Political Economy of Energy Sector Restructuring in the Post-Soviet Space: Russia and Azerbaijan in Comparative Perspective

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Political Economy of Energy Sector Restructuring in the Post-Soviet Space: Russia and Azerbaijan in Comparative Perspective HASAN SELİM ÖZERTEM POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ENERGY SECTOR RESTRUCTURING IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN IN COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ENERGY SECTOR RESTRUCTURING IN THE POST RESTRUCTURING SECTOR OF ENERGY POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE A Ph.D. DissertAtion by HASAN SELİM ÖZERTEM DepArtment of - SOVIET SOVIET SPACE PoliticAl Science And Public AdministrAtion İhsan DoğrAmAcı Bilkent University AnkArA June 2019 Bilkent University 2019 To My Family POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ENERGY SECTOR RESTRUCTURING IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsAn DoğramAcı Bilkent University by HASAN SELİM ÖZERTEM In PArtiAl Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2019 ABSTRACT POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ENERGY SECTOR RESTRUCTURING IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE: RUSSIA AND AZERBAIJAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Özertem, HAsAn Selim Ph. D., Department of PoliticAl Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. H. Tolga Bölükbaşı June 2019 This dissertAtion explores the politicAl economy of energy sector restructuring in the post-Soviet space with A particulAr focus on the role of elite structure therein. After remAining under the sAme Communist regime for seventy yeArs, ownership structures of energy sector in the post-Soviet countries diverged significAntly during the transition period. All countries in this space mAintAined their stAte monopolies in the sector. In RussiA, however, privately-owned national energy companies emerged to control the mAjority of the sector under Yeltsin’s rule. Using the comparative elite structure model, I Argue that during the transition period, elite structure, dimensions of which Are politicAl elite integration And elite cApacity, shaped the RussiAn And AzerbAijAni energy sector restructuring differently. Privately-owned national energy companies gained the mAjority of the energy sector’s ownership in Yeltsin’s RussiA with weAk politicAl elite integration with And high elite cApacity. I observed consolidation of the stAte’ ownership in the energy sector in Putin’s RussiA with strong politicAl elite integration And high elite cApacity. I observed continuation/consolidation of the stAte’s ownership in AzerbaijAn with strong politicAl elite integration And low elite cApacity. I show that these processes Are conditioned by the structural politicAl economic context eAch energy rich country finds itself in. Thus, I Also Argue that country’s stAtus As A center or periphery shapes the levels of politicAl elite integration And elite cApacity in transitional periods After An exogenous shock. Furthermore, the dissertAtion explores economic And politicAl repercussions of different ownership structures in RussiA and AzerbaijAn. Keywords: AzerbaijAn, Comparative PoliticAl Economy, Elite Structure, Energy Sector, RussiA i ÖZET ENERJİ SEKTÖRÜNÜN YENİDEN YAPILANDIRILMASININ EKONOMİ POLİTİĞİ: RUSYA VE AZERBAYCAN KARŞILAŞTIRMASI Özertem, HAsAn Selim Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve KAmu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez DAnışmAnı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi H. Tolga Bölükbaşı HAziran 2019 Bu tezin AmAcı, seçkin yapısına bakarak Sovyet sonrası coğrafyada enerji sektörünün yeniden yapılAndırılmAsının ekonomi politiğini incelemektir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmAsının ArdındAn, 70 sene boyuncA Aynı sistemin bir parçAsı olAn ülkelerde, enerji sektörünün mülkiyet yapısında önemli AyrışmAlAr gözlemlenmektedir. Genel olArak enerji sektöründe devlet tekeli korunurken, Yeltsin dönemi Rusyası’nda özel-yerli şirketler ortAya çıkmış ve sektörün önemli ölçüde mülkiyetini ele geçirmeyi başArmıştır. Bu çAlışmAda karşılaştırmalı seçkin yapısı modeli kullAnılArak, seçkin yapısının temel unsurlArı olAn, siyasi seçkinler Arasındaki entegrasyon ve seçkin kapasitesinin ülkeler Arasında gösterdiği farklılıklArın geçiş süreçlerinde enerji sektörünün yeniden yapılAndırılmAsında AyrışmAlAra neden olduğu sAvunulmAktAdır. Siyasi seçkinler Arasındaki entegrasyonun zAyıf olduğu, AncAk yüksek seçkin kapasitesine sAhip olAn Yeltsin Rusyası’nda özel-yerli şirketler ortAya çıkarken bunun tAm tersi dinamiklere sAhip olAn AzerbaycAn’da devlet enerji sektörü üzerindeki tekelini korumAyı başArmıştır. Siyasi seçkinler Arasındaki entegrasyonun güçlendiği Putin döneminde devlet sektör üzerindeki hakimiyetini yeniden tesis etmeyi başArırken AncAk birkaç özel-yerli şirket önemli tAvizler vererek sektörde tutunmAyı başArmıştır. YAşAnan dış şoklArın Ardından geçiş sürecinde ülkelerin merkez veya çevre ülke olmAsı durumunun siyasi elit entegrasyonu ve elit kapasitesi üzerinde oldukçA etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Bu Açıdan ülkelerdeki ekonomi politiğin yapısAl dinamiklerinin seçkin yapısındaki farklılAşmAda önemli bir paya sAhip olduğu sAvunulmAktAdır. Bu çAlışmAda AyrıcA farklılAşAn mülkiyet modellerinin gerek ekonomik gerekse siyasi yansımAlArı Rusya ve AzerbaycAn Açısından incelenmektedir. AnahtAr Kelimeler: AzerbaycAn, KArşılAştırmAlı Ekonomi Politik, Enerji Sektörü, Rusya, Seçkin YApısı ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertAtion is a product of ten yeArs of study at Bilkent University. It took longer than expected to finish this journey, becAuse I had to tAke a breAk of almost two yeArs due to unexpected developments in my life. When I got the chance to restArt, it wAs not eAsy to refocus and wrap up the dissertAtion After such a long breAk. ThAnks to my advisor’s sincere support and encouragement, I mAnaged to overcome eAch and every barrier before the finishing line. That is why I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. H. Tolga Bölükbaşı for his continuous help, guidance, patience, and immense knowledge. Without him it would be almost impossible to close this chapter of my life. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof. MitAt Dr. ÇelikpalA, Assoc. Prof. Dr. SAime Özçürümez, Dr. Onur İşçi and Dr. NAzlı Şenses ÖzcAn, for their insightful comments and contributions, which motivated me to widen my reseArch from various perspectives. My sincere thanks also go to Prof. Dr. OktAy F. Tanrısever who contributed to my AcAdemic studies from the beginning of my journey. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Eyüp Özveren And Dr. Berrak BurçAk for their valuable mentorship. I wAs lucky to be a visiting reseArcher at Carnegie Moscow Center for about three months and leArned a lot from Dr. NAtAliA Bubnova And Mr. Dmitri Trenin. I would like to thank them for giving me the opportunity to be a part of the Carnegie Moscow during my stAy in RussiA. I would also like to thank my friend Mr. ZAur Shiriyev for his greAt hospitAlity. He wAs so kind to open his house for me during my field reseArch in Baku And helped me to feel like home. LAst but not the leAst, I would like to thank my family: my wife, my parents, and my son. They were all incredibly supportive and patient. My son, Hüseyin, joined to the club A little bit lAter, but becAme more curious than others to know about the destiny of the dissertAtion As he grew up in this process. My wife, Nihal, had to postpone so mAny things in her life, but never complAined. I would like to thank her for her infinite tolerance and sAcrifice. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. i ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vii ABBREVATIONS .................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2. SignificAnce of the ReseArch ............................................................................ 1 3. ReseArch Questions, ReseArch Design, ReseArch Method ............................... 4 3.1. ReseArch Questions .................................................................................. 4 3.2. ReseArch Design and DelimitAtions ......................................................... 5 3.3. ReseArch Methods .................................................................................... 8 4. Structure of the DissertAtion ........................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL ARGUMENTS – OPENING THE BLACK BOX OF THE STATE WITH THE COMPARATIVE ELITE STRUCTURE MODEL ............................................................................................. 15 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 15 2. Review of the Literature on the PoliticAl Economy of HydrocArbon Resources 17 2.1. The Debate on the Rentier StAte ............................................................. 17 2.2. The
Recommended publications
  • Organisational Structure, Programme Production and Audience
    OBSERVATOIRE EUROPÉEN DE L'AUDIOVISUEL EUROPEAN AUDIOVISUAL OBSERVATORY EUROPÄISCHE AUDIOVISUELLE INFORMATIONSSTELLE http://www.obs.coe.int TELEVISION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE, PROGRAMME PRODUCTION AND AUDIENCE March 2006 This report was prepared by Internews Russia for the European Audiovisual Observatory based on sources current as of December 2005. Authors: Anna Kachkaeva Ilya Kiriya Grigory Libergal Edited by Manana Aslamazyan and Gillian McCormack Media Law Consultant: Andrei Richter The analyses expressed in this report are the authors’ own opinions and cannot in any way be considered as representing the point of view of the European Audiovisual Observatory, its members and the Council of Europe. CONTENT INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................6 1. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................13 1.1. LEGISLATION ....................................................................................................................................13 1.1.1. Key Media Legislation and Its Problems .......................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Advertising ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.1.3. Copyright and Related Rights .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
    COUNTRY REPORT ON THE STATE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAIJAN National Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Azerbaijan Baku – December 2006 2 Note by FAO This Country Report has been prepared by the national authorities in the context of the preparatory process for the Second Report on the State of World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The Report is being made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as requested by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. However, the report is solely the responsibility of the national authorities. The information in this report has not been verified by FAO, and the opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views or policy of FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 7 INTRODUCTION 8 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenophobia in Azerbaijan
    Հարգելի՛ ընթերցող, Արցախի Երիտասարդ Գիտնականների և Մասնագետների Միավորման (ԱԵԳՄՄ) նախագիծ հանդիսացող Արցախի Էլեկտրոնային Գրադարանի կայքում տեղադրվում են Արցախի վերաբերյալ գիտավերլուծական, ճանաչողական և գեղարվեստական նյութեր` հայերեն, ռուսերեն և անգլերեն լեզուներով: Նյութերը կարող եք ներբեռնել ԱՆՎՃԱՐ: Էլեկտրոնային գրադարանի նյութերն այլ կայքերում տեղադրելու համար պետք է ստանալ ԱԵԳՄՄ-ի թույլտվությունը և նշել անհրաժեշտ տվյալները: Շնորհակալություն ենք հայտնում բոլոր հեղինակներին և հրատարակիչներին` աշխատանքների էլեկտրոնային տարբերակները կայքում տեղադրելու թույլտվության համար: Уважаемый читатель! На сайте Электронной библиотеки Арцаха, являющейся проектом Объединения Молодых Учёных и Специалистов Арцаха (ОМУСA), размещаются научно-аналитические, познавательные и художественные материалы об Арцахе на армянском, русском и английском языках. Материалы можете скачать БЕСПЛАТНО. Для того, чтобы размещать любой материал Электронной библиотеки на другом сайте, вы должны сначала получить разрешение ОМУСА и указать необходимые данные. Мы благодарим всех авторов и издателей за разрешение размещать электронные версии своих работ на этом сайте. Dear reader, The Union of Young Scientists and Specialists of Artsakh (UYSSA) presents its project - Artsakh E-Library website, where you can find and download for FREE scientific and research, cognitive and literary materials on Artsakh in Armenian, Russian and English languages. If re-using any material from our site you have first to get the UYSSA approval and specify the required data. We thank all the authors
    [Show full text]
  • Festschrift for Immanuel Wallerstein Part I
    The Hard-Earned Integration of the East in the World Economic System Silviu Brucan orld socialism was a subsystem of the world-system and as such Wcould not run deeper than the system of which it was a part. Had Lenin realized the workings of the world economic system, he would have concluded that Russia had no chance whatsoever to build an antisystemic economy in the midst of an overpowering world capitalist system. In his earlier writings, Lenin had a glimpse of that reality, hoping that another socialist revolution would break out in Germany, bailing out the Russian one. Instead, as his dream failed to materialize he began a desperate enter- prise: socialism in one country. In retrospective, I venture to say that the pervasive power of the world- system expressed itself in the fact that Lenin and Stalin, unconsciously, conceived both socialist society, as well as the future communist society, within the limits of the industrial system, which historically belongs to the capitalist epoch. This began when Stalin presented industrialization as the goal of socialism (industrialization being essentially a capitalist operation), and ended with Lenin’s defi nition of communism “Soviets plus electrifi cation,”and Stalin’s threshold to communism expressed in terms of millions of tons of pig iron, steel, coal and oil B both indicating the limit of their historical perspective within the industrial system. Never did they formulate a new type of productive forces that would usher in the formation of a postcapitalist society, remaining intellectual prisoners of the industrial system. Silviu Brucan Str. Helesteului 26 Sector 1 71297 Bucuresti Romania journal of world-systems research, vi, 2, summer/fall 2000, 444-453 Special Issue: Festchrift for Immanuel Wallerstein – Part I http://jwsr.ucr.edu issn 1076-156x © 2000 Silviu Brucan 444 445 Silviu Brucan The Hard-Earned Integration of the East in the World Economic System 446 Stalin tried hopelessly to escape from that theoretical framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Spotlight on Azerbaijan
    Spotlight on azerbaijan provides an in-depth but accessible analysis of the major challenges Azerbaijan faces regarding democratic development, rule of law, media freedom, property rights and a number of other key governance and human rights issues while examining the impact of its international relationships, the economy and the unresolved nagorno-Karabakh conflict on the domestic situation. it argues that UK, EU and Western engagement in Azerbaijan needs to go beyond energy diplomacy but that increased engagement must be matched by stronger pressure for reform. Edited by Adam hug (Foreign policy Centre) Spotlight on Azerbaijan contains contributions from leading Azerbaijan experts including: Vugar Bayramov (Centre for Economic and Social Development), Michelle Brady (American Bar Association Rule of law initiative), giorgi gogia (human Rights Watch), Vugar gojayev (human Rights house-Azerbaijan) , Jacqueline hale (oSi-EU), Rashid hajili (Media Rights institute), tabib huseynov, Monica Martinez (oSCE), Dr Katy pearce (University of Washington), Firdevs Robinson (FpC) and Denis Sammut (linKS). The Foreign Policy Centre Spotlight on Suite 11, Second floor 23-28 Penn Street London N1 5DL United Kingdom www.fpc.org.uk [email protected] aZERBaIJaN © Foreign Policy Centre 2011 Edited by adam Hug all rights reserved ISBN-13 978-1-905833-24-5 ISBN-10 1-905833-24-5 £4.95 Spotlight on Azerbaijan Edited by Adam Hug First published in May 2012 by The Foreign Policy Centre Suite 11, Second Floor, 23-28 Penn Street London N1 5DL www.fpc.org.uk [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2012 All Rights Reserved ISBN 13: 978-1-905833-24-5 ISBN 10: 1-905833-24-5 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foreign Policy Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Putin: Russia's Choice, Second Edition
    Putin The second edition of this extremely well-received political biography of Vladimir Putin builds on the strengths of the previous edition to provide the most detailed and nuanced account of the man, his politics and his pro- found influence on Russian politics, foreign policy and society. New to this edition: Analysis of Putin’s second term as President. More biographical information in the light of recent research. Detailed discussion of changes to the policy process and the elites around Putin. Developments in state–society relations including the conflicts with oli- garchs such as Khodorkovsky. Review of changes affecting the party system and electoral legislation, including the development of federalism in Russia. Details on economic performance under Putin, including more discus- sion of the energy sector and pipeline politics. Russia’s relationship with Nato after the ‘big-bang’ enlargement, EU– Russian relations after enlargement and Russia’s relations with other post- Soviet states. The conclusion brings us up to date with debates over the question of democracy in Russia today, and the nature of Putin’s leadership and his place in the world. Putin: Russia’s choice is essential reading for all scholars and students of Russian politics. Richard Sakwa is Professor of Politics at the University of Kent, UK. Putin Russia’s choice Second edition Richard Sakwa First edition published 2004 Second edition, 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • William R. Spiegelberger the Foreign Policy Research Institute Thanks the Carnegie Corporation for Its Support of the Russia Political Economy Project
    Russia Political Economy Project William R. Spiegelberger The Foreign Policy Research Institute thanks the Carnegie Corporation for its support of the Russia Political Economy Project. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: William R. Spiegelberger Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Edited by: Thomas J. Shattuck Designed by: Natalia Kopytnik © 2019 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute April 2019 COVER: Designed by Natalia Kopytnik. Photography: Oleg Deripaska (World Economic Forum); St. Basil’s Cathedral (Adob Stock); Ruble (Adobe Stock); Vladimir Putin (kremlin.ru); Rusal logo (rusal.ru); United States Capitol (Adobe Stock; Viktor Vekselberg (Aleshru/Wikimedia Commons); Alumnium rolls (Adobe Stock); Trade War (Adobe Stock). Our Mission The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. It seeks to educate the public, teach teachers, train students, and offer ideas to advance U.S. national interests based on a nonpartisan, geopolitical perspective that illuminates contemporary international affairs through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan | Freedom House
    Azerbaijan | Freedom House http://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/azerbaijan About Us DONATE Blog Mobile App Contact Us Mexico Website (in Spanish) REGIONS ISSUES Reports Programs Initiatives News Experts Events Subscribe Donate NATIONS IN TRANSIT - View another year - ShareShareShareShareShareMore 7 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Nations in Transit 2014 DRAFT REPORT 2014 SCORES PDF version Capital: Baku 6.68 Population: 9.3 million REGIME CLASSIFICATION GNI/capita, PPP: US$9,410 Consolidated Source: The data above are drawn from The World Bank, Authoritarian World Development Indicators 2014. Regime 6.75 7.00 6.50 6.75 6.50 6.50 6.75 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: 1 of 23 6/25/2014 11:26 AM Azerbaijan | Freedom House http://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/azerbaijan Azerbaijan is ruled by an authoritarian regime characterized by intolerance for dissent and disregard for civil liberties and political rights. When President Heydar Aliyev came to power in 1993, he secured a ceasefire in Azerbaijan’s war with Armenia and established relative domestic stability, but he also instituted a Soviet-style, vertical power system, based on patronage and the suppression of political dissent. Ilham Aliyev succeeded his father in 2003, continuing and intensifying the most repressive aspects of his father’s rule.
    [Show full text]
  • SUMGAYIT – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR
    SUMGAYIT – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR Aslan Ismayilov SUMGAYIT - BEGINNING OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR 1 Aslan Ismayilov ЧАШЫОЬЛУ 2011 Aslan Ismayilov Sumgayit – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR Baku Aslan Ismayilov Sumgayit – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR Baku Translated by Vagif Ismayil and Vusal Kazimli 2 SUMGAYIT – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR SUMGAYIT PROCEEDINGS 3 Aslan Ismayilov 4 SUMGAYIT – Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR HOW I WAS APPOINTED AS THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN THE CASE AND OBTAINED INSIGHT OF IT Dear readers! Before I start telling you about Sumgayit events, which I firmly believe are of vital importance for Azerbaijan, and in the trial of which I represented the government, about peripeteia of this trial and other happenings which became echoes and continuation of the tragedy in Sumgayit, and finally about inferences I made about all the abovementioned as early as in 1989, I would like to give you some brief background about myself, in order to demonstrate you that I was not involved in the process occasionally and that my conclusions and position regarding the case are well grounded. Thus, after graduating from the Law Faculty of of the Kuban State University of Russia with honours, I was appointed to the Neftekumsk district court of the Stavropol region as an interne. After the lapse of some time I became the assistant for Mr Krasnoperov, the chairman of the court, who used to be the chairman of the Altay region court and was known as a good professional. The existing legislation at that time allowed two people’s assessors to participate in the court trials in the capacity of judges alongside with the actual judge.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide and Deportation of Azerbaijanis
    GENOCIDE AND DEPORTATION OF AZERBAIJANIS C O N T E N T S General information........................................................................................................................... 3 Resettlement of Armenians to Azerbaijani lands and its grave consequences ................................ 5 Resettlement of Armenians from Iran ........................................................................................ 5 Resettlement of Armenians from Turkey ................................................................................... 8 Massacre and deportation of Azerbaijanis at the beginning of the 20th century .......................... 10 The massacres of 1905-1906. ..................................................................................................... 10 General information ................................................................................................................... 10 Genocide of Moslem Turks through 1905-1906 in Karabagh ...................................................... 13 Genocide of 1918-1920 ............................................................................................................... 15 Genocide over Azerbaijani nation in March of 1918 ................................................................... 15 Massacres in Baku. March 1918................................................................................................. 20 Massacres in Erivan Province (1918-1920) ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Election Process of the Regional Representatives to the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan
    № 20 ♦ УДК 342 DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2663-6170/2020.20.7 THE ELECTION PROCESS OF THE REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES TO THE PARLIAMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN ВИБОРЧИЙ ПРОЦЕС РЕГІОНАЛЬНИХ ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ У ПАРЛАМЕНТ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКОЇ ДЕМОКРАТИЧНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ Malikli Nurlana, PhD Student of the Lankaran State University The mine goal of this article is to investigate the history of the creation of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan par- liament, laws on parliamentary elections, and the regional election process in parliament. In addition, an analysis of the law on elections to the Azerbaijan Assembly of Enterprises. The article covers the periods of 1918–1920. The presented article analyzes historical processes, carefully studied and studied the process of elections of regional representatives to the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. Realities are reflected in an objective approach. A comparative historical study of the election of regional representatives was carried out in the context of the creation of the parliament of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan and the holding of parliamentary elections. The scientific novelty of the article is to summarize the actions of the parliament of the first democratic republic of the Muslim East. Here, attention is drawn to the fact that before the formation of the parliament, the National Assembly, in which the highest executive power, trans- ferred its powers to the legislative body and announced the termination of its activities. It is noted that the Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan made the Republic of Azerbaijan a democratic state. It is from this point of view that attention is drawn to the fact that the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic had to complete the formation of institutions capable of creating a solid legislative base in a short time.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan National Survey of Voters February, 2003
    Azerbaijan National Survey of Voters February, 2003 Presented by, Bill Cullo Fabrizio, McLaughlin & Associates Fabrizio, McLaughlin & Associates - - Page 2 of 22 - - February, 2003 Methodology Fabrizio, McLaughlin & Associates is pleased to present the International Republican Institute (IRI) with the key findings of a survey of voter attitudes in Azerbaijan. Interviews were conducted among N=1,100 registered voters throughout the country February 15-March 5, 2003. Each interview was administered via person-to-person by a trained interviewer subcontracted through an Azeri research firm. Actual respondent selection for the study was at random using an “Nth” selection format. The number of interviews was distributed geographically using a pre-determined selection process to accurately reflect actual voter proportionality by zones throughout the country. The margin of error associated with a sample of this type is +2.9% at the 95% confidence interval. Meaning that if we conducted this same study administered in the same fashion that in 95 cases out of 100 the results would fall within +2.9% of these results. Project Objectives Most political survey projects are undertaken with multiple objectives or purposes. The Azeri project is no different in that the study was constructed to address three (3) primary objectives: 1. Gauge Political Landscape. Azerbaijan not receiving the healthy diet of surveys we do in the U.S. it was important to see how voters view their government; how voters receive the opposition parties; and where the issue matrix of voters is focused. 2. Aid the Opposition Parties. Anyone in Azerbaijan who decides to actively take part as a member of an opposition party has an extremely difficult road ahead of him.
    [Show full text]