DOCSLIB.ORG

Toxic Chemicals and Birds of Prey by Stanley Cramp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toxic Chemicals and Birds of Prey by Stanley Cramp Toxic chemicals and birds of prey By Stanley Cramp INTRODUCTION THE DRASTIC DECLINE in the numbers of almost all our birds of prey in the 19th and early 20th centuries, due to the increased efficiency of fire-arms, to collecting and, above all, to the spread of game pre­ servation, was followed in the cases of most of them by a general improvement in status which lasted until about the middle of the 1950's. In this, protection, the slow spread of a more enlightened attitude and the reduced activity of gamekeepers, especially during the two World Wars, all played a part. In the last few years, however, there have again been reports of declining numbers of some species, at a time when the growing use of toxic chemicals in agriculture and horticulture has provided a new threat to many forms of wild life. It is continued... 124 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIRDS OF PREY tempting to assume that the one has led to the other, but can this, in fact, be established? This paper examines the available evidence, much of it recent. RECENT CHANGES IN NUMBERS OF BIRDS OF PREY There are, unfortunately, all too few accurate census figures for any species of birds, either before or since the new synthetic pesticides began to be used on a large scale, and this applies to most of our birds of prey, both diurnal and nocturnal. The most recent assess­ ment was made in 1957 (Brit. Birds, 50: 129-155, 173-197) and it dealt only with the rarer diurnal birds of prey, without attempting to cover the positions of the owls or the three commoner raptors—the Sparrow- hawk, Merlin and Kestrel.* It was in the cases of two of these, the Kestrel and the Sparrowhawk, that signs of a widespread decline in numbers in recent years were first noted. After the i960 breeding season, R. S. R. Fitter, on behalf of the Council for Nature, gathered information from observers in a number of counties in England and Wales. The results showed evidence of a fall in the numbers of Kestrels in Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Nottingham­ shire, Norfolk (except for marsh areas and the Broads), Suffolk, Cambridgeshire (except for the Fen Washes), Huntingdonshire, Essex and Oxfordshire, with little apparent change in Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Montgomeryshire, Merionethshire, Flint, Lancashire, Cumber­ land, Derbyshire and Leicestershire. The Sparrowhawk appeared to have been still worse hit, with decreases in Northumberland, York­ shire, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Huntingdonshire, Essex, Oxfordshire, Hampshire, Dorset and Montgomeryshire, only Pembrokeshire and Flintshire reporting no evidence of any recent changes in numbers. Thus R. S, R. Fitter's information showed that both species had declined, often markedly, in the south and east of England and that in the case of the Sparrow- hawk this decline extended also to parts of western England and Wales. An examination of the county bird reports for i960, and, where available, for 1961, confirms this general picture, except that in York­ shire the Kestrel seems to have decreased in only parts of the county. In addition, the 1960-61 reports show that the Kestrel has now declined in Kent and probably Leicestershire, but not apparently in Herefordshire; and that the Sparrowhawk has now decreased in Herefordshire, Nottinghamshire and the London area, but not in the Bristol area. They also suggest that the Sparrowhawk may now be virtually extinct in Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire and Norfolk. Some light on the timing and extent of this decline is provided by *The scientific names of all birds mentioned in the text can be found in the appendix on page 139; other-wise they are given only in the tables. 125 BRITISH BIRDS an analysis of the Nest Record Cards for these two species, which has kindly been made by Henry Mayer-Gross, of the British Trust for Ornithology (fig. i). The numbers of cards relating each year to nests of Kestrel and Sparrowhawk are very small and therefore liable to be influenced by chance fluctuations, but the general picture is clear and agrees closely with that drawn from the reports of observers. Whilst the total of Nest Record Cards for all species rose from about 5,000 in 1950 to between 8,000 and 11,000 in the years 1951 to i960, with a sharp rise to over 14,000 in 1961, the number of Sparrowhawk nests reported under the scheme showed signs of a general decline from about 1955, most marked in eastern and southern England, but affect­ ing the rest of Great Britain from 1957 onwards. The decline of the Kestrel is less marked on the Nest Record Cards, and so far appears to be largely confined to southern and eastern England, where it seems to have begun about 1956. In the case of a much rarer species, the Peregrine, we have far more exact data to show a recent and almost catastrophic fall in numbers. At the request of the Nature Conservancy, a census of Peregrines was organised by the British Trust for Ornithology in 1961 and 1962. This followed representations by the pigeon racing enthusiasts, who feared that these falcons were a serious threat to their birds, but it now appears that the problem is not one of regulation of numbers of the Peregrine but rather the conservation of the remnants of a seriously threatened species. In 1961, 431 of the 718 Peregrine territories known in Great Britain were visited. In southern England and Wales the majority of nesting places appeared to be quite deserted, and only eleven pairs in the 156 sites visited were known to have reared young. In northern England and southern Scotland, Peregrines were entirely absent from 45 of the 97 territories visited and only eleven pairs were known to have reared young. In the highlands and islands of Scotland the picture varied from district to district; some areas had a fairly normal nesting season, with most territories occupied and most pairs succeeding in hatching eggs, but in others (including some of the remotest) a much lower proportion of breeding pairs produced young, although the nesting populations were normal. Taking the country as a whole, of the 431 territories visited, Peregrines were absent from 173, one or both birds were present but not known to nest in 118, and of the remaining 140, where eggs were laid, only 82 pairs were known to have reared young. The general picture, with this trend of deterioration northwards, was similar in 1962, but there was evidence of a further decline, particularly in regions south of the Highlands, where breeding success was only half that of 1961. The 1962 results indicated that about half the pre- 1939 population of Peregrines in Great Britain, about 650 breeding 126 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIRDS OF PREY FIG. I. Numbers of B.T.O. Nest Record Cards for the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and Kestrel (Falco tinmmculus), 1950-61, to show differences in trends between south and east England and the rest of Britain. The grand totals for all species are also shown to demonstrate that, whereas numbers of Sparrowhawk and Kestrel cards are falling, at least in south-east England, an increasing amount of attention is actually being paid to this method of recording nest data 127 BRITISH BIRDS pairs, had gone, and that only just over a quarter of the remainder bred successfully (D. A. Ratcliffe in litt.). There is no published information on recent changes in total numbers of other diurnal birds of prey in the British Isles, but observa­ tions made by Ash (i960) on a game preserve in Hampshire from 1952 to 1959 suggest that several other species may be affected. Ash's records of sightings of eight different species were made throughout the year and do not therefore refer only to the breeding populations. They show: Kestrel, a decrease from 1956; Buzzard, a decline after the advent of myxomatosis in 1954, then a revival, and then another decline; Sparrowhawk, a steady decline from 1953; Hen Harrier, a •decrease by two-thirds from 1956; Merlin, a decrease by two-thirds between 1953 and 1957, then numbers remaining steady; Peregrine, almost a two-thirds decrease, the main decline starting in 1956; Hobby, fluctuating numbers, but generally a decrease of about two- thirds; and Montagu's Harrier, the only increase (in 1958 and 1959). Moreover, the recent decline in numbers of birds of prey is not confined to the British Isles. Ratcliffe and Moore (1962) stated that they had received reports of serious decreases in Peregrines from the eastern United States, Germany, Finland and Sweden. At least in certain parts of its range in North America, the Bald Eagle has suffered severely. According to Carson (1962), in the years 1939-49 Charles Broley used annually to ring about 150 young Bald Eagles in about 125 nests on a stretch of the western coast of Florida. In 1947 the numbers of young began to decline; some nests contained no eggs and others had eggs which failed to hatch. Between 1952 and 1957 about 80% of the nests failed to produce young. In 1957 Broley found only 43 occupied nests, of which seven produced young, and in 1958 only ten nests and a single chick. At Hawk Mountain, in south-eastern Pennsylvania, the proportion of first-year eagles seen on autumn migration fell from 40% in 1935-39 to 20% in 1955-59. In the case of the nocturnal birds of prey it is more difficult, and perhaps impossible, to make any accurate assessment of total popula­ tions. There is no firm evidence of recent changes in numbers, although, as described below, owls appear to be dying from toxic chemicals on a considerable scale.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hunting and Game Preservation Act
    HUNTING AND GAME PRESERVATION ACT Prom. SG. 78/26 Sep 2000, amend. SG. 26/20 Mar 2001, amend. SG. 77/9 Aug 2002, amend. SG. 79/16 Aug 2002, amend. SG. 88/4 Nov 2005, amend. SG. 82/10 Oct 2006, amend. SG. 108/29 Dec 2006, amend. SG. 64/7 Aug 2007, amend. SG. 43/29 Apr 2008, amend. SG. 67/29 Jul 2008, amend. SG. 69/5 Aug 2008, amend. SG. 91/21 Oct 2008, amend. SG. 6/23 Jan 2009, amend. SG. 80/9 Oct 2009, amend. SG. 92/20 Nov 2009, amend. SG. 73/17 Sep 2010, amend. SG. 89/12 Nov 2010, amend. SG. 8/25 Jan 2011, amend. SG. 19/8 Mar 2011, amend. SG. 39/20 May 2011, amend. SG. 77/4 Oct 2011, amend. SG. 38/18 May 2012, amend. SG. 60/7 Aug 2012, amend. SG. 77/9 Oct 2012, amend. SG. 102/21 Dec 2012, amend. SG. 15/15 Feb 2013, amend. SG. 62/12 Jul 2013, amend. SG. 60/7 Aug 2015, amend. SG. 14/19 Feb 2016, amend. SG. 58/18 Jul 2017, amend. SG. 63/4 Aug 2017, amend. and suppl. SG. 17/23 Feb 2018, suppl. SG. 61/24 Jul 2018, suppl. SG. 77/18 Sep 2018, amend. and suppl. SG. 37/7 May 2019, amend. and suppl. SG. 74/20 Sep 2019 Chapter one. GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1. The Act shall provide the relations connected with the ownership, preservation and management of the game, the organisation of hunting economy, the right to hunt and the trade with game and game products.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wild Rabbit: Plague, Polices and Pestilence in England and Wales, 1931–1955
    The wild rabbit: plague, polices and pestilence in England and Wales, 1931–1955 by John Martin Abstract Since the eighteenth century the rabbit has occupied an ambivalent position in the countryside. Not only were they of sporting value but they were also valued for their meat and pelt. Attitudes to the rabbit altered though over the first half of the century, and this paper traces their redefinition as vermin. By the 1930s, it was appreciated that wild rabbits were Britain’s most serious vertebrate pest of cereal crops and grassland and that their numbers were having a significant effect on agricultural output. Government took steps to destroy rabbits from 1938 and launched campaigns against them during wartime, when rabbit was once again a form of meat. Thereafter government attitudes to the rabbit hardened, but it was not until the mid-1950s that pestilence in the form of a deadly virus, myxomatosis, precipitated an unprecedented decline in their population. The unprecedented decline in the European rabbit Oryctolagus( cuniculus) in the mid- twentieth century is one of the most remarkable ecological changes to have taken place in Britain. Following the introduction of myxomatosis into Britain in September 1953 at Bough Beech near Edenbridge in Kent, mortality rates in excess of 99.9 per cent were recorded in a number of affected areas.1 Indeed, in December 1954, the highly respected naturalist Robin Lockley speculated that 1955 would constitute ‘zero hour for the rabbit’, with numbers being lower by the end of the year than at any time since the eleventh century.2 In spite of the rapid increases in output and productivity which British agriculture experienced in the post-myxomatosis era, the importance of the disease as a causal factor in raising agricultural output has been largely ignored by agricultural historians.3 The academic neglect of the rabbit as a factor influencing productivity is even more apparent in respect of the pre-myxomatosis era, particularly the period before the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOS 37-2-60 Reintroductions and Releases on the Isle Of
    ECOS 37(2) 2016 ECOS 37(2) 2016 Reintroductions and releases on the Isle of Man Lessons from recent retreats Recent proposals for the release of white-tailed sea eagles and red squirrels on the Isle of Man received very different treatment, perhaps reflecting public perception of the animals and the public profile of the proponents, but also the political landscape of the island. NICK PINDER The Manx legal context The Isle of Man is a Crown dependency outside the EU but inside a common customs union with the United Kingdom. The Island can request that Westminster’s laws are extended to it but usually the Island passes its own laws which it promulgates at the annual Tynwald ceremony. Since it has a special relationship with the European Union, under Protocol 3, EU legislation covering agricultural and other trade is Point of Ayre: The Ayres is a large area of coastal heath and dune grassland in the north of the Isle of Mann usually translated into Manx law, as is UK law affecting customs controls. The 1980 island and location of the only National Nature Reserve. Endangered Species Act was therefore swiftly adopted in the Isle of Man but the Photo: Nick Pinder Wildlife and Countryside Act of the same year was not. A test for the legislation came in the early 1990s when some fox carcases turned When I arrived on the Isle of Man in 1987, the only wildlife legislation was a up. One was allegedly run over and then someone came forward having shot two dated Protection of Birds Act (1932-1975) but the newly formed Department of adults at a den site and dug up several cubs.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Discontent in Derbyshire 1830·1850
    RURAL DISCONTENT IN DERBYSHIRE 1830·1850 Alan Frank Jones Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Sheffield January 2004 ii Alan Frank Jones RURAL DISCONTENT IN DERBYSlllRE 1830-1850 ABSTRACT Social protest, especially in agricultural regions, has occupie~ and caused considerable debate among, historians for many years. This thesis seeks to add to this debate, by looking at various forms of protest in Derbyshire between 1830 and 1850. This thesis examines three aspects of criminal activity: poaching, arson and animal maiming. It contends that none of these crimes can simply be categorised as acts of protest. In conjunction with an investigation of these three crimes, acts of protest such as strikes and episodes of reluctance to conform are also discussed. It argues that the motives behind various criminal activities and anti-authority behaviour were varied and complex. Arson and animal maiming were rarely co-ordinated, mostly they were individual attacks. However, on a few occasions both arson and animal maiming were directed against certain people. In the instances of poaching, there were more proven cases of gang participation than in either arson or animal maiming, with groups of men raiding game preserves. However, the great majority of raids were individual undertakings. What is more, poaching was carried out on a greater scale throughout the county than either arson or animal maiming. This thesis seeks to put these activities into the context of economic and social change in Derbyshire between 1830 and 1850. It maintains that there was a breaking down of the old social order.
    [Show full text]
  • POVERTY, PROTEST and SPORT: POACHING in the EAST MIDLANDS C.1820-C.1900 ROSEMARY MUGE, MA. Thesis Submitted to the University Of
    POVERTY, PROTEST AND SPORT: POACHING IN THE EAST MIDLANDS c.1820-c.1900 ROSEMARY MUGE, MA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2017 Abstract In the East Midlands counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire levels of poaching equalled or exceeded those in many counties which are thought of as prime poaching areas. Using principally Criminal Registers, Game Laws Returns to Parliament, and local newspapers of the period, this study shows that people poached from three motives: because they were poor; because poaching was a sport; and as a protest. Day and night poachers, including night poaching gangs frequently involved in affrays, pursued their activities undeterred by the efforts at prevention of the landowners, police and courts. Poaching here was predominantly for ground game and declined in the last quarter of the century, but continued to be a source of anger and frustration for game preservers and the authorities to the end of the period. The poaching war in these counties, waged in an area with large aristocratic estates but where extreme game preservation was viewed critically, was not perceived as impacting on law and order in general. This was unlike Lancashire, where the activities of poachers were regarded as being a threat to the fabric of society. The causes of these differences between the East Midlands and Lancashire were rooted in police practice, attitudes to game preservation, and differences in gentry sport and hunting. (Total words in thesis: 90,313) Acknowledgements Having begun to study history twenty years ago and finally submitted this thesis in retirement, there are many people to whom I am beholden.
    [Show full text]
  • Falconry in Britain Between 1750 and 1927: the Survival, Organisation And, Development of the Sport
    Falconry in Britain between 1750 and 1927: the survival, organisation and, development of the sport By Gordon T Mellor Submitted in fulfilment of a Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded by De Montfort University April 1st 2006 Abstract Falconry, the sport of using trained birds of prey to hunt wild quarry in its natural habitat, had been practiced in the British Isles for more than 1300 years. During the sports 'golden age' in the 16th century it was held in high esteem, was imbued with social imagery, and was regarded as a signifier of status. It began to lose popularity in the period leading up to the Civil War and fell largely into disuse in the years following the Commonwealth. By the early 1700s it was a rare and curious pastime undertaken by very few. During the second half of the 18th century, a period of great change in British Society, when it might have been expected that an activity with such strong links to pre-modern culture would have withered away. Falconry however experienced something of a revival. Whilst limited in scale and always peripheral to the canons of the times, it maintained a small but significant following. This research is an investigation into how falconry was adapted and organised to ensure its survival. The context in which the activity took place is considered in detail, as is the literature and private writing left by those who were practitioners. The relationship with other hunting sports is examined together with a wider sphere of interest; that of the developing science of natural history, and in particular ornithology.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Hunting and Wildlife in British India, 1800-1935 By
    Sahibs and Shikar: Colonial Hunting and Wildlife in British India, 1800-1935 by Swati Shresth Department of History Duke University 12.03.2009 Approved: ___________________________ Sumathi Ramaswamy, Supervisor ___________________________ Leela Prasad ___________________________ Janet Ewald ___________________________ Philip Stern ___________________________ John Thompson Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 i v ABSTRACT Sahibs and Shikar: Colonial Hunting and Wildlife in British India, 1800-1935 by Swati Shresth Department of History Duke University 12.03.2009 Approved: ___________________________ Sumathi Ramaswamy, Supervisor ___________________________ Leela Prasad ___________________________ Janet Ewald ___________________________ Philip Stern ___________________________ John Thompson Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Swati Shresth 2009 i v Abstract This dissertation explores the colonization of wildlife in nineteenth and early twentieth century British India. It discusses hunting and colonial policies on wildlife to explore the political, social and cultural concerns that influenced British interactions with Indian wildlife, with their compatriots and with natives. Hunting, I argue was deeply implicated in the exercise of power in all
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details ‘On a shiny night’: The Representation of the English Poacher, c.1830-1920 Stephen John Ridgwell PhD University of Sussex April 2017 1 Statement I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature……………………………… 2 University of Sussex Stephen John Ridgwell, PhD ‘On a Shiny Night’: The Representation of the English Poacher c.1830-1920 Summary This thesis examines the representation of the English poacher from around the time of the reform to the Game Laws in 1831 to the ending of the First World War. Although a considerable body of work exists on nineteenth-century poaching, its representational aspects have yet to be fully explored. Moreover, existing studies have had little to say on poaching in the early years of the twentieth century. Set against the backdrop of the Edwardian Land Question the poacher, or more properly the idea of him, carried a far greater resonance than has been allowed for.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutz Et Al SAB31.Indd
    Studies in Avian Biology No. 31:158–197 POPULATION LIMITATION IN THE NORTHERN GOSHAWK IN EUROPE: A REVIEW WITH CASE STUDIES CHRISTIAN RUTZ, ROB G. BIJLSMA, MICK MARQUISS, AND ROBERT E. KENWARD Abstract. This paper investigates factors limiting breeding densities in populations of Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis gentilis) in western, central, and southern Europe. We review the current status of the spe- cies and describe major population trends during the last century. Large-scale trends in numbers coincided with marked changes in the external environment (early 20th century—extensive human persecution; 1950s— maturation of forests providing new nesting habitat; 1960s—organochlorine pesticide use in agriculture). We present four lines of evidence suggesting that goshawk breeding numbers in Europe are indeed limited by extrinsic factors, rather than fl uctuating at random: (1) temporal stability of breeding numbers, (2) existence of non-breeders in stable populations, (3) growth dynamics of newly-founded and recovering populations, and (4) regular spacing of territories in continuously suitable nesting habitat. We evaluate the published literature to assess the relative importance of seven potentially limiting factors. Consistent with other raptor species, we iden- tify nest-site availability and food supply as the two principal factors limiting breeding numbers in the goshawk. Importantly, their relative infl uence appears to be affected by the degree of illegal killing. Currently in Europe, killing by humans rarely has direct effects on breeding population levels. However, even moderate levels of kill- ing may limit goshawks indirectly, by preventing their full use of habitats in close proximity to human activity. In the absence of illegal killing, goshawks in western Europe are highly adaptable to intense human activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Bird Communities
    Forestry Commission Forestry Commission ARCHIVE Occasional Paper 26 Forest Bird Communities S J Petty M f Avery Number of bird species Pairs per knA 20-1 r500 h400 -300 v 5:V' :;■> VVA •« V '* • \ \ ■- '■ '.V%\ ’ 8- -200 4- -100 yv A a k A - - A ' A H i v-v Moorland Pole-stage forest FORESTRY COMMISSION OCCASIONAL PAPER 26 Forest Bird Communities A review of the ecology and management of forest bird communities in relation to silvicultural practices in the British uplands S.J. Petty Bird Ecologist, Forestry Commission cind M l. Avery Senior Research Biologist, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, formerly Research Fellow, Edward Grey Institute of Ornithology, Oxford Forestry Commission, Edinburgh © Crown copyright 1990 First published 1990 ISBN 0 85538 237 6 ODC 148.2 : 152 : 2 : (048.1) KEYWORDS: Birds, Forestry Enquiries relating to this publication should be addressed to The Technical Publications Officer, Forestry Commission, Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH. Contents 1. Introduction 1 The need for a review 1 Acknowledgements 1 2. Historical aspects of forests and bird populations in the British uplands 3 Introduction 3 The development of plant communities in the Pleistocene period 3 Forests and birds in the Flandrian period 5 Summary 11 3. Bird census methods and techniques 12 Introduction 12 Choice of study areas 12 Census techniques 12 Diversity indices 13 V egetation description 14 4. Factors determining forest bird communities 17 Introduction 17 The ideal approach 17 Regional differences 18 Altitude 19 Forest area 19 Tree species 22 Succession 28 Vegetation structure 30 Edge effects 32 Summary 34 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature's Gain
    Nature’s gain How gamebird management has influenced wildlife conservation A report from The Game Conservancy Trust July 2005 www.gct.org.uk Credits Contents Author: Executive summary 4 Stephen Tapper BSc, PhD Editorial assistance: Introduction – the world agenda 6 Louise Shervington Design & layout: Conservation or protection – good taste but poor insight 8 Sophia Miles Box – Wise use 10 Natterjack Publications Limited Hansel Cottage Woodcutts Upland moor – a cultural landscape 12 Salisbury Preserving moorland 13 SP5 5RP Preventing deterioration 14 01725 552685 Over-grazing 14 [email protected] Poor burning 14 Maintaining habitat 15 Printing: Bird life on grouse moors 16 Friary Press Box – Grouse moor bird survey 17 Bridport Road Box – Birds of prey and grouse 21 Dorchester DT1 1JL 01305 265656 Woodland – new life for an ancient asset 22 Pheasant woods today 25 Box – Woodland management and flowers and butterflies 27 Farmland – the forgotten Neolithic ecosystem 28 Rearing and releasing gamebirds 31 Box – The disappearance of undersowing 32 Restoring the cereal ecosystem 33 Box – Allerton Farm, Loddington – farming, game and wildlife 37 A final thought – the role of the gamekeeper 38 References 40 © The Game Conservancy Trust. July 2005. All rights reserved. The Game Conservancy Trust Fordingbridge Hampshire SP6 1EF 01425 652381 www.gct.org.uk The Game Conservancy Trust The Game Conservancy Trust conducts scientific research into Britain’s game and wildlife. We advise farmers and landowners on improving wildlife habitat and we lobby for agricultural and conservation policies based on science. Many of our supporters take part in field sports. They invest in managing wildlife habitat in the countryside.
    [Show full text]
  • Guns and Shikaris: the Rise of the Sahib's Hunting Ethos and the Fall of the Subaltern Poacher in British India, 1750-1947
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2012 Guns and shikaris: The rise of the sahib's hunting ethos and the fall of the subaltern poacher in British India, 1750-1947 Fiona Mani West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Mani, Fiona, "Guns and shikaris: The rise of the sahib's hunting ethos and the fall of the subaltern poacher in British India, 1750-1947" (2012). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 594. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/594 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fiona Mani Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Joseph Hodge, Ph.D., Chair Robert Maxon, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]