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Distribution of Nearshore Macroinvertebrates in Lakes of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA

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Distribution of Nearshore Macroinvertebrates in Lakes of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Robert L. Hoffman, Jr. for the degree of Master of Science in Fisheries Science presented on March 2, 1994 Title: Distribution of Nearshore Macroinvertebrates in Lakes of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Wi am J. Liss Although nearshore macroinvertebrates are integral members of high mountain lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions is limited. Factors affecting distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates were investigated, including microhabitatuseand vertebrate predation, in the oligotrophic lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington, USA, and the conformity of distribution with a lake classification system was assessed (Lomnicky, unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991). Forty-one lakes were assigned to six classification categories based on vegetation zone (forest, subalpine, alpine), elevation, and position relative to the west or east side of the crest of the Cascade Range. These classification variables represented fundamental characteristics of the terrestrial environment that indirectly reflected geology and climate. This geoclimatic perspective provided a broad, integrative framework for expressing the physical environment of lakes. Habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate distributions in study lakes were studied from 1989 through 1991. Distributions varied according to vegetation zone, elevation, and crestposition, and reflectedthe concordance between habitat conditions and organism life history requirements. Habitat parameters affecting distributions included water temperature,the kinds of substratesin benthic microhabitats, water chemistry, and, to a limited extent, the presence of vertebrate predators. The number of taxa per lake was positively correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with elevation. Forest zone lakes tended to have the highest number of taxa and alpine lakes the lowest. Substrates in nearshore microhabitatsvaried withvegetation zone. Organic substrates were more predominant than inorganic substrates in forest zone lakes. Organic substrates declined and inorganic substrates increased in the subalpinezone. There were virtuallyno organic substrates inalpine lakes. Taxa were placed into groups based on substrate preference. Ordinations indicated that the proportion of taxa ininorganic and organic-based substrate preference groups paralleled vegetation zone-substrate relationships. Lake water hardness and pH, as well as the presence of vertebrate predators affected the distribution of several taxa. Gastropods were limited to three forest lakes by their water hardness and pH requirements, and the dytiscid beetle, Potamonectes qriseostriatus appeared to be absent from forest lakes due, in part, to the pH requirements of this taxon. The distribution of three taxa (Taenionema, Ameletus, Desmona) appeared to be affected by the presence of vertebrate predators (salamanders and trout). Discriminant analysis was used to test the reliability of lake classification based on terrestrial characteristics. Discriminant analysis assigned lakes to categories based on similarities in kinds of substrates, substrate preference groups, and taxa. Strong concordance between both methods of lake classification supported the interconnection between terrestrial characteristics and processes and the abiotic and biotic conditions in lakes. Distribution of Nearshore Macroinvertebrates in Lakes of the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington,USA by Robert L. Hoffman, Jr. A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed March 2, 1994 Commencement June 1994 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate P sor of Fisheries and Wildlife in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Chairman of d partm Fisheries and Wildlife Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduat hool Date thesis is presented March 2, 1994 Typed by researcher for Robert L. Hoffman, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank BillLiss for his guidance and constant encouragement, for sharing his expertise and helpful suggestions, and for skillfully editing this document. Gary Larson and Dave McIntire also contributed greatly during this process, always with goodwill and good humor. I have appreciated the opportunity to work with Beth Deimling and Gregg Lomnicky, sometimes under less than favorable field conditions, and cannot praise them enough for their contributions toward the completion of this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Susan,and my daughter, Amity, for theirfaith in me and theirsupportof my participation in this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY SITE 5 METHODS 7 Physical and Chemical Variables 7 Macroinvertebrates 8 Vertebrates 9 Statistical Analysis 11 RESULTS 14 Physical Variables 14 Macroinvertebrate-Habitat Substrate Relationships 17 Habitat Conditions and Macroinvertebrate Distribution 23 Vertebrate Predators 25 DISCUSSION 28 SUMMARY 39 REFERENCES 40 APPENDIX 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Generalized model of the organization of nearshore macroinvertebrate communities in the lakes of the North Cascades National Park Service Complex, with Substrate Preference Groups (after Faunal Categories, Ward 1992) and Functional Feeding Groups (after Merritt and Cummins 1984). 10 2. Relationship of the number of taxa per lake and maximum water temperature. 16 3. Ordination of benthic substrates (A) and lakes by vegetation zone (B) based on axes derived from DECORANA analysis of substrates matrix. 19 4. Ordination of substrate preference groups (A) and lakes by vegetation zone (B) based on axes derived from DECORANA analysis of substrate preference groups matrix. 21 5. Factors affecting the presence of macroinvertebrates in lakes of the North Cascades National Park Service Complex. 29 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Lake classification categories developed by Lomnicky (unpublished manuscript; Liss et al. 1991) and the number of lakes sampled in each category. 6 2. The distributions of 15 taxa examined for predator impacts. 12 3. Taxonomic groups in NOCA lakes. 15 4. Results of multiple regression analyses of the relationship of number of taxa per lake and maximum temperature, elevation, surface area and maximum depth. (Level of Significance p=0.05) 16 5. Non-hierarchical clustering of lakes (NCSS, k-means algorithm) by number of taxa per lake, maximum temperature and lake elevation. 18 6. The mean number of taxa per lake, maximum temperature, and elevation for lakes in each classification category. Lakes were assigned to categories by discriminant analysis. 18 7. Comparison of the placement of lakes into vegetationzones, crest positions, and elevation categories by lake classification (LC) and predicted by discriminant analysis (DA). 22 8. Functional Feeding Groups in NOCA lake classification categories. 26 9. Vertebrate predation category comparisons for three macroinvertebrate taxa in NOCA lakes (Fisher's Exact Test, p<0.05). 27 10. Parameters of habitat and taxa in NOCA lake classification categories. 35 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page A.1. Number of times each lake was sampled, 1989-1991. 47 A.2. Physical, biological, and classification information for NOCA study lakes. 48 A.3. Nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex: habitats, substrate preference groups, and functional feeding group affiliations, with life history references. 50 A.4. Distribution of nearshore macroinvertebrates in NOCA lakes. 54 A.5. Substrates, particulate sizes, and faunal category relationships. 60 A.6. Matrices used in multivariate analyses. 61 DISTRIBUTION OF NEARSHORE MACROINVERTEBRATES IN LAKES OF THE NORTHERN CASCADE MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON, USA Introduction Macroinvertebrates are important members of aquatic ecosystems. They contribute significantly to the processing and cycling of nutrients (Merritt, Cummins, and Burton 1984) and comprise a major portion of the secondary productivity of streams and lakes (Benke 1984). In high elevation mountainous areas, macroinvertebrates have adapted to unique and often extreme environmental conditions (Mani1968). In general, high elevation areas are typically cooler than lowland locations,and the length of time free of ice and snow is limited. Periods of macroinvertebrate development are often restricted and the availability of food resources can be reduced and irregular. In addition, the dispersal and distribution of high mountain macroinvertebratesare complicated by topographic and physiographic barriers, and availability of appropriate habitats (Mani 1968). Although nearshore macroinvertebrates play a potentially important role in lentic systems, knowledge of ecological factors influencing their distributions in high mountain lakes is limited. The distributions of nearshore macroinvertebrates in the high mountain lakes of North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA), Washington, USA, were investigated to further understanding of baseline environmental conditions and factors influencing distribution. Research objectives included: 1) identification of potential abiotic factors affecting distributions; 2) elucidation of the relationship between macroinvertebrate distributions and the types of benthic substrates in nearshore microhabitats; 3) determination of the 2 potential impact of vertebrate predators on macroinvertebrate distributions; and 4) examination of the concordance between lakes grouped togetherusing a lakeclassificationsystem
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