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Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)
Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications the Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications Gentiana Tibetica King
Jan J. Rybczyński · Michael R. Davey Anna Mikuła Editors The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications Gentiana tibetica King. (Photograph A. Mikuła) Jan J. Rybczyński • Michael R. Davey Anna Mikuła Editors The Gentianaceae - Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications 123 Editors Jan J. Rybczyński Anna Mikuła Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation Diversity Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Warsaw Poland Poland Michael R. Davey Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Loughborough UK ISBN 978-3-642-54101-8 ISBN 978-3-642-54102-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54102-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931384 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. -
Gentiana L. Spp. Gentian Gentianaceae GENTI
Plants Gentiana L. spp. Gentian Gentianaceae GENTI G. sceptrum Griseb., King’s gentian-GESC G. calycosa Griseb., Explorer’s gentian-GESA Ecology Description: Native. About 300 species, 36 in Western United States; annual or perennial herb; simple stems; fleshy roots or slender rhizomes; opposite, occasionally whorled, often clasping leaves; inflorescence compact cyme or solitary flowers, bell or funnel shaped, four or five lobed corollas, blue, violet purple, greenish, yellow, red or white; capsule, two valved, many seeded. Genti- ana sceptrum, 25-100 cm, leaves 10 to 15, 3-6 cm, blue 3-4.5 cm flowers; G. calycosa, 5-30 cm. Range and distribution: Temperate to subarctic and alpine America and Eurasia. Gentiana sceptrum: from British Columbia to California, western slope of Cas- cade Range to coast; G. calycosa: also to Rocky Moun- Gentiana calycosa G. sceptrum tains. Widespread and common for some species; others locally abundant. Biology Associations: Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Pacific Flowering and fruiting: Gentiana sceptrum blooms silver fir zones. Western redcedar, alder, willow, black from July through September, G. calycosa from July cottonwood, and bog or moist meadow. Gentiana caly- through October. cosa: mountain heather, black huckleberry, broadleaf lupine, and showy sedge. Seed: Abundant seed producer; seeds small; disperse well. Seeds are sown in autumn to early spring on top Habitat: Meadows; G. calycosa, moist open sites in of well-drained, sandy soil, watered from beneath. mountains; other gentian species including G. sceptrum, Germination in full sunlight. lower foothills and near coast. Vegetative reproduction: May be rooted from stem Successional stage: Component of well-developed, cuttings; difficult to start. -
Botanical Medicine
prohealth QUICK REFERENCE EVIDENCE INFORMED BOTANICAL MEDICINE ,ĞƌďƐ͕ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ͕ŚŽƌŵŽŶĞƐΘŵĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƌ͘DĂƌŝƐĂDĂƌĐŝĂŶŽΘƌ͘EŝŬŝƚĂ͘sŝnjŶŝĂŬ Introduction ............... 1 Botanical Studying Tips ................. iii Plant Harvesting ............................ vi Intro Intro Food is Medicine ........7 3URWHLQIDW¿EHUFDUERK\GUDWHV .... 9 A Vitamins & minerals .......................14 B Actions ....................... 31 C Constituents............... 59 D Pharmacy ................... 73 E Monographs A-Z.... ..... 85 F Appendix .................... 370 G Toxicology, CIs & Safe Dosing .............370 +HUEVLQ3UHJQDQF\ ............................. 376 H +HUEVLQ3HGLDWULFV .............................. 377 I 13/(; ERDUGH[DPKHUEOLVW ............ 378 +HUEVE\)DPLO\ ................................... 379 J +HUE'UXJ1XWULHQW,QWHUDFWLRQV .......... 382 K Medications (drug & use) .....................386 L Index .......................... 403 +HUEVE\ODWLQQDPH ............................. 406 M +HUEVE\FRPPRQQDPH ..................... 407 N Congratulations RQPDNLQJWKHEHVWLQYHVWPHQWRI\RXUOLIH\RXURZQHGXFDWLRQDQG\RXU O FRQWLQXHGVHUYLFHWR\RXUSDWLHQW¶VTXDOLW\RIOLIH7RKHOSVXSSRUW\RXWKLVWH[WZDVFUHDWHG P DVWKHPRVWXSWRGDWHIXQFWLRQDODQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHFOLQLFDOWH[WDYDLODEOH&RXQWOHVVKRXUVRI UHVHDUFK GHVLJQZHUHVSHQWWRGHYHORSWKHFRQWHQW IRUPDW,QIRUPDWLRQVRXUFHVLQFOXGH Q KXQGUHGVRIRULJLQDOSHHUUHYLHZHGUHVHDUFKDUWLFOHVZLWKFXWWLQJHGJHLQIRUPDWLRQ GHFDGHVRI R HYLGHQFHLQIRUPHGEHVWSUDFWLFHV PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\FOLQLFDOH[SHULHQFHZLWKDIRFXVRQresults S based medicine. ,QRUGHUWRJHWWKHPRVWFOLQLFDOXWLOLW\IURPWKLVWH[WLWPXVWEHDYDLODEOHDWDOOWLPHVDVVXFK -
Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals
JARQ 45 (2), 163 – 171 (2011) http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals REVIEW Diversity of Carotenoid Composition in Flower Petals Akemi OHMIYA* National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8519, Japan) Abstract Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that are widely distributed in nature. In plants, car- otenoids play important roles in photosynthesis and furnishing flowers and fruits with distinct colors. While most plant leaves show similar carotenoid profiles, containing carotenoids essential for photo- synthesis, the carotenoid composition of flower petals varies from species to species. In this review, I present a list of carotenoid composition in the flower petals of various plants and discuss the possi- ble causes of qualitative diversity. Discipline: Horticulture Additional key words: flower color is a branch point in the pathway, leading to the synthesis Introduction of α-carotene and its derivatives with 1 ε- and 1 β-ring (β,ε-carotenoids) or β-carotene and its derivatives with Carotenoids are C40 isoprenoid pigments with or two β-rings (β,β-carotenoids) (Fig. 2). Subsequently, α- without epoxy, hydroxyl, and keto groups. More than and β-carotenes are modified by hydroxylation, epoxida- 700 naturally occurring carotenoids, widely distributed tion, or isomerization to form a variety of structures. The in plants, animals, and micro-organisms, have been iden- oxygenated derivatives of carotenes are called xan- tified4. Carotenoids are essential structural components thophylls. of the photosynthetic antenna and reaction center com- plexes36. Carotenoids protect against potentially harmful Carotenoid composition in flower petals photooxidative processes and furnish flowers and fruits with distinct colors (e.g., yellow, orange, and red) that at- Tables 1 and 2 show the carotenoids contained in tract pollinators and seed dispersers. -
Assessment Report on Gentiana Lutea L., Radix Based on Article 16D(1), Article 16F and Article 16H of Directive 2001/83/EC (Traditional Use)
20 November 2018 EMA/HMPC/607863/2017 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Gentiana lutea L., radix Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC (traditional use) Final Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Gentiana lutea L., radix (gentian root) the plant, including plant part) Herbal preparation(s) a) Comminuted herbal substance b) Dry extract (DER 4.5-5.5:1) ethanol 53% V/V c) Liquid extract (DER 1:1) ethanol 45% V/V d) Tincture (ratio of herbal substance to extraction solvent 1:5) ethanol 70% V/V Pharmaceutical form(s) Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use. Herbal preparation in solid or liquid dosage forms for oral use. Rapporteur(s) Dr. Werner Knöss Assessor(s) Dr. Friederike Stolte Dr. Felicitas Deget Peer-reviewer Dr. Ioanna Chinou Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS ● Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof .. 4 1.2. Search and assessment methodology ..................................................................... 6 2. Data on medicinal use ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Information about products on the market .............................................................. 6 2.1.1. Information about products on the market in the EU/EEA Member States ................. 6 2.1.2. Information on products on the market outside the EU/EEA ................................... -
Southern Garden History Plant Lists
Southern Plant Lists Southern Garden History Society A Joint Project With The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation September 2000 1 INTRODUCTION Plants are the major component of any garden, and it is paramount to understanding the history of gardens and gardening to know the history of plants. For those interested in the garden history of the American south, the provenance of plants in our gardens is a continuing challenge. A number of years ago the Southern Garden History Society set out to create a ‘southern plant list’ featuring the dates of introduction of plants into horticulture in the South. This proved to be a daunting task, as the date of introduction of a plant into gardens along the eastern seaboard of the Middle Atlantic States was different than the date of introduction along the Gulf Coast, or the Southern Highlands. To complicate maters, a plant native to the Mississippi River valley might be brought in to a New Orleans gardens many years before it found its way into a Virginia garden. A more logical project seemed to be to assemble a broad array plant lists, with lists from each geographic region and across the spectrum of time. The project’s purpose is to bring together in one place a base of information, a data base, if you will, that will allow those interested in old gardens to determine the plants available and popular in the different regions at certain times. This manual is the fruition of a joint undertaking between the Southern Garden History Society and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. In choosing lists to be included, I have been rather ruthless in expecting that the lists be specific to a place and a time. -
A Consideration of the Physiology and Life History of a Parasitic Botrytis on Pepper and Lettuce.'
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 1912 A Consideration Of The hP ysiology And Life History Of A Parasitic Botrytis On Pepper And Lettuce George L. Peltier University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Other Plant Sciences Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Peltier, George L., "A Consideration Of The hP ysiology And Life History Of A Parasitic Botrytis On Pepper And Lettuce" (1912). Papers in Plant Pathology. 380. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/380 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A CONSIDERATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF A PARASITIC BOTRYTIS ON PEPPER AND LETTUCE.' BY GEORGE L. PELTIER. INTRODUCTION. During the autumn of 1911, while gathering the peppers (Capsicurn) in the vegetable plat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the writer observed a fungus which was appearing as a parasite on the fruits. The peduncles were covered with a dark brown mass of conidia and mycelium, which so weakened the tissues that the fruit soon fell to the ground. On opening the peppers a number of large, flat, crust-like sclerotia, 1 cm. long and .5 cm. wide, were found to fill the interior. In most cases the seeds were also covered with the crust-like masses. -
Natural Remedies Encyclopedia
The Natural Remedies Encyclopedia Home remedies for over 500 diseases and disorders. Back in the old days, the pioneers were practical- minded people. They knew how to make-do with what they had. They combined folk remedies from centuries earlier in other lands, with herbal formulas borrowed from the Indians. Since then, even more has been discovered about physiology and nutrition. You will find a lot in this disease encyclopedia. The God of heaven, who created us, has given us the simple things of nature for our healing. It is our prayer that this encyclopedia will help bring back the sunshine into someone's life. Disclaimer: The information in this encyclopedia was NOT written by a medical doctor, nurse, scientist, or medical practitioner. So BEWARE; use this information at your own risk! It is a distillation of a large quantity of old-fashioned folk remedies, plus modern nutritional information. This information is not intended to diagnose medical problems, prescribe remedies for illness, or treat disease. It's intention is solely educational. We would strongly encourage you to use this information in cooperation with a medical or health professional. Your grandparents could not afford the chemicals and surgery the big-city folks got, so they had to get well at home, with the aid of simple remedies and trust in God. If you cannot afford to go to the doctors, with the help of God, you may be able to solve some problems at home. Major section headings This information is arranged topically, so you can more easily find similar physical problems. -
In Vitro Multiplication of Willow Gentian (Gentiana Asclepiadea L.) and the Production of Gentiopicrine and Mangiferin
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 46_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Devic Marijana, Momcilovic Ivana, Krstic Dijana, Maksimovic Vuk, Konjevic Radomir M., Konjevic R. Artikel/Article: In Vitro Multiplication of Willow Gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea L.) and the Production of Gentiopicrine and Mangiferin. 45-54 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 46 Fasc. 1 45-54 18. 12. 2006 In Vitro Multiplication of Willow Gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea L.) and the Production of Gentiopicrine and Mangiferin By Marijana DEVIC*), Ivana MOMCILOVIC*) , Dijana KRSTTC*), Vuk MAKSIMOVIC**) and Radomir KONJEVIC***), ****) With 1 figure Received August 9,2005 Accepted January 1, 2006 Key words: Gentiana asclepiadea, in vitro culture, gentiopicrine, mangiferin. Summary DEVIC M., MOMCILOVIC I., KESTIC D., MAKSIMOVIC V. & KONJEVIC R. 2006. In vitro multiplication of willow gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea L.) and the production of gentiopicrine and mangiferin. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 46 (1): 45 - 54, with 1 figure. - English with German summary. A protocol for in vitro propagation of Gentiana asclepiadea was developed. The best multiplication rate was obtained with woody plant medium (WPM) supple- mented with 8.9 [xM. BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 1.1 \\M IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). Gibberellic acid in the presence of 8.9 |.iM BAP and 1.1 |xM IAA stimulated shoot elongation without affecting multiplication index. Although spontaneous rooting on hormone-free medium was observed, auxins increased the rooting ability. Treatment with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) induced a higher number of roots, while the addition of IAA caused an increase in root length. -
Gentiana Lutea Linn. (Yellow Gentian): a Comprehensive Review
Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2017; 3(3): 175-181 Review Article Gentiana lutea Linn. (Yellow Gentian): A comprehensive ISSN: 2454-5023 review J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2017; 3(3): 175-181 Om Prakash1, Ruchi Singh1, Saroj Kumar1, Shweta Srivastava1, Akash Ved1 © 2017, All rights reserved 1 Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226016, India www.ayurvedjournal.com Received: 18-07-2017 Accepted: 04-09-2017 ABSTRACT Gentiana lutea Lin. commonly known as yellow gentian, bitter root and bitterwort belonging to family Gentianaceae is a common traditional medicine freely available in hilly areas in Japan, Europe and adjoining continents, its medicinal properties are also mentioned in Ayurveda. The plant is reported to posse’s antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, appetizer and immunomodulatory properties etc.Gentiana lutea is an important source of bitter phytoconstituents such as amarogentin, gentiopicrinor gentiopicroside, gentiolutelin and its dimethyl acetal, gentioluteol, gentanine, amaroswerin, gentioside including a new iridoid named gentiolutelin. Traditionally the plant is used as stomachic tonic, bitter tonic, dyspepsia, gastric inefficiency in infants, digestive tonic, catarrhal diarrhoea, anaemia, malarial disease etc. The present review is an effort to generate an interest among the mosses regarding its immense potential in preventing and treating several diseases. Keywords:Gentiana lutea Lin., Yellow Gentian, Bitter Root, Gentianaceae, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities. INTRODUCTION Gentiana lutea belonging to Gentianaceae family which comprises more than 400 species spread in the mountain areas of central and Southern Europe, Americas, Australia and New Zealand, Alps, Jura, Massif [1, 2] Central, Pyrenees as well asadjoining continent up to the altitude of 2500 m . -
Determination of Amino Acids of Some Plants from Gentianaceae Family
Pharmacia 68(2): 441–448 DOI 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67052 Research Article Determination of amino acids of some plants from Gentianaceae family Liliia Budniak1, Liudmyla Slobodianiuk1, Svitlana Marchyshyn1, Olha Demydiak1, Iryna Dakhym1 1 I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine Corresponding author: Liliia Budniak ([email protected]) Received 7 April 2021 ♦ Accepted 21 April 2021 ♦ Published 20 May 2021 Citation: Budniak L, Slobodianiuk L, Marchyshyn S, Demydiak O, Dakhym I (2021) Determination of amino acids of some plants from Gentianaceae family. Pharmacia 68(2): 441–448. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67052 Abstract Medicines from plants are widely used in the complex treatment of different diseases every day. Therefore, theoretical and practical interest is the in-depth study of the herb of perspective plants like Centaurium erythraea Rafn. and Gentiana cruciata L. These plants have a long history of usage and interest of people. The aim of the study was to determine the content of amino acids in these plants. The amino acids composition and content in the herb of study species of the familyGentianaceae determined by the HPLC method. The results of the research revealed that the raw material of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. and Gentiana cruciata L. contains free and bound amino acids. Sixteen free and seventeen bound amino acids were identified in the herb of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. The herb of Gentiana cruciata L. contained thirteen free and fifteen bound amino acids. L-glutamic acid, L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, and L-cystine were predominant of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. herb. Amino acids L-lysine, L-serine, L-aspartic acid, and L-phenylal- anine were present in the herb of Gentiana cruciata L.