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St Mary Bishophill Junior and St Mary Castlegate L The Archaeology of York Anglo-Scandinavian York 8/2 St Mary Bishophill Junior and St Mary Castlegate L. P. Wenham, R. A. Hall, C. M. Briden and D. A. Stocker Published for the York Archaeological Trust 1987 by the Council for British Archaeology The Archaeology of York Volume 8: Anglo-Scandinavian York General Editor P.V. Addyman Co-ordinating Editor V. E Black ©York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research 1987 First published by Council for British Archaeology ISBN 0 906780 68 3 Cover illustration: St Mary Bishophill Junior, opening in east elevation of belfry. Drawing by Terry Finnemore Digital edition produced by Lesley Collett, 2011 Volume 8 Fascicule 2 St Mary Bishophill Junior and St Mary Castlegate By L. P. Wenham, R. A. Hall, C. M. Briden and D. A. Stocker Contents St Mary Bishophill Junior ........................................................................................74 Excavation to the North of the Church by L. P. Wenham and R. A. Hall. ..................................................................................75 Introduction ............................................................................................................75 The excavated sequence ..........................................................................................76 Conclusions ............................................................................................................81 The Tower of the Church of St Mary Bishophill Junior by C. M. Briden and D. A. Stocker. .............................................................................84 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 85 Documentary and archaeological history of the area. .................................................85 Documented history of the church fabric ..................................................................89 Description of standing church apart from the tower .................................................91 Archaeological work undertaken in 1980 ..................................................................92 Survey of the tower ..................................................................................................93 Technical and other evidence relating to the construction of the tower with contributions from P. C. Buckland, T. F. C. Blagg, D. Tweddle and H. K. Kenward .............................................................110 Analysis of the probable phases of the tower’s history .............................................130 Evidence relating to the pre-12th century church east of the tower ..........................137 Discussion: the form and date of the pre-12th century church by D.A.Stocker .......................................................................................................141 St Mary’s Church, Castlegate: Observations and Discoveries by R.A.Hall ...........................................................................................................147 Introduction .........................................................................................................147 Description and discussion .................................................................................... 149 Worked stone fragments contributed by T. F. C. Blagg, D. Tweddle, E. Coatsworth and J. A. Darrah ................................................................154 List of Figures on Unbound Sheets ........................................................................175 74 Anglo-Scandinavian York Fig. 18 Location of St Mary Bishophill Junior, showing site of excavation to north of the church (in red); the three orange areas show position of YAT’s trial excavation in 1981; parish boundaries, marked in green, are based on the OS 1852 map. Scale 1:1250 St Mary Bishophill Junior and St Mary Castlegate 75 St Mary Bishophill Junior This report is an account of two periods of archaeological activity at the church: the first, an excavation in the area north of the north aisle by Mr L. P. Wenham in 1961-3 and 1967; and the second, a detailed survey of the fabric of the tower made in 1980 by C. M. Briden and others. A note is included of the results of R. L. Kemp’s trial excavation in Trinity Lane nearby, carried out in 1981 (see p.170, note 1). Excavation to the North of the Church By L. P. Wenham and R. A. Hall Introduction This section of the report records and discusses the post-Roman discoveries made by L. P. Wenham immediately to the north of the church of St Mary Bishophill Junior, which stands on a plateau south-west of the River Ouse within the medieval walled city and theRoman colonia (Fig.18) (SE 59985148). It has been produced by R. A. Hall in consultation with L. P. Wenham, on the basis of a preliminary draft report by L. P. Wenham and in conjunction with a consideration of the plans, notebooks, photographs and finds from the site which are now housed in the Yorkshire Museum. The report retains the feature coding of L.P. Wenham’s records, with additions where these are considered helpful. Objects mentioned but not described here will be treated in detail in AY 12 and AY 17. A discussion of the Roman discoveries will appear in AY 4/2. The excavation was undertaken in the four summer seasons of 1961-3 and 1967, with a labour force mainly comprising history students from St John’s College, York (now the College of Ripon and York St John), with the additional help of other volunteers, mostly from York Excavation Group. Ten trenches were dug altogether with a total area of 110m2. Trenches 1–8 lay within the churchyard of St Mary Bishophill Junior and were contiguous, enclosing an irregular quadrangle which was not excavated. These trenches were not all excavated simultaneously. Trench 10 was positioned just to the north, in Florence Row (demolished before 1938), and was excavated primarily in the hope of discovering further evidence for Roman structures; it was subsequently extended as trench 9, as shown in Fig.19. The upper levels throughout were greatly disturbed, particularly by medieval and later burials within the churchyard, and these were not investigated or recorded in detail; archaeological excavation was commenced only when these disturbed layers had been removed. 76 Anglo-Scandinavian York Fig.19 Excavation to the north of St Mary Bishophill Junior. Plan of excavated area, showing trenches 1-10. Scale 1:250 The excavated sequence Trenches 1-8 (Fig.20) Part of a stone Roman building of the late 3rd or early 4th century was the earliest structure excavated; the building had a number of rooms including a small apse which was secondary to the main structure (Wenham and Ottaway, in AY 4/2, in prep.). Most evidence for its form was recovered in trenches 1-8, but what is believed to be an integral St Mary Bishophill Junior and St Mary Castlegate 77 wall was found at the north-east end of trench 9. Built of coursed limestone rubble (for terminology see Hill 1981, 2-4), the building survived up to six courses high in places. .Below the walls and floors ran stone-lined and capped conduits. The floors had been of opus signinum, although over large areas the coloured upper surface did not survive and a seating of clay and mortar was all that remained. These features suggest a well-appointed town house comparable to a number of examples known in Roman York. Towards the western limit of the excavation the seating for the opus signinum was peppered by many holes, categorised on the criterion of whether or not they exceeded a diameter of 76mm (3in.), and differentiated on those grounds on Fig.20. They penetrated 0.03-0.lm (1¼ -4in.) into the Roman floor. A large number of these holes were in the south-western arm of the Roman building, and most of this group were to the north-west of a curving gully (P) (Pls.Xa, XIa), described below, although some were to the south-east of this feature. Another small cluster of holes was recorded near the main excavation’s north-western limit, and others, which cannot be shown individually on plan, extended in an apparently random fashion throughout trenches 7 and 8, in the northern section of the excavation. In the area where the holes were most frequent, a shallow slot 0.61m (2ft) long ran north- east/south-west just to the south of a cut measuring 0.35 x 0.15 x 0.lm deep (PI.Xb). To the west of the slot, a single limestone block, measuring 0.2 x 0.15 x 0.lm, was half-buried in the floor as if deliberately placed there. The curving gully (P), of U-shaped section 0.38m (15in.) wide and 0.2m (8in.) deep, ran approximately south-west/north-east (PI.Xb). At one point it contained a cluster of dressed limestone blocks, positioned so as to imply that something had lain between them centrally, on the axis of the gully. The excavator interpreted these as packing stones on either side of a wooden fence. Three Roman coins were discovered in the soil filling the gully. None of the small holes was seen cutting the backfill - they would have been most difficult to distinguish - and the majority of holes were to the north-west of this feature although, as noted above, some were found more sporadically south-east of the gully. The north end of the gully was contiguous with a pit (2) measuring 1.22 x 0.91 x 0.61m deep (4 x 3 x 2ft). A single-sided, handled antler comb of 9th century Anglian date was found in the soil back-filling the pit, together with numerous oyster shells. The relationship between gully P and pit 2 is not certain, although the excavator felt that the pit
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