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Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 48 (12), December 2019, pp. 1907-1915

Plankton and aquatic biodiversity in the Sarbaz River, Southeastern Iran

Mahmood Sinaei 1*& Mehran Loghmani2 1Department of fisheries, Chabahar branch, Islamic Azad University, Chabahar, Iran 2Department of ,Marine science faculty, Chahbahar Maritime University, Chabahar ,Iran

*[E-mail: [email protected]]

Studying community and determining the trends in river pollution are of great value and importance. In the present work, plankton and aquatic insect community were evaluated in 10 sites along the Sarbaz River in southeastern Iran. Among the species identified, Navicula has the highest incidence with five species. The highest frequency and density belongs to the ciliates group. Results indicate that the studied environment has a poor planktonic diversity and density. Results suggested that a decrease in plankton communities could be one of the factors influencing reductions in mugger crocodile (C. palustris) hatchling survival. Moreover, it was found that dominant populations of aquatic are susceptible to organic pollutants with tolerating levels of 0 to 4 from Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Ephemerehidae, , orders. Moreover, an increase is noted in the Family Biotic Index (FBI) in downstream sites, suggesting a decrease in water quality compared with other sites.

[Keywords: Aquatic insects; ;Sarbaz River; ]

Introduction Developing agriculture, industrial, and rural Limnological studies of domestic water communities and ignoring environmental issues ecosystems, especially rivers are of great importance around the rivers will cause huge pollution of in the fisheries and environment debate and can play ecosystems. Among the adverse effects of these types an important role in the implementation of of pollutants, one can name elimination of environmental management and sustainable environmental balance, the removal or substitution of development. species, the negative effects on the Plankton as a component of aquatic life is production capacity, and reduced energy transfer from composed of tiny organisms living and drifting along aquatic ecosystems to droughts4. Stream quality water current. It acts as the main source of food for assessment is the first and most important stage in most faunas, both in lotic and lentic water water management, which clarifies how the changes ecosystems. Phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll-a occur about time, place, and condition5. Aquatic concentration, the concentration of plant nutrients insects because of species richness among the great (phosphor and nitrogen), and saturation and benthic invertebrates and different sensitivities to transparency are commonly used to characterize the rivers’ pollutants are used to assess the degree of trophic status of a water body1,2. Zooplankton are pollution and water quality of rivers, lakes, and microscopic animals that eat other . springs6. The use of aquatic insect for surveying water occupy a central position between the quality was initiated in Europe, and then widely used autotroph and other heterotroph and make an throughout the world7-9. Klemm et al.10 developed important link in the of the freshwater some methods and used macroinvertebrates as ecosystem. The sea creatures constitute the food indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the source of organisms at higher trophic levels. The Mid-Atlantic Highlands region. Experiences from the zooplankton and production both depend on USA and European program have explained that phytoplankton largely1. Zoo-life in all aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates are most useful in ecosystems has begun from producers, to which all monitoring freshwater ecosystems9,11. In this regard, animals are dependent. Plankton represents changes in many studies have been carried out to determine the water quality because it is strongly influenced by degree of biotic index and quality, and, on this basis, environmental conditions and is rapidly responding to defined a biological index called the Family Biotic changes in water quality1,3. Index (FBI)6,9,12-15. 1908 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2019

The Sarbaz River is one of the important rivers in Considering the geographical location of the area, the northern part of the Oman Sea. The river flows which is seasonal rainfall and long periods without from the mountains of the Sarbaz region and is shed to rain, it is seen that the volumes and flows of the the Dishin dam, and finally flows to the Oman Sea by Sarbaz River are highly variable and sampling sites the name of Bahukalat at the Govater Bay. Inside and for regular use should be selected. Sampling sites around the Sarbaz River, there is a wide variety of were determined based on the flow of water vegetation and animal life. The area is a suitable habitat throughout the year, river morphology changes, for mammals (hyena, jackal, Baluch squirrel), natural disasters, the existence of a previous dam, amphibians, aquatics [mugger crocodile (Crocodylus path slope, and water flow velocity. palustris), carp fish, and green turtle], and birds Phytoplankton Sampling and counting (francolin, purple sunbird, desert eagle, Baluch were collected using a conical net sparrow, and Baluch noctivagant) and many other birds of bolting nylon of 0.069 mm mesh width and mouth that are indigenous to the Indian semi-continent can be 16 ring diameter of 35 cm with the help of an outrigger seen . However, the importance of the Sarbaz River is canoe. The net was towed for 10 minutes for surface due to mugger crocodile (C. palustris). This river is the hauls, the volume of water filtered through it was habitat for mugger crocodile which is specific to Iran determined by flow meter attached to it, and the net and live in shallow of river line. This crocodile was back washed between two stations to avoid stays behind the crocodiles belonging to Mesozoic Age clogging of meshes. The filtered samples were fixed or about 225 to 265 million years ago. The animal bore and preserved in 4 % formalin with a few drops of no changes in its appearance over the past 65 million 16 Lugol’s iodine solution. For the quantitative analysis years . Because of its special position and climate, the of phytoplankton, the settlement method described by Sarbaz River muggers are always at risk and even Sukhanova23 was adopted. Planktonic numerical subjected to extinction. Therefore, the study of fauna analysis was performed using an inverted microscope. and flora of the river is a great help to increase Phytoplanktons were identified and counted using understanding of the Sarbaz River status and its methods described by Hosamani and Bharathi24. creatures and plays an important role in ecosystem fishery and environmental management. Zooplankton sampling and counting The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of Zooplankton samples were collected with a 76 μm plankton community are important for understanding size, approximate 45 % open area, and silk number of the ecosystem functioning because they can affect the 20 plankton net. The samples were fixed in 4 % ecological processes and stability and reflect major formalin solution for further studies25. Qualitative shifts in an environmental condition17. A large number analysis of zooplankton was done according to the of studies have addressed limnological investigation of methods given by Edmondson26, Needham and rivers, mainly to determine plankton and aquatic insect Needham27, and Thorp and Covich28. Zooplankton communities 1-3,6,9,10,12-15,18-22. The species composition were counted by the number of sedgewick-rafter and community structure of phytoplankton and (S-R) cells, which are 50 mm long, 20 mm wide, and zooplankton in the Sarbaz River are still poorly 1 mm deep. The number of zooplankton in the S-R understood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the cell was derived from the following formula18: first study to investigate plankton and aquatic insect communities of the Sarbaz River in the southeastern Table 1 — Location of sampling sites part of Iran. In line with these trends of research, this Coordinates Sampling sites study was conducted to: Longitude Latitude 1) Identify the Planktonic Communities of the Sarbaz 26° 37´ 14ʺN 61° 14´ 38ʺ E Kajdar 26° 34´ 53ʺ N 61° 12´ 41ʺ E Bandan River; and 26° 24´ 45ʺ N 61° 17´ 24ʺ E Heit 2) Monitor water quality of the Sarbaz River using 26° 17´ 05ʺ N 61° 25´ 48ʺ E Firoozabad aquatic insect as a bio-indicator. 26° 08´ 04ʺ N 61° 31´ 11ʺ E Pol jakigor

25° 84´ 14ʺN 61° 30´ 88ʺ E Ab nemaye sade pishin Material and methods: 25° 53´ 60ʺN 61° 30´ 34ʺ E Pol kahirborz Study area 25° 47´ 44ʺN 61° 30´ 05ʺ E Hoot gat In this study, 10 different sites were chosen along the 25° 45´ 20ʺN 61° 27´ 37ʺ E Shir gowaz Sarbaz River in the southeast of Iran (Table 1, Fig. 1). 25° 21´ 60ʺN 61° 21´ 22ʺ E Jor SINAEI & LOGHMANI: PLANKTON AND AQUATIC INSECT BIODIVERSITY IN THE SARBAZ RIVER 1909

Table.1. Geographical coordinates of sampling sites

samples were collected at each site, considering all

possible microhabitats over representative sections of Nc = Number of organisms counted the stream. The insects and the content of each sample L = Length of each strip (S-R cell length) in mm (net) were transferred into properly labeled plastic D = Depth of a strip (whipple grid image width) in mm containers, preserved in 75 % ethanol, and taken back S = Number of strips counted to the laboratory for analysis. Samples were washed The number of cells per mm was multiplied by a in white trays and screened through 1 mm sieves. correction factor to adjust the number of organisms Large aquatic insects were sorted by the naked eye per liter. whereas sorting the smaller ones was done under a dissecting microscope. The invertebrates were Sampling of Aquatic Insects initially sorted into functional feeding groups 12,29-32, A sampling of the aquatic insect communities for and then identified at family taxonomic level. All each sampling site covered ~100 m2 in area, each samples were identified according to taxonomic replicated 3 times (distance was approximately 50 m classification using taxonomic keys by Dudgeon33, apart), to get reasonable estimates of population Wiggins34, Yule and Sen35. After data collection, the density. Aquatic insects were sampled using the degree of the of the sampling sites to the aquatic D-hand net with a dimension of 30 × 30 cm2 non-family biotic index (FBI) was calculated using frame, 250 μm mesh size, and 50 cm length the following formula: throughout the sampling (Model 325M, NORCOMP Dip Net Design). In the sampling sites, disturbance- removal sampling technique was used to dislodge organisms from the substrates with the 1m ×1m area. ni: Number of samples per family Large stones in swift water were hand-lifted and ai: The tolerance rating for each family checked for insects. At each sampling locality, a N: Total collected samples stretch of approximately 50 m was chosen for In this index, the range of tolerance for aquatic collection of samples from the three target habitats; insects to pollution was estimated to be between 0 and i.e. riparian vegetation, leaf litter, and low gradient 10. The zero number represents the intolerable or riffles and pools. The sampling time at each habitat severe allergic to low concentrations of water-soluble was 3 min. In each sampling period, three replicate oxygen, 2 to 9 show different tolerance to the 1910 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2019

concentration of water-soluble oxygen, and 10 the highest incidence with 5 species. The results of presents the high tolerance and survival of living the total number of different phytoplankton species organisms to the water pollution (Table 2) collected from different months of the year are presented in Fig. 2. Comparing the total frequency of Statistical analysis different phytoplankton species in different months of Statistical analyses of the data were conducted by the year, no significant difference was noticed among using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Kajder, Bandan, Hiet, and Firoozabad (p >0.05). Also, software, version 20. All data are reported as mean ± there was no significant difference between Shirgowaz standard deviation. Additionally, Microsoft Office and Gor (p > 0.05). As can be seen from Fig. 2, Excel (2010) was applied. The data possessed the preliminary results present a significant difference homogeneity of variance and were normally (p < 0.05) between the other sites when compared two distributed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by two. was run followed by a Tukey’s test to compare the means (p < 0.05). Zooplankton composition and abundance: Zooplankton communities determined from ten Results sampling sites in the Sarbaz River are summarized in Table 3. Three different groups of zooplankton, Phytoplankton composition and abundance: including crustaceans, ciliates, and rotifers were The results of the determination of phytoplankton observed in the Sarbaz River. communities along the Sarbaz River are shown in As represented in Table 3, crustaceans had two Table 3. Among the species identified, Navicula has species of Cyclops and Daphnia, and the other two groups had only one genus. The highest frequency Table 2 — Aquatic insect biodiversity and density belonged to the ciliates, with vorticella Organism observed in all seasons and among all sampling sites. Phytoplankton Zooplankton Moreover, crustacean had the lowest frequency with a Cocconeis PlacentulaEhr. Daphnia higher diversity. Fragilaria canstruens (Ehr).Grun. Cyclops Gyrosigma acuminatum kutz. Brachionus Aquatic insect composition and abundance: Navicula Citrus kra. Vorticella The results of the identified aquatic insect species Navicula gastrum Ehr. are shown in Table 4. As can be seen, only six orders Navicula gregaria cleve of insects (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Navicula radiosa kutz. Ephemerehidae, Hemiptera, and Odonata) could be Navicula salinarum Gran. identified. Another benthos consisted of Chironomidae Nitzschia frostulum and Oligochaeta, which had a lower density than other Syndera ulna organisms. The FBI score of the study site was found

SINAEI & LOGHMANI: PLANKTON AND AQUATIC INSECT BIODIVERSITY IN THE SARBAZ RIVER 1911

Fig. 2 — Phytoplankton and zooplankton species abundance at different months in the sarbaz river

Table 4 Biodiversity Indicator, Water Quality and Contamination Rate of Organic Water in the River(Hilsenhoff, 1988) Bio-index water quality Degree of contamination with organic matter 00.0-3.75 Excellent Contamination of organic matter is unlikely 3.76-4.25 Very good Potential for organic contamination 4.26-5.00 good Possible contamination of some Fig. 3 —FBI index at different sampling sites of the Sarbaz river organic materials 5.01-5.75 Fair Probability of relatively such as the Sarbaz River, which have low depths and significant contamination steep flowing water, have the planktons easily 5.76-6.50 Relatively poor Significant contamination displaced because of their inability to flow into the 6.51-7.25 Weak The possibility of significant water; thus, they cannot play a major role in the contamination production. Therefore, the possibility of life, 7.26 -10.00 Very weak Probable contamination of flourishing, and growth is not provided for them at a organic matter certain point. In these aquatic environments, as long in the range of 4.07 to 5.36 (Fig. 3). The results as the light can penetrate, sticky algae and revealed a decrease in water quality in downstream macrophyte have a major role in the production. sites than other sites. Unlike lakes, in this kind of ecosystem, insects, especially insect larvae, contain most of the Discussion: invertebrates and play an important role in feeding One of the hallmarks of rivers is their rapid and fish and other related creatures. Holoplankton is one-way movement, which has a great impact on almost absent in these ecosystems and only is found the life of their plant and animal communities. Rivers in deeper areas with low flowing water36. 1912 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2019

Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton and on the size, shape, availability of nutrients, and the zooplankton in the Sarbaz River revealed a relative sustainability of conditions41. The S-Strategists correlation among different sampling sites despite the (stress-tolerance) have the ability to grow in a discontinuity and corruption of the river. The stressed condition and lack of basic nutrients. The frequency and density of plankton under these C-Strategists (colonist-invasives) are invasive conditions are usually influenced by physical factors groups with high competitive ability with other such as light, temperature, water intensity, and other phytoplankton species for rapid growth and environmental and seasonal factors. Rivers may have propagation in low environmental stress and high different conditions among a season. Therefore, the essential nutrients. The R-Strategists (ruderal) have river’s biological communities, including plankton, the potential for growth and dominance in waters with can also be modified and not follow a specific pattern, vertical turbulence and low light penetration and such as lakes37. high turbidity41. The obtained results of the current As shown in Table 3, the frequency of Gyrosigma research demonstrated that the phytoplankton species acuminatum kutz., Navicula salinarum Gran, identified in the Sarbaz River have the same R and S Nitzschia frostulum, and Syndera ulna species strategy . increases toward the downstream sites. The results The highest frequency and density belonged to the acquired in the present study may be explained by the ciliates, which were observed in all seasons. At the increase in electrical conductivity and salinity of these sampling sites, the crustacean had the lowest sites affecting the growth of the species mentioned38. abundance. A direct relationship was established The phytoplankton community in the Sarbaz River between zooplankton and phytoplankton as the was characterized by high abundance in the late production of herbivorous zooplankton constituted winter and early spring. However, again in fall, with a 10 % of primary production42. Accordingly, one of the more favorable environmental condition, a relative implications of this finding deals with Planktivory by increase in trend was observed in the phytoplankton fish that determining the biomass, structure, and population. Temperature and nutrient were two composition of both zoo and phytoplankton important parameters influencing phytoplankton communities 43-46. The results achieved in the present community composition and abundance20. In the late study could be also explained by the size of food winter and early spring, phytoplankton is being able particles for zooplankton. Zooplankton does not filter to grow and maintain high abundance during the water in the sense of sieving, but particles of food are temporarily elevated nutrient in the Sarbaz River from captured selectively47-49,46. Haberman50, Laugaste winter runoff. The higher frequency of phytoplankton et al.46, and Laugaste & Haberman51 came to the same species in fall seems to be the result of a favorable conclusions about the relationship between zoo and environmental condition such as temperature during phytoplankton in the Lake Peipsi. However, several this season. factors (nutrient deficit in phytoplankton, adaptive Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are the most important anti-predator responses of prey species, and nutrient group of freshwater algae. These species are recycling) may diminish the links between the trophic important in terms of nutrition and food web, and levels46. some are considered as the indicator of the health of The Sarbaz River is a habitat of mugger crocodile aquatic ecosystems39,40. Diatoms have different (C. palustris). A considerable viewpoint finding of the growth in response to environmental conditions such present research is the reduction of the abundance of as light, temperature, and salinity. In this regard, the planktonic communities in conjunction with the excessive growth of some diatom species can lead to hatching of the crocodile egg’s season. Results of this unpleasant odor in the water and blockage of water research propose that a decrease in plankton filters40. In the current study, low abundance of communities could be one of the factors influencing various diatom species, which can lead to unpleasant reductions in mugger crocodile hatchling survival. odors in the water, and blocking of water filters were However, this research did not find any relationships detected. Based on the findings of this research, it can between the abundance of planktonic communities be concluded that diatom species across the Sarbaz and hatchling survival in the studied area. Further River did not have adverse effects. research, therefore, is needed in this area. Reynold37 adopted the general strategies of drought In the present work, the dominant populations of plants for phytoplankton. This classification is based aquatic insects (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, SINAEI & LOGHMANI: PLANKTON AND AQUATIC INSECT BIODIVERSITY IN THE SARBAZ RIVER 1913

Ephemerehidae, Hemiptera, Odonata) were research puts out basic information for the catchment susceptible to organic pollutants with a tolerance of 0 management authorities, which could be used in to 4. Trichoptera is especially sensitive to a decrease developing specific policies on the sustainability of in water quality52-54. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera water resources management. This research is also are often used as indicators of good water quality54-56. important to epitomize the current status diversity of Selvakumar et al.57 suggested that change in aquatic insects in the Sarbaz River and to prepare an community structure is mainly due to changes in the outline for the conservation of their habitats. As geomorphology and the associated destruction of in- aquatic insects are particularly sensitive to human stream physical habitats. Several factors are known to turbulence, it is essential to protect these unique affect the fluctuations in insect abundance, organisms for our next generation to appreciate these dominance, and distribution, but the important factors spectacular insects in the future. A regular and likely to affect the diversity and abundance systematic sampling of benthos including aquatic in an are macroclimatic and insects, can be used to record the process of any microclimatic changes, water velocity, water changes that have been made and to address the temperature, nutrient availability, and variation in the unpleasant changes. availability of food resources9. Many field studies have demonstrated the interest in the evaluation Acknowledgment of aquatic insects as the of water This study was financially aided by the Iranian quality54,58-62. Department of the Environment)Grant No:63214). The Sarbaz River was very well to fair water quality We would like to give special thanks to Mr. Arbabi based on FBI with the scores of 4.07 and 5.36. and Mr. Hosseini, who contributed in the data This index assumes the potential for organic collection process. contamination and possible contamination of some References organic materials and the probability of relatively 1 Suresh B., Manjappa S. & Puttaiah E.T., The contents of significant contamination was detected in different zooplankton of the Tungabhadra River, near Harihar, sampling sites. Good water quality of upstream sites Karanataka and the saprobiological analysis of water quality. indicates the amount of inputs of pollutants from the J. Ecol. Nat. 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