Xl·CartXL-Cart 529552.95 F-15 SStriketnke EagleEagle . .. 2t.9521.95 Dollars & Sense.Sense 6464.95_95 Castle WoUenstern-OWollenstem-D 20.952095 Print Shop Graphics-D 19.95 BB.I..1. 80 Card 109 95 Pllnt Shop Gr3j:hlcs-D 1995 MACMAC65XL-Cart 65XL-Call .... 499549 95 Summer Games . 25.95 PFS FileFile 7979.95_95 """ "'""" """" SupelbaseEuperbase 64-0 ... 479547 95 Cal-KilCat-KII 349534 95 ELECTRONELECTRONICIC ARTS Action-CartAchon·CaJ\ 499549 95 MMicroicro lLeagueeague Baseball 299529.95 PFS WWriteille . . . 7979.95.95 StnpStrip Poker-OPoker-D 239523 95 Home Pak-QPak-D 349534 95 SSlaplap Shot Hociey-0Hocley-Q 1495'4 95 Archon 19199595 BaSICBasic XL-CartXL-Carl . 399539 95 SialStar LeallutLeague Baseball 239523 95 PFS Report ... 797995 95 MasteMastertype-Drtype-O 279527 95 Archon nII --- 249524 95 DOS XL Bug 65 .. 279527.95 WizardryWrzardry ProvingProvmg 339533 95 MMjlliplanultlptan 64.958495 COMMODORE SlarStar leagueLeague MMuleule 19199595 MMACAC 65 Tool KKit-Dlt-O 209520.95 UltUltimaima III 399539 95 SupercalcSupercaJc III 1241249595 Easy Calc·CartCalc-Carl 343495 95 Baseball-0Baseball-O .... 209520 95 RRealmealiTIIlmposslbll,TyImpossibility 19.951995 Act.onAct on Tool1001I

AndA .... DISKniCK', WORLD!WORLD! has it.it• ...~~!::~u~c~in~g~SUper Introducing Super Star Diskettes: the high quality diskette withwith the lowest price and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!WARRANTY!

InIn thethe coursecourse ofof sellingselling more thanthan a millionmIllion diskettes I SUPER 1 Super Star Diskettes. YouYou alreadyalready knowknow every month,month,we've we've learnedlearned something:something:higher pricesprices don'tdon't how good they are.are, Now you can buy necessarily mean higher quality.Quality. STAR ■diskettes! them...cheap. InIn fact,fact. we'vewe 've foundfound thatthat a good diskette manufacturer them .. . cheap. ♦ ; simply manufactures a good diskette...nodiskeue .. . no mattermailer what Well,Well. that'sthat's thethe story.story. theythey chargecharge forfor it.II. (By(By way of example, considerconSIder thatthat none Super StarSlar diskettes don't rollroll offoflthethe boat fromfrom Pago-Pago­ of thethe brands thatthaI wewecarry has a return re turn raterate of01 greater thanthan Pago or emerge fromhom a basement plant |ustjust east of01 1/l.OOOth1/1,OOOlh ofall1 percent!)percent!) Nowhere.Nowhere. InIn other words, whenwhen people buy a more expensiveeKpensive • SuperSuper Star diskettesdiskettes have been around forfor years...andyears .. .and 51/4" • 5Va" diskette,diskette, they aren'taren'l necessarilynecessarily buyingbUYing higher quality. • 5V4 you'veyou 'ye used themthem forfor yearsye~r~ asas copy-protectedcopy-pr~tecled softwareso f tw~re The extra money might bebe goinggOing toward flashierflashier adveradver­ originals,originals. unprotected originals.onglOals. Sometimes,Sometimes. dependingdependmg tising,tising. snazziersnazzier packaging or simplySimply higher profits.profits. SSDD DSDD on whichwhich computer you own. the systemsys tem master may havehaV!! ButBul the extra money in a higher price isn'tisn't buyingbUYing better SSDD DSDD been on a Super Star diskette.diskette. And maybe moremorethan than once,once. quality.Quality. you'veyou 've bought a box or two oror morgofmore of SuperSuper Star diskettes All of the good manufacturers put out a good diskette. .99 ea. without knowing 1! They just had some "big" company's All of the good manufacturers PUI out a good dlsketl~. .91 ea. .99 ea. without knowing It. They iust had some ~ bif company's Period . Qty.Qly. 50 1 Qty.Qly. 50 name on them.them. I Super StarStar Diskettes are good.gOOd. So good thatthat a lotlot of How to cut diskette prices major software publishers, computer manufacturers and ...without... without cutting quality.quality. Super SiarSlar diskettesdls~enes are sold 11In multiples of01 5050 only.only. DiskettesDlskenes are major software publishers, compu ter manufacturers and shsfiiooedipped withWith whitewhlle TyvecTyvec sleeves,steeves. reinforcedreinlorced hubs,hubs. userumlD10 labelslabets other diskette marketers buy them iinn the tens or hundreds NowNow this discovery posed a dilemmadilemma:: how to cut the and write-protectwrlte'llrotect tabs. of thousands.thousands. pricepflce of diskettes without lowering10wenn! the quality.Quality. We buy themthem inin the mmillions.illions. There are about 85 companies cclaiming aiming to be "diskette""diskette" Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star And than we sell them to you,you. manufacturers,manufacture/so Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star Diskettes are the same ones you've been Cheap. Trouble ISis.. most of them aren't manufacturers.manufacturers Diskettes are the same ones you've been Rather they are fabricatorsfabricators or marketersmarketers,, lakingtaking other usingusing for yearsyears...without .•. without knowing it. WhWhenen eeveryvery little bit countcounts,s, companycompany's's components.components, possibly dOingdoing one or more steps In our search for the low priced.priced, high Quaqualitylity diskettedlskelle of itit's's SupSuperer Star Diskettes.Diskettes. of the processing themselves and pasting their labels on our dreams, we found sOmethingsomething even more IOterestlnginvesting.. YouYou've've used them a hundred tlmestimes...under ... under different the finished product. who the finished product. We found that there are several manufacturers who names. TThehe new EasEastmantman Kodak dlskelles,diskettes, for exampleexample,. are one dondon't't giV!!give a hoot about the consumer market for thetheirir NowNow,, you ca cann buy the real MMcCoy,cCoy. the same diskette tthathat of these.these. So are IBM 5~·5tt" diskettesdiskettes.. Same for OYSAN.DYSAN, diskettesdiskettes,. They don't spenspendd millions of dollars in advertis­ major sosoftwareft ware pubpublishers,lishers, computer manufacturers and PolaroPolaroidid and manymany,, many other familiar diskette brand ing tryingtrying to get youyou,, the computer user, 10to use thetheirir diskette marketers buybuy...and .. .and call ttheirheir own. namesnames.. Each of these diskettes IisS manumanufacturedfactured in whole diskettes We simply charge lessless.. or in part by another company!company' Insteadfnstead.. they concentrate their efforts on IUrningturning out the SoSo,. we decided to!o act justjust like the big guysguys.. That's how highest Qualityquality diskettes they cancan...because ... because they sell we wouwouldld cut diskette prlcesprices...without ... Wl!hout lloweringowering the them to the software publpublishers,is hers, computer manufaclUrersmanufacturers Super Special!SpeCial! Qualityquality.. and other folks who (in(in turn) put theitheirr name on tthem.,hem .. ..and and We wwouldould go out and ffindind smaller companies to manu­manu sell them for much higher prices to youyou!! facture a d disketteiskette to our specificallOnsspecifications...specifications ... speclflcations After all. when a software publisher or computer manu­manu Order 50 Super Star DDiskettesis kettes which are hhigherigher than mOSI..most ..and.and simply create our oownwn facturer or dIskettediskette marketer puISputs thetheirir name on adiskette diskette,. and wewe'll'lI be happy to sell you an "n"nameame brandbrand""" ddiskette.iskette. they want IIit to work timelime alterafter limetime,, everyeverytime. time. (Especially Amaray MMedia-Mateedia- Mate 50 for only Name brand diskettes that offered hhighigh Qualityquality at loloww software publishers who have Ihethe nasty habit of copycopy-­ S8S8.75..75. shipping Iincluded...ancluded ... a lotlot pricesprices.. protectingprotecting their onginals!)originals!) less than the suggessuggestedted relaretailll price of 5Si5.95.15.95. RegRegularular DISK WORLD! price:price: 59S9.69.69 ea. HOW TO ORDER: +■ 52.$2.0000 Shpng.

ORDERS ONLYONLY:; The Super Star DISK CADDIES 1-800-621-6827 The Super Star The original flip-upflip-up holderholder lorfor .....- (I(Inn IlliIllinois:nois: 11-312-256-7140)-31 2-256-7140) LIFETIME WARRANTYIWARRANTY! 1100 5~5'/4"· ddiskettes.iskettes. Beige oror Grey n INQUIRIES:INQUIRIES: onlyonly.. 1-3121-312-256-7140-256-7140 Super Star Diskettes areare unconditunconditionallyionally warranted S1.65S1.B5ea. ea, +- ,2.20Shpng.0 Shpng , FOR FASTESTFASTEST SERVICESERVICE.. USEUSE NO-COST MCMCII MAilMAIL: againstagainst defectsdefects inin originaloriginal material andand workmanship Our addressaddress isis DlSKWORlDDISKW0HLD.. It'sIts a FREEFREE MCI MAilMAIL so long as owned by the original purchaser. Returns letter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'll so long as owned by the origlOal purchaser. Returns DISKETTE 70 STORAGE ~ letter. No charge 10 you. (Situation permitllng, we 'll areare simplesimple:: justjust sendsend thethe de defectivefective diskellesdiskettes with proofproof Dust-Dust-freefree stostoragerage forfor 7070 5~514"· shipship thesethese ordersorders Inin 2244 houhoursrs oror lessless.).) ooff ppurchase,urchase, postagepostage-paid-paid byby youyou Wwithith aa shortshort expexplala­ ddiskettes.iskettes. Six dividers iincluded.ncluded . ... .' SSHIPPING:HIPPING: 51\SIS'- & 31'1"3V DISKETTES-AddDISKETTES—Add $3$3.00 00 pelper eacheach nanationtion ooff tthehe probproblem,lem. andand wwe'lle'lI sendsend youyou thethe rreplaceeplace ­ 100 oorr 'ewerfewer diskettesdiskettes OTOTHERHER 'TEMSITEMS:: AddAdd shippshippinging chchargesarges ments. (Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes and An excellentexcellent value.value. as shown in addition to other snipping charges PAYMENT- ments. (Incidentally. coHee stained diskettes and as shown in addition to olner shipPing charges PAYMENT: diskettes with staples driven through them don't S11.95 ea. -S3.00 Shpng. VISA. MASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted COD OR diskettes with staples driven through them don't S11.95 ea. +S3.00 Shpng. VISA. MASTERCARD and Prella:d orders accellted COO OA ­ qualify as "defective".) DERSDERS:; Add Add add/Ilona!additional 53S3.00.00 speoalspecial handllnOhandling chachargeroe. AAP0.PO . Qualily as " defecl ive ~ .) FPOFPO.. AKAK.. HIHI & PR PR ORDERSOHDEHS:: Irlc!udeInclude shlPPInOshipping chargescharges asas shownshown andand addllionaladditional 55%% ofof tOt2J1012I ordelorder amounll0amouil to co~rcover PALPAL and insurance We ship only to United Stales addresses, except HOURS: and Insurance We ship only 10 United States addresses. except HOURS: 'foror thosethose listedlisted aboveabove. TTAXES:AXES ; illinOISIllinois reresidents,Siden ts. addadd 88°',% WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY HumanHuman:: 8AM-68AM-6PMPM CCentralentral TimeTime,, MondayMonday ththroughrough FFridayriday sales tax WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONAllY sales tax ADVERTISED PRICE AnsweAnsweringring MachineMachine:: 6PM·8AM6PM-8AM,, All TimesTimes MINIMUM OHDER: S35 00 or 20 diskettes. ADVERTI SED PRICE MINIMUM ORDER: 535.00 or 20 diskettes ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES MCIMCI MAilMAIL:: 2424 hourshours aa dayday.. ON THE SAME PRODU CTS AND QUANTITIES SSUBJECTUBJ ECT TOTO THETHE SSAMEAME TERMSTERMS ANDAND CONDCONDITIONSITI ONS, DISK WORLD!,' IneInc. 629629 GreenGreen BayBay RoadRoad DISK WORLD• ,. Wilmette,Wilmette, IllinoisIllinois 6009160091 Factory Reconditioned with Factory Warranty!

GREAT GIFT IDEA Carries easily FOR STUDENTS! as a suitcase! FOR STUDENTS! Plugs Intointo 11SV115V outlet! Sorry, we're not permitted to PRINT the famous brand-name. BUT, we CAN "tell"te// all" if you call us TOLL FREE: 1-800-328-0609! THE COMPUTER THE PRINTER THE SOFTWARE Snap-on computecomputerr keykeyboard!board! 64K RAMRAM.. 20K ROMROM.. Full­Full- PPrintrint melhDd:method: Bi·directionalBi-directional impimpactact dot matrmatrix.ix. "Easy Script" One of the most powerful word pro·pro size typewriter keyboard. Upper and lower case CharCharacteract er mamatrix:trix: 6 x 7 dot matri)!.matrix.. cessors ata! any price! CutCul re·typing.re-typing, create docu·docu ments from standard paragraphs, bo personalized letters.letters, numeralsnumerals,. symbolssymbols,. reverse characcharacters.ters. 2 CharactersCharacters:: Upper and lowelowerr case lletters,eiters, numerals ments Irom standard paragraphs . do personalized cursor control keyskeys., 4A functfunctionion keyskeys,, programma·programma aandnd symbols. All PET graphICgraphic characterscharacters.. letters.letters, see and change a document belorebefore it is print·print ble to 8. Music synthesizer with 3 independent eded.. Instruction manual has extensive traitrainingning sec·sec ble to 8. Music synthesizer with 3 independent Graphics: 7 vertical dots -— maxmaximumimu m 480480columns. columns . voices, each with 9 octave range. Input/output ports tion that ssimplifiesimplifies use .... . even for someone who voices. each with 9 octave rang e,lnpul /oulput porlS Dot addressableaddressable.. accommodateaccommodate...... useruser,. serial. ROM ccartridge,artridge. joyjoy­ has never used a computer or word processor before! Character cDdes:codes: CBM ASCII codecode.. sticks.sticks, exterexternalnal monitor, phone modem. Print speed: 60 characters per secondsecond.. ""TheTh e MaManager"nage r" A sophisticated database manager Built-in disk drive! Intelligent high speed unit with for bUSinessbusiness or home useuse.. Business uses: accounts Buill·in disk drivel Intelligent high speed unit with MaMaximumximum cocolumnslumns: 80 columnscolumns.. 5 V floppy disk recorder. 170K formatted data stor payablepayable/receivable,/receivable. inveinventory,ntory. apPointmentsappointments,. task SIf/ flopp y disk reco rder . 170K formatted data stor­ Character sspacing:pacing : 10 characters per inch. ageage:: 35 trackstracks.. 16K ROMROM.. UsUseses single sided.sided, sing singlele managemanager.r. Home usesuses:: mailing lilists,sts, home inventory.inventory, linLinee Icedfeed spacspacing:ing: 61ines6 lines per inch in character mode density disk.disk- Serial interface. Second serial port to recipes.recipes, collection organizerorganizer,. investment trackingtracking,. or 8 lines per inch selectable. 9 lines per ininchch inin chain second drdriveive or printerprinter.. checkbook balancingbalancing.. School uses: research artartii· graphics modemode.. cle index.index, gradebookgradebook.. BulllBuilt-in·in cocolorlor monitor'monitor! DisplayDisplayss 40 columns x 251ines25 lines linLinee leed sspeed:peed: Stines5 lines per second in characcharacterter modemode.. of textextt on 55"" scscreen.reen. High resolutionresolution.. 320 x 200 pix·pix 77,5.S tineliness per second inin graphics modemode.. Mfr. List: S73.98 els. 16 background, character colors. Mfr. List: ' 73.98 cis. 16 background , character colors. Paper feed: Friction feed. $24 Paper feed : Friction leed . liquidationLiquidation Price ..... Built-in ROM cartridge port! Insert ROM program car ...... $24 Bullt·in ROM cartr idge portl lnsert ROM program car· PPaperaper width: 4S4.5" to 8S8.5" widthwidth.. Item110m HH-621-64011-03· 621 · 6401 1·03 Ship.Ship, hpndlinghandling:: S3S3.00.OO tridge. Multitude of subjects available in stores Multiple copies: Original plus maximum of two copiescopies.. aacrosscross the nation! BUY INDIVIDUAL UNITS OR DimDimensions:ensiDns: 13"W13"W x 88"D"D x 33VH."'H. WtWt.:.: 6B%'12 Ibslbs . PoPower:wer: 120V AC.AC. 60 HHz.z. GET THIS ULTRA-FAMOUS Mfr. lisListt Price ..... $995.00*995.00 SYSTEM AT ONE LOW MfrMfr.. List: 's200.00200.00 SYSTEM AT ONE LOW PACKAGE PRICE! Liquidation $ Priced Liquidation '118 TOTAL Personal Computer System 388 Priced At At Only $388 Priced At . available at FAR BELOW dealer cost! Hem H-621-63831-00 Ship, handling. S7.00 available at FAR BELOW dealer cost! 11Hem em HH-621-63631OO·62 1·63631 ·00 Ship.Ship, handlhandling:ing: 520S20.00.00 Ilem H·621 -63831·00 Ship. handling: S7.00 Compatible with above Computer System (Not included in package price.) MfrMfr.. Sug. Retail . . $1,268.981,268.98 JOYSTICKS (Set of 2) 64 MODEM Mfr. List: $59.90 pr. $1 O Mfr. List: *124.95 $/Lj| TOTAL $, " TOTALPACKAGE $488 I \M nr.pro LiquidationI imiidatinn Price ■ 488 :~~i~~~:~~;'~:90pr~Liquidation Price .. $18" ■ W pr :~~i~~~:~:!~~·9S ...... $44 ~~fNPRICE .GE .... 1Hem10m HH-621-63622-01.621 . 63622·01 S / HH:: S6.0SG.000 pr . hhornem H·H-621-63646-00621· 63646·0 0 S / HH:: S4S4.00.00 ItemHem H·621H-621-64011-02 ·6401 1-02 ShipShip,. handlinghandling.: S24S24.00.00

C.O.M.B. CO." lwmH-621 SEND MMEE;HETHE ITEMS~ E; S-II ~HAVEA~E LLISTEDI;TED ;BELOWE~O ; -C~O~M~B~CO .: ------11:,; .6;1 14605 28ih Ave. N Minneapolis. MN 55441-3397 I Price subleCS jb|BCll 10to chachangenge nalterller 60 daysday ~ . SaSalesles .o outside.ulS,de 14605 28th AI/e . N./MinneapOlis. MN 55441 ·3397 cOllcon linelltin BRtalla' U.S . arcart- ssubjfiClubject 1100 sspecialpecilt l condconditions.ll,ons. SaSendnd lhethe iiiumslam' indicalcdindicated allal1at loft.. !(MinnesolaMinncsoUl retesidanlssidanl$ add 66%% Credit card members can order by phone,pho ne, PleasoPlease cacallll 01oi wwrite,ile 1lo0 inquiinquirelc . sales 181

Instructions S1.42$1.42 eaea.. _- 55.25".25- SSDDSSOD wwithilh FREE FFliplip nn'· FFileile 15 97~ ~;~-s::os~_19,1 " SlIlppShipping:lng: 5\4.'5 V & 35'3 5' DISKETIES-AddDISKETTES—Add $3S3 00 per each 100 or 55.25".25- DSDD wllhwith FREE flipFlip n·h' FFileile t155 --$1.7451. 74 eaea.. fewtrfewer clskt:flesdiskettes . DillerOther l1emsItems:: AdCAdd ShiPPingshipping chargescharge; as shoshownwn Inin YouYou've've used these ddiskettesiskettes hundreds 0of1 aCdllionaddition ttoo otheroiher shiPPingshipping charges . PPayment:aymerit VISA ancand MASMASTER TER­ times.. .as copy-protected originals on some of CARD accePiedaccepied.. COOCOD DrdOrders:m : MdAdd aCdlllOnaladditional $3S3.00 SpecSpecialial Han· 100% LIFETIME WARRANTY times ... as copy-protected originals on some of ddlingllng chargecharge.. APO,APD . FPOFPO,. AKAK,. HI &S PH OrdersOrders:: Include Shippingshipping the most populapopularr software packagespackages.. TheyThey're're charges as shoshownwn anCand aadditionalddlllonalS5%% ollolalof total order amounlloamount to packed inin poly·poly-bags bags of 25 with Tyvek sleevessleeves,, coY!rcover PAL and iinsurancensurance. TuesTaws:: Illinois resresidentsidents onlyonly,. add 77%% This is a Super Special promotionpromotion.. It reinforced hubs, user identification labels and sales llax.al. reinforc ed hubs. user identification labels and Prices subsubletjecltoto change wwithoutllhout Mlticenotice was supposed to eendnd around the end of write-protect tabs. write-protect tabs. ThisThiS ad supercedes all Ootherltler aCsads MayMay.. LIFETIME WARRANTYI Not responSibleresponsible lorlor tyPDllraphtypographicalical errorserrors. MINIMUM TOTTOTALAL. ORDERORDER: $35$35.00.00 But we decided to buy more than SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold iinn mulmultiplestiples But we decided to buy more than ooff 50 only.only. FOR ORDERS ONLY:ONLY; INFORMATIONINFORMATION* l 1,000,0001,000,000 3M ddiskettesiskettes packpackeded iinn the 1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:INQUIRIES: forFOR ORDERSorders ONLYonly:: INFORMATIinformationON"a 1-800-621-6827 ((inIn illinOIllinois:IS : 1-312-256-7140!1·312·256-7140) 1-312-256-7140 FRFREEEE FlipFl ip n'n' File 15's...and15's ... and ggiveive you 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:INQUIRIES: (finIn illinOIS Illinois:: 1-312-256-7140)1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140 HOURS: 8A8AM-5PMM -~P M CentralCenlral Time theth e benbenefitsefits of ththisis terterrificrific value.value . HOURS: 8A8AM-5PMM-SPM CentralCentral Time. Monday-FridayMonday·F riday Monday-FridayMonday·Fr lday One word ooff warningwarning:: this offer is WE WILLWill BEAT ANY NATIONALLYNATIONAllY ADVEHTISEDADVERTISED PRICE WE WILLWILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!QUANtltlESI limited only to supplies on hand.hand. Once DISK WORLD!, Inc. DISK WORLD!. Inc. 629 Green Bay Road •. Wilmette,Wilmene. Illinoismoos 60091 629 Green Bay Road •. Wilmette.Wilmette. Illinois 6009160091 these supplies are used up, the prices stay the same...butsame ... but there's no free DISK AntANA DISK Authorized Distributor MAGNETIC DISK Flip n' File. MEDIA Flip n' File. WORLD! MEOlA WORLD! The last time we ran an offer like this,this, everything was sold out in about DISKETTE PRINTER six weeks. So don'tdon't wait. Order now. STORAGE CASES RIBBONS: STORAGE CASES Other 3M diskettes: AMARAY MEDIA-MATE 50:50: A REVOLUTION (Flip(Flip n'n' File offer does notnot apply.)apply.) ININ DISKETTE STORAGE at EveryEY!ry once mIn a while . someonesomeone take;lakes (HeIhe 5.25"SSDD-96TPI5.25" SSDD-96TPI ...... $2.06S2.06 ea. • Simolemple andind makes ilII elegant1elegantl ThiS■ i-is unitunilhoholdslCs extraordinary \' 5050 51*"S\

ProfessionalPROFESSIONAL Program Your Own EPROMS handicappingHANDICAPPING systemsSYSTEMS Program Your Own EPROMS PRESENTED BY PROFESSOR JONES ~VICVIC 20 ~C64C64 $99.50 GLD.GLO . Thoroughbred "Gold""Gold" Edition™Edlllon "" . ~ A ■Full" leatirefl thorougnbred analysis designed for tin professional and PLUGS INTO USER PORT • •"T A fuI" IU!l.I"eo:I troro.qull'eo:I ~ ~ ICII' rr. nI PLUGS INTO USER PORT. ~ . triethe se-iousSflCIIII rowce.rome $159.95$159.95 completeeompete IBM™ NOTHING ELSE NEEDED...... NOTHING ELSE NEEDED. EGLD.EGLO . Enhanced "Gold""Gold" Edition™Edition ' ''' EASYEASY TO USE. VERSATILE. Golrj1'EdPionGoid . Edrloo...m.*«h comWete~ e MasterMJsler Bettor"1Bellar '"" system$)'Slem Trteflratedi'drgt11ed onlDomo rieC"Ie same~ APPLE™ rr:-5 *sk Ttk powerful program a-ii transfer al ncses and scores 'o im« Mt analysis ~ n.s ~ P" ~ will trnlel dlio'lel nI SCortSlOlIIe DttJl"llfysis with a -angle keystroke " [Master Betnr™induOed) $199.95 comoele • Read or Program. One byte or wGI iI • SII"9! ~ •• r ~ er Bernr " n:1111ed) $199.95 aIITIPe:e TRS-80™ • Read or Program. One byte or !I:l ~!~'!:; ~:~er .. GLTD.GlTO . Unitedlimited "Gold"™"Gold" "" 32K bytes!byles! Erases£nl:lles Priifettloni!PIOImIOIIII HindiHullU{llllrlupper* Iol0 assign1SSi:lfl specificUIlOllcvJlutsvalues toIOIIIe tfw racingrlOng var-VJI· CPMT OR Use likelike aa disk drive.drive. LOAD,LOAD, u«es"iney"iiICIts •• :nty" feel'er! a/eiIIt importantimCOI"IMI Creiltc.UII programp"oorn wegdi~ basedIIHfIII on01'1 JDinicuiariI ~r 0)Q) Irac* xid lint Knt it lot mnlnwm wn percentage Tins program is Designed II""" nI me:..ne ~ lor _ 1_

o• CAPTURE IS A CARTRIDGE THAT PLUGS INTO YOUR COMPUTER'S EXPANSION PORT. o• CAPTURE DOES NOTHINGNOTHING-UNTIL - UNTIL YOU PRESS ITS CAPTURE BUTTON.BUTTON UNTIL THEN, A RUNNING PROGRAM CANNOT DETECT ITS PRESENCEPRESENCE.. o• CAPTURE THEN TAKES CONTROL - NO IFS, ANDS OR BUTS - AND PRESENTS A MENUMENU.. o• CAPTURE WILL NEATLY SAVE EVERYTHING IN YOUR COMPUTER TO YOUR 1541 OR COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE - ALL 64K OF RAM, CPU, VIC AND SID CHIP REGISTERS - EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING.. IN EASY TO VIEW CHUNKSCHUNKS.. •o CAPTURE WILL, IF YOU WANTWANT,, PRE-CONFIGURE YOUR COMPUTER'S RAM SO THAT ONLY MEMORY ALTERED BY YOUR PROGRAM NEED BE SAVEDSAVED.. o• CAPTURE WILL WRITE A BOOT ON YOUR DISK SO YOU CAN RELOAD AND BEGIN EEXECUTIONXECUTION RIGHT WHERE YOU LEFT OFF. o• CAPTURE DOES ALL THIS AT A COST OF JUST $39.95 BUT HERE'S THE BEST PART o• CAPTURE WILL MAKE AN AUTO-START CARTRIDGE OF YOUR PROGRAM. IT'S EASY! JUST FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS ON THE SCREENSCREEN.. NOW PLUG IN YOUR CARTRIDGE AND TURN ON YOUR COMPUTER. IN LESS THAN TWO SECONDS YOUR PROGRAM BEGINS AGAIN AT PRECISELY THE POINT WHERE YOU CAPTURE'D ITIT.. MAGIC! BESIDES CAPTURE, YOU NEED A promenade C1 AND A SUPPLY OF CPR3 CARTRIDGE KITSKITS.. ORDERING INFORMATION o• CAPTURE CARTRIDGE -— COMPLETE WITH INSTRUCTIONS ...... , ...... $ 3939.95.95 . o• promenade C1ci -— EPROMeprom PROGRAMMERprogrammer WITHwith DISKdisk SOFTWAREsoftware ...... 99.50 o• CPR3 CARTRIDGE KIT -— PC BOARD, CASE AND 3 EPROMS .. , ...... 2929.95.95 o• DR-EPROMDR—EPROM ERASERERASER,, TWO AT A TIME, 3 TO 10 MINUTES ...... 34.95 o• STARTER SETSET- - CAPTURE, promenade C1 AND 1 CPR3 ...... •.•...... • .. .. 149149.95.95 o• deluxeDELUXE SETset-capture, - CAPTURE, promenade C1,ci, DRdr and2cpr'sAND 2 CPR's ...... • . . .. 199199.95.95

SHIPPING AND HANDLING - USA: UPS SURFACE $3.00 BLUE LABEL $5.00 NEXT DAY AIR $13.00 CANADA: AIR MAIL $7.00 OTHER FOREIGN AIR $12.00 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX COD ORDERSORDERS,, USA ONLY, ADD $3$3.00.00 C64 AND C128 TM COMMODORE ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS,, LTDLTD.. '"WHENWHEN OPERATING IN 64 MODE

TO ORDERORDER:: TOLL FREE 800-421-7731 TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND 408408-287-0259-287-0259 FROM CALIFORNIA 800-421-7748 FROM OUTSIDE THE US: 408-287-0264 JASON-RANHEIM 580 PARROT STREET ! V/S4° Ic: ~c:' SAN JOSE, CA USA 95112 oLI __ Jrst't MUSIC lYJDdI't\'! WORLD r------.I FREEFREE CATALOG!CATALOG! I 2323 PARKPARK ROW,ROW, NEWNEW YORK,YORK, N.Y.N.V. 1003810038 MEMOREX I FeaturesFeatures PrecisionPrecision ToolsTools andand I «*!?" 800-221-8180 J^Ssr* I EquipmentEquipment forlor ComputersComputers I FLEXIBLEfLEXIBLE DISCSDISCS I I WEWE WILLWIll. NOTNOT BEBE UNDER-UNDER· I I SOLDnSOlDlt Call Free (800)235-4137(800)235-4137 forfor pricesprices andand informatioainfonnation. DealerDealer I I inquiriesinquiries invited invited andand COD'sC.0.0: 5 I I accepted.accepted I I

I Jensen'sJensen's newnew catalogcatalog featuresfeatures hard-to-hard-to- I find precision tools, too! kits, tool cases, PACIFIC find precision tools, tool kits, tool cases, I I testtest equipmentequipment and computercomputer accesac?es- EXCHANGES I soriessaries usedused byby sophisticatedsophisticated hobbyists,hobbYists, I 100 Foothill Blvd. scientists,scientists engineers,engineers, laboratories andand San Luis Obispo. CA I governmentgovemm~nt agencies.agencies. Call or writewrite lorlor I 93401 InCal call youryour freefree copy today.today. » ^139.95 {800)592-5935 or 7815 S. 46th Street O3J LtTtf" 0O* ;805)543-1037 I JENSEN 7B15S. 461hStreel I ''-1799.95 '529.95 I Phoenix. AZ 85040 Phoenix, AZ 85040 I '156995 5JJ995 I TOOLS INC. I {602)968-6231 mmcc Tools INC. (602) 968-6231

OT-33 109.95 '499.95 ... ■■■•■■ ■«-»■■"■'■-J _------_ ... -urn HOicoyt maxell disks CATO SOW '10.95 maxell DISKS EUCHT BMI jmio* ■ ^--a Dpi --. -- -14.95 LIFETIME WARRANTY PtS Fill U flwjf FMfl LIFETIME WARRANTY aw* tTra wtntlft Erect 'J995 TIRED OF WAITING COAPHICS L TIRED OF WAITING FOR SERVICE AND PRICE?PRICE? uuaciwdic™bi [Btm 12495 ^F1^ * '19.95 9 outout of 10 SURVEYED mssiiwi«»jwww >249S l^1*,^ DISKDISK BUYERSBUYERS PREFERRED QUALITYQUALITY MEDIA BecauseBecause we buybuy LIFETIMELIFETIME REPLACE in hugehuge volumevolume to10 NORTH HILLS GUARANTEEGUARANTEE supply softwaresoftware NORTH HILLS ros Hi™*: _ j HUBRINGS,TYVEPS.HUB RINGS,TYv. EPS. manufacturers,manufacturers, oourur #1#1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE prices can t be beat. WRITEWA ITE PROTECTSPROTECTS prices can'lbe bea t. 1-800-328-34721·800·328·3472 50* 250+ 500-t-500+ 1000 + ■OS 50+ 250+ UVCON ■ CHFSS M SS"«,.™3*1595 90 85 80 .75 out 52S5 25-SSDD' SSOO 100.. 00 00 .85 .80 75 Formatted and hard sectored disks BJUX ILA2BT EPW 525-OSDD I1,15 1.06105 1.00100 95 65 Formatted and bard sectored disks lJ59.95 5.2S" OSOO " 85 RUWtlJP BJtif n I'CFPC FORMATTEDORMATTED 1.451.45 1.351.35 1 1.25.25 1.15, 15 11.10.10 in stock-Dealerslock-Dealer inquiries inviled.invited. S3rm»>1Bl9S 3S'l3 5' IDD ([ForFor MMac)ac) 2.1070 2.60 2 4545 CAllCALL CALL COD, VISA, MASTERCARD 3 S'5" 2D ([ForRwHP)HP) 3.50 3.25 3. 1515 CAlCALLL CAllCALL COD, VISA, MASTERCARD All ordersorders shipped within 24 hrs.hrs ...... BLACKSHIP ~ COMPUTER SUPPLY 0 LotUS" ~N{ P.POO. 80)(8833Box 883362-62 ' SaSann FraFrancisco.ncisc:o.CA 9494188188 IlnauinesnQuiries + NONo.Cai.orders415-550-0512. Gal.orders 41 !).S50-0512 NORTH HILLS CORPCORP.. SoSo.. CalCal.. orders 80().800-235-6647235-664 7 x3x311 INTERNATIONAL USA orders 800-431-6249 3S643564 RRollingoil ing VViewiew DDr.r. Add s.3S3.00shippi00 shippingng and hhandlingandhll9 WhilWhitee BBearea r LlIk.eLake,. MMN.N. 5555110! !O ([CA0. residents add 66.5S,.5'1 sale!)sales tn)las) V1SAJMCJCOOVISA/MC/COD MNMN.. C(lcall1! coJlcollect—612-770-0485ect- 61 2·770·04BS

""«",«, 169.95 3Sft%, '59.9 5^- -a.,,.-.-119.95 3M Diskettes ! S*5 "?™.?f« '29 J5 ivi PHlTllt 5TAHD Lifetime Warranty ijgoe 91 J*JO ULUT HODUi - - -, ' ■ r t * f TIRED OF WAITING SHAUCOHOIJTK TJfcBJ EuVi ( FOR SERVICE AND PRICEPRICE?? 9 ooutut ooff 1100 SURVESURVEYEDYED >#( CADTT A fJU UNF C* ' DISK BUYERS PREFERRED EVTBY MAJO0 BKAND T>*rt L Solve your dIec:dtac prnb&an&.problem*, buybuy lomc.lWf100% wtrfaceac:c NOTE tested Oysan "".~:! . 0':::-:□ «.',? INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL (805)543-1037.) i 23 PARPARKK ROW ROW,, DEPTDEPT.. C10,C10, NYCNYC,, NYNY 1003810038 . 3S643564 RRollingolling VViewiew DDr.r. NAME: ______j NAME: ^__ , ___^ WWhitehile B~rBear ukeLake,. MMN.N. 55155110 JO MNMN.. cacalll! ccollect—612-770-0485ollect-612·770·0485 | ....ADDRESS: DDR ESS: ______^_^__ I CtTY: . STATE: _ ZIP: _ CITY: ~ . --- LEARNLEARN MUST LIQUIDATE! PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING MASTERMASTERCOMPUTERS COMPUTERS LIMITED INVENTORY OF ULTRA FAMOUS ININYOUR YOUROWN OWNHOME HOME NowNow youyou cancan writewille piogramsprogr1ms andand gelget a a compute!~fJlo 1000 do~jusi wtia1 -M1a1 you)(lUYmIwant .Gel Getthe IhI: mostrrnstout 00'1of 01any ¥Iycomputer, ~ft' and. olRIavoid a¥OMlllaVlnQ having 64K COMPUTERS toto paypay the!he nignhigh pricePflCe of01 pre-packagedpre·packaoed software...... LEARNLEARNAT ATYOUR YOUROWN OWN PACEPACE AT FAR BELOW DEALER COST! ININ YOURYOUR SPARESPARETIME TIME Our()Jr indepwdeii~ studysluly program~ allows;JIows /xi)QI Factory 10 twn aoout 1XII'I1lIlers. opI!Jabons. _. to learn about computers, operations, appli Reconditioned cationsC<1blJISand arc!programming ~in WIyour yo.x sparespatetune, 1me. at• hometore. OurCU retiuctorsnstn.ctO'S providejIIOVdr: you)OJ with\O'dt1 with Warranty. one-on-one...... counseling - LEARNLEARN EVENEVEN BEFOREBEFORE YOUYOU DECIDEDECIDE ONON AACOMPUTER COMPUTER Vefytting~ isis explained_iled inin amplesi'I1lIe language.I

BEBE YOURYOUR OWNOWN COMPUTERCOMPUTER EXPERTEXPERT togrimining...... itII the1111 butbat way• .., laIII I "Itarn... toto u»lSI computers,tDIIfII:m. ind.Id wa.. cmc. tawJhow you'fOIl Diealllat-IIMIIMostlcolllllllicalbest—aid most economical -- waywty loto team'lin prognmining!png .....1Ig1 Send todaytodaytor loryour your freefree informationinformation package.package. NoNoobligation. obligation. NoNo talesmanJaIesman willwiN call.cal. MonitorMonllor isb notnot available.available. SeeSee footnote*footno".· halix halix CENTER FORFOO COMPUTERCOMPUTER EDUCATIONEDUCATION Millions sold INSTITUTENSTITUTE 'M3W1 ~3 IV OlymptOIympoc =::226 226 LosLOS Angeles.Angeles. CACA 900159001S ·380*38~ Millions sold COMPUTER 64K RAM.RAM. 2OK20K ROM standard.Iaodard at regular prices .. ._and (includeslioc:lude. operatingoperatiog systemsay.llm. andaod ------, BASICBASIC interpreter).interpreterl. Text charchar· HALIXHAUX INSTITUTEINSTITUTECENTER FORFOR COMPUTERCOM?UTER EDUCATIONEOI..ICATION DEPT 6611 AA I STILL being sold at regular prices! acters.acte r • . HighHigh resolution re.olutioo graphg raph· 1M3WlSoQW OLYMPICOlYMPIC ="Z2EiZ26 LOSLOSANGElESANGELES CACA9001~389490015-3894 I STILL being sold at regular prices! ics.ics. 320 xx 200200 pixels.pI.eI• . MusicMusicsyn·syn Sorry,Sorry, we'rewe're NOT permitted toto print the brand name.name. thesizerthe.iur producesproduce. 33 indepenindepeo­ dent voices, each with a range YES1VESI Send$(n:I me ntormaton~ enCJ1 lx»r>oN IIcan COWlIeI!mleam acoulal)()JI ccmcxitefsCtfI1)UIerS anoin! pro-pro. But if you phone us, alt details can be divulged. dent voice •• each with. raoge I But H you phone us, all details can be diyulged. of 9 octaves. grarmwig...... at hone1 of 9 octavel. I Typewriter keyboard with 66 ~ ~~~ Typewriter keyboard with 66 ______I Phone Toil-Free: 1-800-328-0609 keys for upper and lower case -Age Phone Toll-Free: 1-800-328-0609 kitVI' lOt' upper and lowat ca .. letters,letle,.. numerals,nume ral •••symbols,ymbol •• re · PLENTY OF SOFTWARE AVAILABLE!AVAILABt:E1 Thousands upon thousands of propro· verse characters.characterl. 2 cursorcurlOr con · ------1 grams are available iorlor it from computercomputer stores acrossacro ss thethe nation.nation. trolIrol keys.key• . 4 functionlunction keys,keys. pro ' CIy """e/Zo I grammablegrammable toto 8.B. Input/outputloput/ output FOR BUSINESS!BUSINESSI ThiThiss is anan idealideal entry level business computer.computer. Use the portsport. forfo r user,u.er. serial.I8rial, ROM car · computer for word processing, data base, accounts payable/receiv tridge.tridge. 2 joystick/paddles,joy. tick/ paddlas. vivi, ------~ computer for word processing . data base. accounts payable/receiv­ deo, cassette drive interface. 16 able, general ledger, payroll, inventory, tax accounting, spreadsheets, d eo. ea ...tte drive ioterface. 16 able, general ledger. payroll, inventory, tax accounting, spreadsheels . background,background. border,borde r. c"-characterreeter mailing llistsists ... and much. MUCH more! colors.colo,.. FOR EOUCATIONIEDUCATION! Perfect forlor everyone from PhPh.D..D. candidacandidatestes to pre·pre DISK DRIVE COMPUTEICOMPUTE! schschoolool youngstersyoungsters.. A vasvastt number of programs are availabavailablele to IntelligIntelligent,e nt. highhigh-speed.·speed. E.tMEnter-· challenge and eeducateducate the mindmind.. nn,ilel 5'15'/»". " floppy di.diskettekelle recor· SubscSubscriberriber Services derder.. 2K RAMRAM.. 16K ROMROM.. MMaxiad· FOR HOME! Use for analysis of personal investments, income tax plan mum storage of 170K format· FOR HOME I Use lor analysis 01 personal investments. income tax plan· ted data; 35 tracks. Uses single Please help us serve you betterbetter.. If you ning, storage of recipes and householddata. And of course, there are ted data; 35 tnlckl. U ....ingle ning. storage of recipes and household data. And of course. there are 5idedsided, ••singleiogle deositydensity diskdisk.. SSeriale rial need to concontacttact us for any of the hundred,hundreds 0ol1 exciting.exciting, last·pacedfast-paced arcade games avaiavailahle!lable! iotinterlace.erface. SecoodSecond Aserialrial portfOt'port for chainiochainingg second drdriveive or printerprinter.. reasons listed below, write to us atat:: Data transfer rate of 400 bytes Units Mild SINGLY ,,t Original Data tran. ler rate o f 400 byte. Units sold SINGL Y o r Original YOUR per second. COMPUTEI Magazine Iinn aanyn)' cocombinationmbinaUon List YOUR pe r .ecood. lis t COST P.O.P.O.Box Box 1095510955 )'ouyou ddesire.esire. Price COST DOT MATRIX Des MoMoines.ines. IAIA 50950 PRINTER Bi-directional 6x7 dot matrix Ofor callcall the TolToll Free number listedlisted bebelow.low. 64K COMPUTER '200.00 Bi·directional 6x7 dot m a trix 64K COMPUTER '200.00 $99 imimpactpact printeprinter.r. 60GO ccharactersha racte rs It1temH-622-63553-00em H·622·63553·00 $99 perper $8cosecond.nd. HHaslI$ uupperp pe r aandnd low·low Change 01Ol AddreuAddress.. Please allowallow usus erer casocase lletters,otters. oumnumeralse ral. anandd 6-86-8 weeks toto effect the changechange;; send DISK DRIVE '269.00 symbosymbols.l • . AAllll PETPET grephicgraphic chacharr· DISK DRIVE '269.00 $148 acters. Standard friction feed. your currentcurrent mailing mailing labellabel alongalong withwith ItItemem HH-622·622·635536355301·01 $148 acters . Standard fric tion feed. MMaximumaximum ofof 8080 cocolumnslumn. width.width, your newnew addressaddress.. dot addressable. CBM ASCII PRINTER dOl addleuable. CBM ASCII PRINTER '200.00'200.00 $118 charactecharacterr codes.codes. OriginaOriginall plplusus Renewal. Should you wish to renew your Hem H-622-63831-00 $118 maximum of two copies. Paper Renewal. Should you wish to renew your Ilem H·622·63831 ·00 ma.imum 01 two copies. Paper width: 4.5" to8.5". Sire: 1 3"W COMPUTEICOMPUTEI subscriptionsubscription beforebefore wewe We reserve Ihe width: 4 .5"t08.5 ". Size: 13" W We resen 'e lIIe x 8"D n 3 V."H. Weight: 6Yi lbs. righlright 10to limitlimit • B"O It 3'1."H. Weight: 6 '12 lb • . remindremind youyou to,to, sendsend youryour currentcurrent mamailingiling TOTAL '669.00 Power requirements: 1 20 volts ququantitya nllty purpur· TOTAL '669.00 Power requlremeots: 120 volt. labellabel withwith paymentpayment oror chargecharge numbernumber $365 AC. 60 Hi. chasechases. •. $365 AC. 60 Hz. oror callcall thethe TollToll FreeFree numbernumber listedlisted belowbelow.. Factory Reconditioned p------CC.O.M.B..O.M.B. COCO.",® .------IItamtem HH-G22· 622 NewNew SUblCnptlonSubscription..AA oneone year(12year(12 month)month) Factory Reconditioned I 1414605605 28th2Bth Ave Ave.. NN./Minneapolis,.lMinneapolis. MNMN 5544155441·-33973397 USUS subscrip~onsubscription toto COMPUTEICOMPUTEI isis $24.00$24,00 (2(2 WithWith FactoryFactory Warranty.Warranty. I SendSend thethe fonowiogfollowing iitems:tems: Iind(Indicateicite quantityquantity ooff elch)each]:: years.years, $45.00;$45.00; 33 years.years, $65$65.00..00. ForFor sub­sub I _64K64K ComputerlComputers)s) ItHemem HH-622-63553-00at·622-63553·00.t s99S99each each plusplus •NOTE: If you do not have a monitor, you can use S8 each for shipping, handling. scription rates outside the US, see staff ·NOTE: If you do not have a monitor. youun ul a I ' .01 •• "4' scription rates outside the US, see staff youryour TVTV IIas aa ddisplayi.plav uOunit.il. TheThe compucomputerter come.comes 'D~._~·D'h"Disk_ Drivels). ,f'"~,',h ,.Item;P. m."'H·H-622-63553-01.6"'22"d6H,"'55 · at S14B ",h_each P'"'plus pagepage).). SendSend usus youryour nomename andand addressaddress alalreadyread'{ 1to0 bebe hookedhooked up up ttoo youyourr TVTV.. - ' S88 aacheach fforor .hipshipping,piog. hahandling.ndling. 1 _P,intPrinter(s)er(.) 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INo|No delaydelays tinin proc·proc- euing orders paid by check, thanks to TeleCheck.) enceence latelate deliverydelivery or or ifif youyou havehave prob­prob easing o.darl ~id bv check.. tha", 10 TeleCllec:k.1 Toil-Free: 1-800-328-0609 I Cha'lIeCharge:: 0□ MastMasterCardsalCard!) 0O VISAVISA [:]D AmAm.. hEx.. [:]□ DDinersine,. ClubClub lemslems withwith youryour subscriptionsubscription,. ppleaselease callcall E.. p . _ _ _ HVourYour ccheck .... dt Hi« _Icomewelcome!l I AcctAcct. NoNo. E"P tthehe TollToll FreeFree numbernumber listedlisted below.below. WJWNNoo d~.vdelays' inin ordorder* ... paidpan) bV!>v checkcheck. I PLEASEPLEASE PRPRINTINT CCLEARLYLE AR LV Name . .' COMPUTE!COMPUTE! ' AddAddress .... C.O.M.B. CO. I CityCity 800-334-0868800-334-0868 C.O.M.B. CO: I StaleS,«e _ liPZIP ----- AuthorizedAuthorized LiquidatorLiquidator N 'mo~~~~Phone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J InIn NeNC 919-275-9809919-275-9809 1146054605 2B28THTH AVENAVENUEUE NNORTHOR TH MMINNEAPOLIS.IN NEAPO LI S MINNESOTAMINNESOTA 554455441-33971 3397 Sign""hera .. ClassifiedClassified AdvertisAc vertisersers ~ lndexndex=~1 COMPUTECOMPUTE! I Classified is a low-cost way to telltell over 350,000 microcomputer owners about your product or service. RatesRates:: $25$25 per line, minimum of four lines. Any or all of the firstfirst line set inin capital Reader Service NumberNumber/Advertiser/ Advertiser PogePage letters atat no chargecharge.. Add S15$15 per lineline for boldface wordswords,, or 550$50 for ththee entire ad setset 102 Abacus Software .... 41 in boboldfaceldface (any number ooff lines.) 103 AmencanAmerican PEOPLE/LINK 39 Terms: Prepayment is required. Check, money order, American Express, ViVisa,sa, or Apple ComputerComputer.. Inc . ... IFCIFC,. I1 MasterCard is accepted. Make checks payable to COMPUTE! PublicationsPublications.. AtarAtarii Corp. 20-21 FormForm:: Ads are subjectsubject to pubpublisher'slisher's appapprovalroval aandnd mumustst be either typed or leglegiblyibly 104104Basix Basix ...... 35 printed. One linlinee equals 40 letters and spaces between words. Please underline 105 BBasixasix ...... 40 wowordsrds ttoo be set in boboldface.ldface. Batteries Included 15 General InformationInformation:: Adve Advertisersrtisers uusingsing post office box numbers iinn their ads must 106 BlackshlpBlackship Computer Supply ... 126 ssupplyupply permanent address and teleptelephonehone numnumbers.bers. Orders will not be acknowl­acknowl 107 Cardco.lncCardco, Inc ...... IBC edgededged.. Ad wwillill appear in next availabavailablele issue after receipt. CBSCSS Software ...... 58 ClosClosing:ing: 10th of tthehe tthirdhird month preceding cover date (e.g., June issue closes March 108 ComaComark,rk. Inc. .... 63 1010th).th). Send order and remittance to: Harry BlairBlair,, Classified ManagerManager,, COMPUTE!COMPUTE!,, C.O.M.B. Co...... 121 ·PP.O..O. BBoxox 54065406,, GreensboroGreensboro,, NC 27403. To place an ad by phone, call Harry Blair at CCOMB..O.M.8. Co. 127 (919) 275275-9809.-9809. Commodore ...... •. . . BC NoticeNotice:: COMPUTE! Publications cannot be responsible for offers or claims ooff 109 CompuServe ...... 11 advertadvertisers,isers. but will attempt to screen o outut misleading or ququestionableestionable ccopy.opy. ComputAbComputAbilityility ...... 119 110 ComputeComputerr Book CClublub 113 CompuComputerter Centers of America 44-45 SOFTWARE SOFTWARE APPLE IIil SERIESSERIES,. COMMODORE 6464,. TITI-99/4A·99/ 4A 111 Computer DDirectirect . . . . . 73 Mailing LabelLabel/Address/Address FFileile ProgrProgram—am- DiDiscountscount Entertainment SoftwareSoftware.. FreFreee Catalog Catalog.. 112 Computer MoMailll Order SO-5150-51 for IBM PC and compatiblescompatibles.. CreatcsCreates,. updatesupdates,. NewestNewest TitlesTitles.. The AAdventuredventure StStore,ore. PP.O..O. BoBoxx 113 Comspec CommunCommunications,ications . IncInc.. 75 320, Roscoe, IL 61073-0320 alalphabetizes.phabetizcs. Print optiooptionsns include by zip 320. Roscoe. IL 61073-0320 114 DavDavidsonidson & Associates,ASSOCiates, IIncnc. 89 or city. PPrintsrints up ttoo 4 acrosacrosss or continuous HARDWARE Disk WarldlWorld!,. Inc.Inc 120 form index cards with phone ##.. $$19.9519.95 Trade in your used Commodore or Atari on a Disk WandWorld!,l. lncInc . 122-123 plus 52$2 s/h. TTXX residentsresidents add 51.22$1.22 taxtax.. Trade In your used Commodore or Atan on a brand new C-128 oorr AlariAtari ST. This oofferffer rna)'may not 115Elek-Tek, Inc 74 D&D & L SoftwareSoftware,. 4636 RinggoldRinggold,, Piano,Plano. TX 75075 115 Elek-Tek.lnc . 74 be available through retail outlets. Brochure (2(214)14) 867·5695867-5695 be available through retail outlets. Brochure 116116EPYX EPYX ...... 29 $1.50 and SASESASE.. NEW WEWESTST TECTECHNOLOGY,HNOLOGY. 117 EPYX 31 JOCJDC Workstation—WordWorkstation-Word processor,processor, ttypingyping servserviceice 4B Monroe PkwyPkwy., .• Box 200,200. SSte.te. 134,134. The Family Software Spectacular 14 billing, & form letters all in one. Coded in Lake OOswego,swego. OR 97034 billing. & (ann letters all in one. Coded in HalHalixix Institute 127 ACTION! for easy customizing. Works with all ACTION! for easy customizing. Works with all MISCELLANEOUS 118 I Infocomnfocom ...... 2-32- 3 48K Ataris.Ataris. MachinMachinee &&- ACTION listing &­& Inmac 69 manuals on Disks 51005100.. JOCJDC SoftwareSoftware,. PP.O..O. Box DISK SALE! SSSS/DD/ DD 335-trk5-trk for ApAppleple w/sleeve..... /slee ... e &­& Inmac 69 941941,, BryteBryte,, CA 95605 label-IOlabel-10/$7.20,/ S7.20. bulk-100/$64.bullC-100/ 564. Standard SSSS/DD/ DD 119 J & R Music WondWorld 126 ww/sleeve,/ sleeve. label-IOiabel-10/$8.20,/ S8.20. bulk-100/S74.bulk-IOO/ S74 . DS/DDDS/ DD 120 Jason-RanheimJason.(?anheim .... 124 COMMODORE OWNERSOWNERS.. Now create your own ww/sleeve/ sleeve«& labellabel-10/$9.10,-IO/ 59.10. bulk-100/$83.bulk-IOO/S83. 121 Jason-Ranheim ...... 125 PREMIUM QUALITY, LIFETIME WNTY! gamesgames,, graphigraphicscs and musicmusic in minutesminutes PRH.-!lUM QUALITY. LIFETIM E WNTY! 122 JensenJensen ToolsTools.. Inc. 126 instead of hours. Preprogrammed so MMoney-backoney-back satisfactionsatisfa ction gguarantee!uarantee! MMin.in. oorderrder instead 01 hours. Preprogrammcd so Lyco Computer 60-61 everything is fast &&- eas)'easy.. CreateCreate a SISS15.. Send check or MCMC/V/AE/ V/ AE + $353 p + hh,, $252 if Lyco Computer ... 60-61 gamegame.. Write a song.song. SeSellll it! Send C.O.D.C.O.D. UNITECHUN1TECH,. 20 HurleyHurley St.,St., CambriCambridge,dge. MMicroicro World Computers.Computers, Inc.Inc .....116 116 529$29.95.95 to: FreeSpirit,FreeSpirit. 55836836 S.5. Mozart,Mozart. MA 02141 (800) 343-0472,343-0472. in Mass.Mass. North Hills Corp. 126 ChicagoChicago,, ILIL 6062960629.. (312) 476-3640 ((617)617) 86'864-8324·8324 North HillsHills Corp . 126 NRI SSchoolschools ...... 77 ATARI 800/XL/XE: Complete business program. EARN MONEY, PART OR FULL TIME, AT ATARI 800/ XL/ XE: Complete business program. EARN MONEY, PART OR FULL TIME, AT 123 Pacific Exchanges 126 All accounting, forms, mail, point of sale, word HOME with youryour computer.computer. 50 pagepage manual All accounting. fo rms. mail. point of sale. word 123 Pacific Exchanges 126 processing,proceSSing. etcetc.. 80008000++ records/disk.records/ disk. Demo disk with fforms.onns. Money/I.·loney backback guarantee,guarantee. $9.95,59.95. 123 PaCific Exchanges ...... 126 S3.53. MICROMISER,MICROMISER. 1635-A163S-A Holden Ave.,Ave.• IVJV Tech,Tech. P.O.P.O. BoxBox 563,563. Ludington,Ludington. MI 49431 124 Professional Handicapping Orlando,Orlando. FLFL 32809 Systems ...... 124 Online Usage:Usage: DoDo you)'ou have a messagemessage to ssharehare 125 Protecto . . 70-7270-72 TI-99/4A NEW STATES AND CAPITALS GAME TI-99/4A NEW STATES AND CAPITALS GAME with other computer usersusers (50,000)?(50.000)? Weekly rate: Spinnaker Software Corp.Corp. .. 12-1312-13 Hi-Res map of USA. Send $12 for cass. or SI for $4.50/line. State Category, Title (32 char.), Hi-Res map of USA . Send 512 for casso or SI for S4.50/ line. State Category. Title (32 char.). 126 Starpoint Software 63 more infoinfo to:to: TRINITY SYSTEMS,SYSTEMS. 1022 message (38(3 8 char./Iine,char.jline. max.max. 60 lines).lines). SendSend Grandview,Grandview. Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh. PA 15237 checkcheck and copycopy to:to: E.E. YEE,YEE. FDRFOR Sta.,Sta .. P.O.P.O. Box 127 StarpointStarpoint Software ... 47 7729,7729. NY,NY. NY 10150 128 StrategicStrategiC Simulations.Simulations. IncInc. 25 SPORTS POOL runsruns your footballlootball pool forfor 129 subLOGIC Corporation 7 thethe office or friends the fast &&- easy way.wa y. TI-99/4ATI-99/ 4A Software/HardwareSoftw.ue/Hardware bargain.bargain. Hard-to-Hard-to­ Time-LifeTime-life Books 16-17 Handles all pool requirements for any find items. Huge selection. Fast service. Free Handles all pool requirements for any find items. Huge selection. Fast service. Free 130 Timeworks,Timeworks, Inc ...... 4 sport and can be easily custom tailored.tailored. catalog.catalog. D.E.C.,DEC.. Box 690,690, Hicksville,Hicksville. NY 1180111 801 131 White House Computer . ... 124 C64 diskdisk $29.95,$29.95, IBM-PC $39.95539.95 plusplus $252 s.h. 131 White House Computer 124 Bancom Systems,Systems. Inc.,Inc., P.O.P.O. Box 1783,1783. FREE TO C64CM AND 99/4A99/ 4A USERS!USERS! BrochureBrochure ofof The WholesaleWholesale Outlet j3J3 Dept.Dept. A2,A2. Kankakee,Kankakee. ILIL 60901 new game and educationaleducational software.software. SendSend SASE SASE to:to: ExelonExelon Software,Software. 20910 7th PLPI. So.,So .• SeattleSeattle. POSTMASTER! Finally,Finall y. a simple,simple. efficient WA 98148 COMPUTE!COMPUTEI Books'Books· New Fall mailing list program forfor C64CM oror C128.C128. Releases ...... , . 19 Print mailing lables.lables. File up toto 16001600 onon ISIS YOUR ORIGINAL SOFTWARE GOODGOOD COMPUTEDCOMPUTEI ·s Apple Applications a singlesingle disk. ThrowThrow awayawa), youryour roladex!roladex! enough toto sell?sell? We can find a publisherpublisher for you!you! SpecfafSpecial ...... 49 International Software Agents, Inc., 76 Milbank Sort,Sort. recallrecall byby name,name. zip,zip. phone,phone. etc. International Software Agents. inc .• 76 Mil bank COMPUTEDCOMPUTEl's Commodore 64 GamesGomes Send $19.95 to: FreeSpirit Software, Ave.,Ave .• Greenwich,Greenwich. CT 0683006830 Send $19.95 to: FreeSpirit Software. Book 43 5836 S.S. Mozart,Mozart, Chicago,Chicago. ILIL 60629 Book ...... 43 Maxell MD1,MOl . $1.3951.39 -- MD2,M02. S1.99.51.99. DysanOysan COMPUTE!'sCOMPUTErs Second book of Apple The "Eight" Eight Puzzle,"Puzzle." an A.I.A.1. programprogr;'lm thatthat teststests 104/1D,104/ 10. $1.79 -- 104/2D,104/ 20. $2.39.52.39. ShippingShipping $3.75.53.75. and MacOfficeMocOffice ...... 9 your skills against thethe computer or another Also Verbatim,Verbatim. IBM,IBM. 3M,3M, BASF. TAPE WORLD,WORLD. COMPUTEI'sCOMPUTErs SubscriptionSubscnption ...... 33 player, $10. E.C. 6287 Wall Triana Hwy., 220 Spring St., Butler, PA 16001, player, $10. E.C. 6287 Wall Triana Hwy.• 220 Spring St. . Butler, PA 16001. COMPUTEDCOMPUTEI·s ViC-20VIC·20 CollectionCOllection ...'" 2727 Madison,Madison. AL 35758,35758. (205)(205) 837-3158.837-3158. 1-8009-245-6000,1-8009-245-6000, Visa,Visa. MCMC. 128 COMPUTE!COMPUTEI October 19851985 COMPUTE!COMPUTE! Holiday SavingsSavings...... 32% off the cover priceprice!! 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INTRODUCINGINTRODUCING THETHE COMMODORECOMMODORE 128.™128~M It's here. And it's going fo make a lot of Ws here. And it's going to make a lot of ownown versatility.versatility.And And then,then,even even taketake itit thatthat comescomesto toyour yourrescue, rescue, listinglisting Commodore 64 " owners very happy. foa higher level. Commodore 64 ,. owners very happy. to a higher level. programmingprogrammingerrors errorson-screen on·screenwith with A personal computer with a 128K A personal computer with a 128K thetheerror errorin in reversereversefield. field. memory and 80-column capability There'sThere'smore morethan thana a biggerbiggermemory. memory. memory and 80·column capability There'sThere'salso alsoa a newnewfaster fasterdisk disk that's still compatible with all the tha t's still compatible with all the ThereThereare area a lotlotof ofextra extrafeatures features drive.drive.With Witha aseparate separate"Burst" "8urst"mode mode peripherals and over 3,000 programs peripherals and over 3,000 programs wewedidn't didn'tforget. forget.Like likea ahandy handynumeric numeric thatthatcan cantransfer transferup upto to3,000 3,000char char· designed for the Commodore 64. designed for the Commodore 64. keypadkeypadfor fordata-entry data·entryefficiency efficiency actersactersper persecond. second.Just Justin incase caseyou're you're in-fact, the new 128 is almost like In fact, the new 128 is almost like andandaccuracy. accuracy. aaspeed speeddemon. demon. getting three computers in one. That's getting three computers in one. That's AnAnexpanded expandedkeyboard keyboardthat thatputs puts "Thanks"Thanksfor forthe thememory! memory "You're' " You 're because it can run as a 64, a 128 and because it can run as a 64, a '128 and moremorecommands commandsat atyour yourfingertips fingertipsfor for welcome.welcome.And Andfor forthe theexpandability. expandabillty. in a CP/M® mode. Or if can even be in a CP/ M® mode. Or it can even be easiereasierprogramming. programming.So Soyou youcan canoe oe AndAndcompatibility compatibility.And Andversatility. versatility.And And expandedexpandedto toa afull full512K 512Kmemory. memory: aawhiz whizat atusing usingmore morevaried variedg.ophics g,aphics forformaking makingif itall allvery veryaffordable. affordableAfter. After And that's about as "personalized" And that's about as "personolized" andandtext. textOr. Or a amusical musicolgenius g~.niusplaying [llaying all,allone, oneof ofthe theother otherthings thingsthat thatshould should as a personal computer can get. as a personal computer can get. fullfullthfhree-partree·partmelody melodyin inai oriy 'ytempo tempo-■ - gogointo intoa amore moreintelligent intelligentcomputer computer It'sWsintelligence intelligencethat thatcan canmatch matchyour your youyouset. set.And Andthere's there'seven evena a>help" :help"key key isisa aprice p'rice>thatthatmakes makessense. sense. COMMODORECOMMODORE128=: 118::PERSONAL PERSONALCOMPUTER COMPUTER ■ «CP/M is a registered trademark ct Digital Research. Inc A Higher Intelligence - CP/M Is a registered trademark 01DIgItal I?eseCllch. lnc. A Higher Intelligence t> Commodore 1985