browse. Ecological relations: stable plantcommunities.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: lower foothillsandnearcoast. mountains; othergentianspeciesincluding Habitat: lupine, andshowysedge. cosa cottonwood, andbogormoistmeadow. silver firzones.Western redcedar, alder, willow, black Associations: locally abundant. tains. Widespread andcommonfor somespecies;others cade Rangetocoast; British ColumbiatoCalifornia,westernslopeofCas- alpine AmericaandEurasia. Range anddistribution: blue 3-4.5cmflowers; ana sceptrum red orwhite;capsule,twovalved,manyseeded. five lobedcorollas,blue,violetpurple,greenish,yellow, cyme orsolitaryflowers,bellfunnelshaped,four whorled, oftenclaspingleaves;inflorescencecompact fleshy rootsorslenderrhizomes;opposite,occasionally United States;annualorperennialherb;simplestems; Description: Ecology GENTI Gentianaceae Gentian Gentiana G. calycosa G. sceptrum : mountainheather, blackhuckleberry, broadleaf Meadows; , 25-100cm,leaves10to15,3-6 Native. About300species,36inWestern Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific L. spp. Griseb., Explorer’s gentian-GESA Griseb., King’s gentian-GESC Componentofwell-developed, G. calycosa G. calycosa Deerandelkhavebeenknown to G.calycosa Temperate tosubarcticand Gentiana sceptrum , moistopensitesin : alsotoRockyMoun- , 5-30cm. Gentiana caly- G. sceptrum, :

Genti- from Flowering andfruiting: Biology from JulythroughSeptember, commercially availablefor Cultivation: cuttings; difficulttostart. Vegetative reproduction: Germination infullsunlight. of well-drained,sandysoil,wateredfrombeneath. well. Seedsaresowninautumntoearlyspringontop Seed: through October. and other Gentiana calycosa Abundantseedproducer;seedssmall;disperse Gentiana Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare species.

Gentiana sceptrum Mayberootedfromstem G. calycosa G. calycosa , G. sceptrum, from July G. sceptrum blooms 71

Plants Plants landscaping plantsandseeds. Types ofmarkets: plants andseed. Common products: medicine. Indigenous uses: scaping. to aiddigestion,andtreatinfection;rockgardenland- ings. anti-inflammatory tonics,beverages,andliqueurflavor- to Europeisawell-knownwildherbusedasbitter, for Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: plants havebeendugup Harvest techniques: for medicinalpurposes. and AreasofConcern Part harvested: Collection wild. Shouldnotbeattempted. Transplant viability: 72 Gentiana species:forimprovingthyroidfunction, Yellow gentian( Allparts,butpleasesee“ Latesummerandearlyfall. Rootsofsomespeciesusedfor Internationalforherbalproducts, Herbaltonicandtincture;garden Planttopsareclipped,whole Difficult totransplantfromthe .” Rhizomesandrootsharvested but notrecommended. Poor;regrowthslow. Gentiana lutea Comments ) native plants “To Watch” list.Donotrecommendwildcrafting. on UnitedPlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinal Moist habitatshighlysusceptibletodamage. Gentiana sceptrum of concernbytheWorld Wide FundforNature. Yellow gentian( four-parted gentian( ( fringed gentian( Wildlife Service“speciesofconcern.”Macoun’s are listedinOregon.ThelattertwoU.S.Fishand ( ( Glaucous gentian( Comments andAreasofConcern (1997), Williams (1990a,1990b) NRCS (1999),USDAForestService(1988),Whitney MacKinnon (1994),UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDA (1993), Moerman(1998b),MoorePojarand Cronquist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1997), DukeHickman(1993),Hitchcockand British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References ton; Newberry’s gentian( listed assensitive(vulnerableordeclining)inWashing- G. simplex G. plurisetosa G. douglasiana ) arelistedinMontanaasimperiled,and ), andMendocinogentian( ), andslendergentian( G. lutea G. macounii Gentiana glauca , nationalwetlandindicatorspecies. G. propinqua ) islistedasaEuropeanspecies G. newberryi ) andone-floweredgentian ) islistedinIdaho. ), swampgentian ), elegantgentian G. tenella G. setigera Gentiana ) are ) is cuttings andtissueculture. Vegetative reproduction: 2 weeksatabout20-27ºC temperature. capsule. Reproduceseasilyfromseed;germinatein1to Seed: August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology it isdifficulttocontrol. Ecological relations: shade intolerant;cultivatedspeciestolerateshade. become firmlyestablishedaftercolonization.Appears Successional stage: Grows onwell-drained,poor, andalkaline soil. Habitat: noids. bitter-brush, yarrow, sagewort,fescuesandothergrami- Associations: dense stands. m. NativetoeastandcentralEurope.Widely scattered, west, primarilyeastoftheCascadeRange,1200-2000 Range anddistribution: branched. clusters, 1.6-3.2mmwide;inflorescencediffusely with pointedtips;flowersmany, tiny, white,massedin thick root;leavesopposite,narrow, 1.8to10cmlong Description: Ecology GYPA Caryophyllaceae Baby’s breath Gypsophila paniculata Two tofiveblackseedsabout2mmlonginsmall Dry, disturbedareas,pastures,andrangeland. Exotic. Perennialherb,40to80cmtall, DryDouglas-firtypes,ponderosapine, Earlycolonizer;however, can Noxiousweed.Onceestablished, FlowersfromJunethrough Widely overPacificNorth- Forcultivatedvarieties, L. Regeneration afterharvest: flower. Harvest season: clippers. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection cult totransplant. Transplant viability: and isdifficulttocontrol. Cultivation: Can becultivated,butcanreadilyescape Branchingstemswithinflorescenttops. Summer, when plantisinearlytomid Stemsclippedwithknivesor Large taprootmakesplantdiffi- Aslongasrootintact,will Gypsophila paniculata 73

Plants Plants crafts; xericornaturallandscape. Types ofmarkets: and xericlandscapeplant. Common products: Indigenous uses: rangements; wholeplant,ingardensandflowerborders. Common uses: Uses andProducts clipping, duringsameseason. may regrowsecondcrownwithinflorescenceafter readily resproutfollowingseason.Infavorablesites, 74 Floweringstemsasfillerinfloralar- Notknown. Domestic.Freshfloral,andfloral Floral,driedandfreshflowertops USDA NRCS(1999) Antos etal.(1996),BurrillRice(1997), References control. fornia andWashington. Onceestablished,difficult to cially indryclimates.ListedasanoxiousweedCali- scattered atlowelevationsthroughouttheregion,espe- as anornamental;hasescapedcultivationandisnow Eurasian speciesoriginallybroughttotheUnitedStates Gypsophila Comments andAreasofConcern fromLatinmeaning“gypsumloving.”This spread isongoing. Suffrian; researchdirectedtowardcontrollingfurther by theintroducedbeetle, states; hasbeensuccessfullycontrolledinsomeareas listed asanoxiousweedinseveralPacificNorthwest pollinators; toxictolivestock;invaderofdisturbedsites; Ecological relations: Shade intolerant. Successional stage: abandoned fields,roadsides,anddisturbedplaces. Habitat: oxeye daisy, QueenAnne’s lace,aswellnativeherbs. bromes, needlegrassandbluegrass;otherexotics, turbed openingsincludingannualfescues,wildoats, Associations: patches. Rocky Mountains.Weedy; commonlygrowsindense to southernCalifornia;below1500m,PacificCoast Range anddistribution: brown seedslessthan1-mmwithrowsofpits. stamens; flowersbruisered,stainpurple;fruit7-8mm, black-dotted margins,twiceaslargesepals,many dotted; flowersbrightyellow, fivepetals,8-12mmwith edges rolledunder, black-dotted,lowersurfaceclear- base; leavesopposite,lineartooblong,1.5-2.5cm, branched, erectstems0.3-1.2m,rustcolored,woodyat Description: Ecology HYPE Hypericaceae (Clusiaceae) St. John’s wort,Klamathweed Hypericum perforatum Fullsunshineonwell-drainedslopes,pastures, Exotic. Perennialherbfromtaproot;many Various speciesofopengrasslands, dis- Colonizer, earlysuccessional. Flowersattractbeesandother Chrysolina quadrigemina From Tacoma, Washington, L. caution becauseitspreadsrapidly. Transplant viability: available fromvarioussources. Cultivation: invigorates aerialstemgrowth. clipping offloweringtopspromotesrootspreadand mass mayhavemanyabovegroundplants.Occasional root, shortrunnersorrhizomes.Onecreepingroot Vegetative reproduction: percentage. ment for7to14daysat4ºCcanincreasegermination is presentintheseedcapsuleexudate.Also,pretreat- improve germinationcapacity. Agerminationinhibitor Seed: to August;flowersattractivebees. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Copiousseedproduction.Washing seedscan Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Canbetransplanted,butexercise Abundant;floweringlateJune Sprouts seasonallyfromtap Hypericum perforatum 75

Plants Plants supplement andherbal. Types ofmarkets: red dye,andextractinalcoholicbeverages. Common products: strength; topreventsterility. sores andvenerealdisease;rootaswashtogiveinfants crushed plantsniffedfornosebleed;milkysubstanceon for bloodyfluxandbowelcomplaint,cough,fever, and (Cherokee andIroquois)usesincludeaninfusiontaken were thoughttocauseillness.IndigenousAmerican for symbolicprotectionagainstthe“evilspirits”that doorways, pinnedontoclothesorkeptunderthepillow commonly asawoundhealer, butwasalsohung over Indigenous uses: antiretroviral activityespeciallyinthepresenceoflight. antiseptic, andforhealingwounds.Reportedtohave inflammatory, antiviral,antibacterial,astringent, tive, forvariousmoodandnervousdisorders,anti- Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: June toearlyAugust. Harvest season: cut earlyintheseason,theywillrebloomandseed. mixture ofbudsandblossoms.Iffloweringstemsare clipped inlatespring-earlysummerwhenflowersarea are cleanedofinsectsbeforecollecting.Plants of theplantprovidehighestqualityproduct.Plants Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 76 Usedasanantidepressantandseda- Floweringtops(leavesandflowers). Annually, fromearlytomidbloom, UsedtraditionallyinEuropemost Internationalanddomestic.Dietary Tinctures, oils,capsules,teabags, Theuppermostfloweringstems Good,resilientperennial. References suppliers willnotshiptothesestates. grow to animals,vehicles,andclothes.NOTE:Itisillegal the plantbeyondcultivatedarea.Seedsreadilystick should beundertakenwithcaretopreventthespreadof weed inMontana,Oregon,andWashington. Cultivation species exotictoNorthAmerica,consideredanoxious impact fromharvestmayencouragespread.Aninvasive settled orfarmedareas.Growsindisturbedsites;typical herbicide applicationparticularlynearroadsidesand When collectingwild Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1988),Vance andThomas(1997) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1998),USDA (1993), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997), (1996), Mizerak(1998),Moerman(1998b),Moore man (1993),HortusWest (1998),LeungandFoster Delfosse (1984),Cooke(1997),EverettHick- Brevoort (1998),Burrilletal.(1996),Campbelland H. perforatum inWashington andMontana;seed Hypericum perforatum , checkfor conifer withworldwidedistribution; Hemisphere; commonjuniper( the temperateandsubtropicalregionsofNorthern Range anddistribution: seeds. bright bluewithwhitishcoat,juicy, resinous,andtwo scalelike leaves1-4mm,mostlyopposite;conesberrylike, brown, furrowedandshredded;slendertwigs;blue-green 6.1-15.3 m,diameterto45cm;barkreddishgray scopulorum bloom, juicy, resinous,twotothreeseeds. gray-green; cones6-10mm,berrylike,blue-blackwitha ing branches;leavesmostlyinthrees1.5mm,scalelike, cm; barkreddishbrown,furrowed,andshredded;spread- heavy limbedtree4.6-9.1m,averagecircumference107 occidentalis red-brown, coveredwithwhite,waxybloom. winged; immature“berries”greenish,ripenblue-blackto fleshy, berrylike; seedsonetothreepercone,flat,un- two tosixperscale;seedcone5-18mm,scalesfusedand needlelike; maleflower, shortcatkin,3-5mm,pollensacs whorled inthreesandsixranked,scaleliketolessoften peeling instrips;leavesoppositeandfour-rankedor Northwest; shrub,tree,generallydioecious;barkthin, occidentalis Hemisphere, 13nativetotheUnitedStates; Description: Ecology JUNIP Cupressaceae Juniper Juniperus tral BritishColumbia,toeastern Washington andOregon; Pacific Northwest,RockyMountains, GreatBasin,cen- most widelydistributedinNorth America;muchof J. scopulorum central, southeastWashington toCalifornia,3048m; J. scopulorum J. occidentalis : shrubtosmalltree,conicalcrownshape; : slowgrowingandlonglived;fullcrowned, and Native. About60speciesintheNorthern : ofjunipersreachingtreesize, itisthe L. spp. J. scopulorum Sarg., RockyMountainjuniper-JUSC2 Hook., Western juniper-JUOC Widely distributedthroughout J. communis mostcommoninthe J. occidentalis Juniperus ) istheonly Juniperus Juniperus :

from Associations: follow RockyMountains. J. scopulorum on range(greatestabundanceincentralOregon); viduals, smallgroups,extensivestandsdepending and California. California juniper( common understoryisbigsagebrush. exposed orseveresiteswithin otherforesttypes;most woodland coniferouszone, complextransitionzonesor grass; big sagebrush,Idahofescue,andbluebunchwheat- uieu cplrmJ. Juniperus scopulorum J. scopulorum : scattered,butconcentrationsgenerally

Juniperus occidentalis Juniperus occidentalis J. californica : componentofthefoothills or ), southwestOregon : ponderosapine, : scatteredindi- occidentalis 77

Plants Plants commercially available. Cultivation: vegetatively; grafting,cutting,andlayeringpossible. Vegetative reproduction: pleted inseveralweeks. tion needed;sowninfallorspring,germinationcom- flotation, andstorequitewell;warmcoldstratifica- seed production;seedsremovedbymaceratingand Seed: second year;remainsontreefor2yearsuntilmature. years old;flowersborneinspring,fruitripensfallof Flowering andfruiting: Biology Habitat: survive lightfires. in thesoilmaygerminate.Somejuniperspeciescan Typically juniperdoesnotresproutafterfire,butseeds usually occurinlargenumbersonlyfirerefugia. In general,junipersarehighlyvulnerabletofireand winter ranges;helpspreventerosiononsteephillsides. fall primarilybybirdsandmammals;browsedonlyon nation sites,shade,andfood;seedsdisseminatedduring Ecological relations: communities. Shadeintolerant. sidered apioneerspeciesinsomeearly-successional ability tosurvivewhereotherspeciescannot,itiscon- and sagebrush-grasslandhabitattypes;becauseofits of climaxinmanyponderosapine,mountainbrushland, and drierconiferhabitattypes; of climaxinmanysagebrush-grassland,shrub-steppe Successional stage: of RockyMountainsandnorthernplains. careous soils,widerangeofsitesindrierlowerfoothills steppe; between ponderosapinecommunitiesandsagebrush plateaus, mostlyonshallow, rockysoils;occursinzone 78 Seedsdispersedinfallusuallybybirds.Good J. scopulorum

Juniperus occidentalis Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare

Juniperus occidentalis Wildlife cover, nestingandhiber- : open,exposedsites,rockycal- Beginbearingat10to20 Doesnotnaturallyreproduce J. scopulorum : mountainslopesand : indicator : indicator natural environment. Transplant viability: clipped. Indrylocationsregrowthisslow. below clippoint,particularlyifyoungerbranchesare Regeneration afterharvest: time ismidsummer. after theberrieshardenoffbutbeforetheyfall.Best branches anytime.Floralproducts:arepicked Harvest season: to beatleast30cmlong. are harvestedbypruningthebranches.Branchesneed on aplasticgroundcloth.Twigs withfirm,blue berries hitting brancheswithastrongstickandcollectingberries bunches bypruningtwigtips;alsocanberemoved leaves andbranchtipsclipped.Berriescanbepickedin drop offtreetoensurepicking2-year-oldripefruit; and juicy;collectfruitbyhandpickingorafterberries Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection nial paint,anddecorations. colds, analgesic,poulticeforwounds,liniment,ceremo- Indigenous uses: ornamental andforlandscaping. teria, asatonic,forlowbloodsugar;garden ing; cosmetics;insecticides;wholeplant:toinhibitbac- oils usedinmajorfoodcategories,gin,herbalteaflavor- laxative; insoaps,detergents,perfumes;extractsand mas wreathsanddecorations;usedasadiuretic, ture, particleboard,toys,andfirewood;boughs:Christ- Common uses: Uses andProducts Wood: fencing,decks,paneling,furni- Berries,leaves,andbranches. Collectberriesinfall;leavesand Food,gastrointestinalaid,coughs, Berriesarepickedwhendarkblue Doesnottransplantwellfrom Newbranchescansprout Oregon. fivefold from456,000to2.2millionacresineastern frequent. Since1936,juniperforestshaveincreased lands ofeasternOregonwherefirehasbecomeless sidered aninvasivespeciesinsagebrush-stepperange- Natives haverequestedlimitedcommercialuse.Iscon- per istraditionallyusedbyAlaskatribes,and food andsheltersource,itregeneratesslowly. Juni- disease; gatherconservatively;itisimportantwildlife Do notuseduringpregnancyorinpresenceofkidney Comments andAreasofConcern ration materialsandnativelandscapingproducts. and specialtylumber. Domesticmarketsforhomedeco- for holidaygreenery, healthfood,herbal,specialty Types ofmarkets: herbal products,andtransplants. decorations, graveblankets,doorarches,medicinal decorative fruitsandgreens,Christmaswreaths,table Common products: Domesticandinternationalmarkets Specialtylumber, finishwood, (1997), Willard (1992),Young andYoung (1992) (1986a, 1986b),USDAForestService(1974),Whitney (1998b), Schofield(1989),Tilford (1998),Tirmenstein West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996),Moerman man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Burns andHonkala(1990),Gedneyetal.(1999),Hick- References 79

Plants Plants 80 medicine” basedonobservations ofsickbearseating large animals;flowersattract pollinators.Called“bear Ecological relations: plant communities.Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: and prairies. marshes, alongstreambanks,sparselywoodedslopes Habitat: and bluegrass. Solomon’s seal,stingingnettle,cow-parsnip,sedges, mixed-coniferous forests.Willow, angelica,false Associations: Cascade andSierraRangestoNevada. Washington, Idaho,BlueMountains, Washington toCaliforniaatlowelevations, Mountains; upto3658m. of theSierras,NevadarangesandalongRocky tains inOregon;mostspeciesringtheGreatBasin,east Columbia, Montana,Idaho,Washington, BlueMoun- Range anddistribution: small oblong,ribbed. cence 5-13cmbroad;flowerswhiteorpinkish;fruit, one tofourpairs,up20.3cmlong;umbelinflores- celery odor;mostlybasalleavespinnatelydividedinto and stout;rootlarge,brown,fibrousatbase,spicy ca andEurasia.Perennialherbto120cm;stemshollow Description: Ecology LIGUS Apiaceae Lovage, osha,licorice-root Ligusticum L. grayi L. canbyi L. apiifolium Celeryleaf lovage-LIAP Wet mountainmeadows,montaneforests, Coult.&Rose,Gray’s lovage-LIGR Coult.&Rose,Canby’s lovage-LICA2 Native. About25speciesinNorthAmeri- True fir, ponderosapine,lodgepole (Nutt.exTorr. &Gray)Gray, L. spp. Midtolatesuccessional;instable Eatenbymoose,deer, andother High elevationsinBritish Ligusticum apiifolium L. grayi L. canbyi in the from in Ligusticum apiifolium Flowering andfruiting: Biology to livestock. the plantandrollinginpatchesofosha.Highlypalatable available forPorter’s lovage( Cultivation: Vegetative reproduction: from seed.Reproductionnaturallypoor Seed: from JulytoSeptember. from MaythroughJuly; Transplant viability: Small,about1-2mminlength.Difficulttostart Can becultivated.Seedsare commercially Nearlyimpossibletotransplant. L. grayi

Ligusticum apiifolium Fromrootdivision. L. porteri and L. canbyi ). L. canbyi flower flowers 81

Plants Plants effects. sensitive toharvest.Consideralternativesforthesame Regeneration afterharvest: cult). before aerialpartsdieback(makingidentificationdiffi- Harvest season: quickly astheyaresusceptibletomold. wet environmentissensitivetoimpact.Rootsaredried healthy patches.Patchesareapproachedcarefullyasthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: essential oils. Common products: tions. Indigenous uses: odorants; parsleysubstitute. ing, upperrespiratoryinfections,herbalbathsandde- Common uses: Uses andProducts 82 Antiviral,expectorant,toinducesweat- Root. Afterflowershavegonetoseedbut Colds,sorethroats,andsinusinfec- Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Teas, tinctures,capsules,and Rootsaredugconservativelyfrom Oshaanditshabitatare West. About 18speciesoccurinthemountainrangesof Comments andAreasofConcern (1999), Willard (1992) (2000), USDAForestService(1988),NRCS Schofield (1989),Tilford (1993),UnitedPlantSavers (1993), Niehaus(1976),RossandChambers(1988), Hortus West (1998),MedicineRoots(2001),Moore Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), References Savers NorthAmericanmedicinalplants“AtRisk”list. and IntermountainRegions. on NationalForestSystemlandsintheNorthwestern System landsandcollectionorharvestisnotpermitted lands. NopermitsarebeingissuedonNationalForest imposed onharvestorremovalfromMontanaState of thesevenwildmedicinalplantsunderamoratorium when collecting;osharesemblespoisonhemlock.One ingly rare;suggestfindingalternatives.Usecaution habitat loss, nese Ligusticum Ligusticum Ligusticum herbs.Becauseofmarketpressureand species isbeingsubstitutedforChi- speciesarebecomingincreas- Ligusticum onUnitedPlant are pollinatorattractors,amongfirsttobloominspring. by rodents,bears,bighornsheep,deer, andelk;flowers forage plant,sometimesupperpartsandrootsareeaten Ecological relations: exposed rockysoil.Shadeintolerant. community, butcanbecolonizerafterdisturbance on Successional stage: and meadowsteppe. Habitat: wheatgrass, andfescue. rowleaf balsamroot,yarrow, penstemon,bluebunch hawthorn, commonsnowberry, bigsagebrush,ar- sagebrush, shrub-steppezones.Ponderosapine,black Associations: 3000 m.Largestands,butwidelyseparated. sporadically fromCaliforniatoWestern Canada;150- eastern Washington andsouthernOregontoColorado; Range anddistribution: fruits 12-16mm;seedslarge,flatoval,slightlywinged. ed, fernlike,15-35cmwide;flowersyelloworpurple; bracts ofumbelletsnarrow;basal,leaves,finelydissect- extending wellabovefoliage;umbelinflorescence, Description: Ecology LODI Apiaceae lomatium Desert parsley, fern-leaved Lomatium dissectum Mathias &Constance Wooded orbrushy, rockyslopes, dryhillsides, Native. Perennialherb;30-140cm;stalks DryDouglas-fir, ponderosapine,juniper- Partofestablishedprairieplant Largetaprootstabilizessoil; Mainly theGreatBasin, (Nutt.) ing; difficulttopropagate;do nottransplantwell. “long cells”toincreaserootsystemsbeforetransplant- Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: ous portionsoftheroot. Vegetative reproduction: pretreatment forfullgermination. into greenhousetodry. Multicyclegerminator; needs before fullydriedtoavoidbeetlesdrillingseed.Bring Seed: April throughJune. Flowering andfruiting: Biology var . eatonii Reproductionprimarilybyseed.Collectseed Canbecultivated.Seedsarecommercially Lomatium dissectum Young plantscanbeputinto Bloomsinearlyspring,from Canreproducefromtuber- var . multifidum 83

Plants Plants root crownleft,canregeneratefromroot. Regeneration afterharvest: is easiesttimetoidentify). Harvest season: and digearlierintheyear. sure rootcrownsarereplanted.Easiertofind,identify southern Oregon.Ifitiscollectedforpersonaluse,be Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection nal andherbal,dietarysupplement. Types ofmarkets: Common products: Native Americans. shoots consideredpoisonousbyOkanoganandColville ture topsandrootsconsideredpoisonous,purple root chewedforsorethroat;youngshootseaten;ma- Pounded rootsappliedtoopencuts,sores,andbruises; ples. Rootcombinedwithtobaccoforsinustrouble. and totreattuberculosis,arthritis,dandruff,pim- Indigenous uses: substitute inallergenicdiets. tions; starchyrootstockhasbeenusedasflour bial, immunostimulant,forrespiratoryandskininfec- Common uses: Uses andProducts 84 Asanantiviral,expectorant,antimicro- Root. Latespring,summer, earlyfall(spring Infusionofroottoincreaseappetite, Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Medicinalandherbal. Donotcollectcommerciallyin Ifenoughofrootand “At Risk”list. United PlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinalplants listed asrareandimperiled. in Idaho,SalmonRiverlomatium( geyeri 12 Pacific NorthwestRegionoftheUSDAForestService, tion ofall Regions oftheUSDAForestService,removalorcollec- tana Statelands.InNorthwesternandIntermountain moratorium imposedonharvestorremovalfromMon- risk. Oneofthesevenwildmedicinalplantsundera Northwest; manyofthemaresensitive,rare,andat creasing. ThereareseveraldozenspeciesinthePacific during harvest;slowgrowing.Consumerdemandin- Loose, rockygrowingsitecanbeheavilyimpacted Comments andAreasofConcern vice (1988) 1998), UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDAForestSer- (1976), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Tilford (1993, (1998), MizerakMoore(1993),Niehaus (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest et al.(1991),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Craighead References Lomatium ) islistedinMontanaascriticallyimperiled,and Lomatium speciesarelisted.Geyer’s lomatium( speciesisnotpermitted.Inthe Lomatium dissectum L. salmoniflorum on L. ) is human-livestock intrusionintowetlands. provides stream-edgeprotection andbuffertoprevent cape, andthermalcoverfor variousbirdsandrodents; shade coverforsalmonidfishes andeggs;hiding,es- lightly bydeerandelk;leaves eatenbyslugs;provides spring andfruitinsummereatenbybears;browsed Ecological relations: fill inalluvialopenings.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: drained seepagesites,andavalanchetracks. Habitat: vanillaleaf, westerntrillium,ladyfern,andbedstraw. Alaska huckleberry, salmonberry, vinemaple;deerfoot redcedar, Alaska-cedar, westernhemlock,Douglas-fir; hemlock, westernhemlockzones.Sitkaspruce, Associations: may formnearlypure,densestands. tions, below1525m.Incool,moist,shadedhabitats and upperpeninsulaofMichigan;lowtomiddleeleva- Montana, alsosparselydistributedasfareastOntario west slopeoftheCascadeRange,easttoIdahoand Range anddistribution: with twotothreeseeds. red, flattenedshinyberries,5-8mm,inlargeclusters, numerous incompactpyramidalterminalclusters;bright spines onunderside;flowerssmall,5-6mm,whitish, nine sharplypointedandtoothedlobes,numerous across, maple-leafshape,prominentveins,sevento spines upto1cmlong;leavesalternate,35 unbranched butoftenentangled,denselargeyellowish ous shrub,1-3m;stems1-4cmthick,crooked,almost Description: Ecology OPHO Araliaceae Devil’s club Oplopanax horridum Moistwoods,alongstreams,wetbutwell- Native. Erecttoslightlyspreadingdecidu- Sitkaspruce,Pacificsilverfir, mountain Midtolatesuccessional,will Emergentleavesandstemsin Alaska toOregon,eastand (Smith) Miq. into well-drainedpottingmix; keepmoistandcool. zontal brancheswithatleast oneleafbudscar;stick should betakeninlatespring. Take cuttings fromhori- through layering.To vegetativelypropagate,cuttings Vegetative reproduction: 1 yearold. well drainedpottingsoil.Seedlingstransplantafter autumn. Requiresmoistshadyconditionsandrich, Seed: 4 weekslaterandremainoverwinter. summer fromJunethroughAugust,fruitsripenabout Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedscollectedfromripefruitandsownin Flowersinlatespringtomid Regeneratesnaturally Oplopanax horridum 85

Plants Plants shaded gardens. creasingly usedasaspecialtyornamentalspeciesin stimulant; onlytheyoungspringshootsareedible.In- ing andlowerbloodsugar, expectorant andrespiratory Common uses: Uses andProducts is greaterthan100m attached stempiecesinthegroundaspossible.Ifpatch outer edgesofpatches.Asmanytruerootsareleftwith Harvest techniques: layered stems,berries,andleaves. Part harvested: Collection habitat byusingrootedstemcuttings. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: initiates newshootgrowth. Regeneration afterharvest: spring. Harvest season: harvested. is leftundisturbeduntilregrowthreplacesamount of patchisharvested.Afterbeingharvested,a monitoring showsotherwise,nomorethan20percent extensively distributedasinareasfarthernorth.Until and southernWashington whereDevil’s clubisnotas acceptable butproceedcautiously, especiallyinOregon 86 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Astringent,cathartic,toinducesweat- Rootbarkorwholeroots,aerialand Latesummer-earlyfall.Occasionally 2 Stemharvestingconcentratedon , interiorpatchharvestingismore Transplants wellintoappropriate Good,damagetostems Whitney (1997) and Schumann(1993),Vance andThomas(1997), (1994), Roorbach(1999),Roseetal.(1998),Thomas berg (1993),MoorePojarandMacKinnon (1978), HortusWest (1998),Howard(1993), Krucke- (1997), Gardenbed(2000),HitchcockandCronquist British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References al ForestinAlaska. mercial harvestisnotpermittedontheTongass Nation- Devil’s clubislistedasthreatenedinMichigan.Com- southern range,whereitislimitedtomoistdraws. areas shouldbeavoided.CentralOregonmarksits easily damagedhabitats.Riverbanksandothersensitive its popularityincreases.Thisspeciesmaybefoundin Devil’s clubhasthepotentialtobeoverharvestedas Comments andAreasofConcern markets. al andmedicinal.Primarilydomesticforlandscape Types ofmarkets: and driedforteaherbaltinctures,freshtinctures. Common products: and dyes. tonic; protectivecharmsandbodypaint;fishinglures used today),medicinaltea,poultice,andliniment;hair arthritis, ulcers,digestivetractailments,diabetes(still are themajorpartusedformanyailments,including one ofthemostimportantallmedicinalplants.Roots and indigenouspeopleofthenorthPacificcoastitis Indigenous uses: Extensivelyused;toAlaskanatives Internationalanddomestic;herb- Dietarysupplement,bulkmilled September. Theseedmayremainviablefordecades. Flowering andfruiting: Biology intensity fire. from therootcrownafterlow-ormoderate- disturbed sites.Cansproutfrombudsonthetaprootor sidered animportantforage.Canbeusedtorevegetate moose. Occasionallybrowsedbylivestockbutnotcon- Ecological relations: establish inopenings.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: ings, andclearings. Habitat: pinegrass. cup beadlily, heartleafarnica,meadowrue, and dogwood, huckleberry, ninebark,sweet-cicely, queen- mountain maple,snowberry, bunchberry fir zones.Hemlock,westernredcedar, lodgepolepine, Associations: shrub inmanyhabitattypes. throughout mountainousforestsoftheWest. Dominant Columbia, RockyMountains;600-2000m.Common Range anddistribution: mostly white,ovalcapsules. small andmaroon,inclustersalongbranches;fruit leathery, toothedmargins, anddarklyevergreen; flowers tall; ovaltoelongateleaves,opposite,1-3cmlong, Description: Ecology PAMY Celastraceae False box,Oregonboxwood Pachistima myrsinites Shadedplaces,densewoods,alsorockyopen- Native. Low, evergreen shrubto60cm Subalpinefir, Engelmannspruce,grand Earlytolatesuccession.Will Goodbrowsefordeer, elk, and FruitsfromJunethrough Northern MexicotoBritish Raf. disturbance. method, thereislessriskof forestgroundcoverandsoil intrusive procedureistotake stemcuttings.With this Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: duces naturallyfromlayering. cuttings. Stemcuttingsaretakeninearlyfall.Repro- Vegetative reproduction: dormancy. from seedbankinsoil.Mayneedstratificationtobreak long period.Someseedlingestablishmentmayoccur Seed: Dispersedbygravity. Seedsretainviabilityfor Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Althoughtransplantable,a less Easilyreproducedfrom Pachistima myrsinites 87

Plants Plants Domestic forflorist,landscaping, andnursery. ished floralandcraftproducts andbulkrawmaterials. Types ofmarkets: plant. Common products: ailments. kidney troubles.To healbrokenbonesandinternal Indigenous uses: ground cover. spots, therebymakingitidealforanornamentaland easily shapedandadaptswelltobothsunnyshady rangement, preservedanddriedcrafts.Wholeplant stitute forevergreenhuckleberryandsalalinfloralar- Common uses: Uses andProducts on asingleolderstem. made. Oftenmultiplenewstemsgrowfromharvestcut growth willdevelopwhereharvestcutshavebeen to becollectedonanalternateyearschedule.New favorable, regrowthmaybesufficientforplantfoliage slowly inthewild.Ifplantandgrowingconditionsare Regeneration afterharvest: hardened, beforenewgrowthbeginsinspring. Harvest season: rooting cuttingsarerefrigerateduntilstuckforrooting. bundles weighing40to60lbs.Stemtipsclippedfor and weighsslightlylessthan1lb.Handsareplacedin of branchescalleda“hand”contains26to28pieces sharp clippers.Stemsmustbe40-45cmlong.Abunch than 25percentoftotalfoliageplantareclippedwith Harvest techniques: to obtainbestprices. that arefreeoffruit-flowers.Leavesmustbedarkgreen Part harvested: Collection 88 Branchesforfloraldecorations,asub- Leafyfanlikebranches60-75mlong Latesummer-fallwhenleaveshave Tea forcolds,tuberculosis,and Internationalanddomestic forfin- Floralgreeneryandlandscape Selected branchesfromnomore Regrowthoccurs,but Forest Service(1963) (1993), Roseetal.(1998),Snyder(1991),USDA Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Antos etal.(1996),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References Patches of Comments andAreasofConcern industry. depleted byharvestofbranchesandleavesforfloral Pachistima near urbancentershavebeen “felt.” for bees.Goldfincheslinenestswiththeunderleaf Early bloomingflowersprovidefirstnectarofseason and provideshabitatforanimalsincludingsalamanders. plant withlargeleaves,ithelpstokeepthegroundmoist Ecological relations: ately shadetolerant. Successional stage: and inmoist,openmeadows. along embankments,streams;alsofoundinclearcuts Habitat: allies, Brewer’s mitrewort,foamflower, andhorsetail. Big-leaf maple,vinealder, maple,fernsand Associations: pure stands. low tomidelevations.Patchydistribution;maygrowin Range anddistribution: hairless achenes.Floweringstemsgrowbeforeleaves. 2-7 mm,diskflowerswhitetopinkish,3-5mm;fruits, ers inflat-toppedclusters,rayflowerscreamywhite, above, whitewoollybelow;umbelinflorescence;flow- palmately lobedandveined,coarselytoothed,hairless numerous stems20-60cm;basalleaves,to40cmwide, Description: Ecology PEFRP Asteraceae Coltsfoot, palmatecoltsfoot Petasites var. Smallforestopenings,generallymoistsoil, palmatus

Native. Perennialherb,fromrhizome; Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlockzones. frigidus Earlytolatesuccessional.Moder- Plantseatenbyelk;asariparian Circumboreal, widespreadat (Ait.) Cronq. (L.) Fries Transplant viability: Seeds arecommerciallyavailable for commercially availablefor Cultivation: division ofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: required toseparatetheseedfromchaff. Seed: fruits midtolatesummer. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Collectbeforetheseedsturntofluff;timeis Canbecultivated.Plantsand seedsare Canbetransplanted. FlowersfromApriltoJune, Petasites frigidus Easytopropagatefrom Petasites frigiduspalmatus P. frigidus var . palmatus . 89 .

Plants Plants and dietarysupplement. Types ofmarkets: and poultice. Common products: sores, andtohelpsootheitching. stuffing withduckfeathers.Rootsappliedtoboils, herb oras“sauerkraut.”Seedheadsusedformattress Young leavesandstemseatenassalad,cookedpot- of leavesforcolds,andheadorchestcongestion. Indigenous uses: salt obtainedfromburnedashes. tobacco substitute-additive.Usedasafacialcompress; dates nervepain).Stems,leaves,androotsedible; sedative, andtopicalfirstaid(anti-inflammatory, se- Common uses: Uses andProducts Leaves regenerateafterspring. harvest goodifrootcrownandrhizomesleftintact. Regeneration afterharvest: leaves. Rootharvestedinspring. Harvest season: riparian areas. Roots aredugcarefully. Avoid collectinginsensitive a serratedknife.Stemsarepluckedatgroundlevel. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 90 Coughmedicine,antispasmodic,nerve Leaves,stems,androots. MidJunetolateAugustforstemsand Tobacco orsnuff additive,infusion Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tincture, smokingmixture,tea, Leavesarecutfromstemswith Regenerationfromstem is listedascriticallyimperiled. commonly referredtoas“butterbur.” companies useimportedEuropeanspecies.Therootis rolizidine alkaloids,apotentiallivertoxin;somelocal straint, ifatall.Usecautiously;containstracesofpyr- and Oregon,wildharvestshouldbeconductedwithre- Idaho. Although ties. Arrowleafcoltsfoot( readily; becauseofthis,difficulttodistinguishvarie- In Montana,sweetcoltsfoot( Idaho ascriticallyimperiled;itshould Coltsfoot ( Comments andAreasofConcern (1993) (1989), ThomasandSchumann(1993),Toogood and MacKinnon(1994),Saunders(1976),Schofield (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Pojar (1998), Kruckeberg(1993),Miller(1988),Mizerak Brill andDean(1994),Hickman(1993),HortusWest References Petasites frigidus Petasites P. sagittatus isnotlistedinWashington var. P. frigidus Petasites palmatus ) isalsolistedin not hybridizes var. beharvested. ) islistedin nivalis ) POMU Dryopteridaceae Western swordfern millions ofsporesthatcancolonize burnsites. rhizomes afterfire.Asingleplantalsocanproduce bear. Swordfernsproutsfromwoodyunderground Ecological relations: stages. growth andpersistenceinmid-tolate-successional Successional stage: greatest inouteredgesofriparianzones. Habitat: huckleberry. berry, salal,dwarfOregongrape,andevergreen wood forest.Douglas-fir, redalder, vinemaple,salmon- and Pacificsilverfirzones.Alsomixed-conifer/hard- Associations: tions. Commonandwidespread. ington tonorthernIdahoMontana;lowmideleva- Range anddistribution: attached. gin; indusiumroundwithfringedmargins,centrally sori large, circular, halfwaybetween midveinandmar- spine tips,withsmalllobepointingforwardatbottom; nate, 3-15cm,pointed,sharptoothedwithincurved erect toarching,50-180cm,oncepinnate,leafletsalter- rhizome; leaves,stipedry-scaly, bladelanceshaped, erect leavesformingacrownfromstout,woody, scaly Description: Ecology Polystichum munitum K. Presl. Moistforests,woodedhillsides,andslopes; Native. Large,to1.5m,evergreenwith PrimarilySitkaspruce,westernhemlock Maybepresentinall,butbest Forageforelk,deer, andblack Alaska toCalifornia,Wash- (Kaulfuss) Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: through divisionofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: Seed: near maturitybylateJuly. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Spores. Can becultivated.Plantsare commercially Transplants well. FrondsunrollbyMay;spores Limited,butcanoccur Polystichum munitum 91

Plants Plants and restorationmarkets. for floralandcrafts.Smalldomesticlandscaping Types ofmarkets: fresh flowerarrangements. Common products: gynecological aid,flooring,andbedding. ovens, dermatologicalaid,burndressing,sorethroats, Indigenous uses: tive; edible(youngfronds);andgardenlandscaping. Common uses: Uses andProducts time. 50 percentofthenewfrondsareharvestedatanyone Regeneration afterharvest: heads) inearlyspring. in spring,tipswillwilt.Edibleyoungfronds(fiddle- Harvest season: must have52frondbladesstackedflatandevenly. sect damageanddirt65-70cmlong;allbunches cases whenpresentarefirm.Allfrondsfreeofin- underside ofthefrondhasfewornosporecases.Spore over thefinger. Frondsmustbegreenandhealthy. The small, curvedknifethatisattachedtoaringfits Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 92 Inflowerarrangements,asadecora- Fronds(leafblade). Year-round, butifharvestedtooearly Edible,cooking,protectivelayerin Internationalanddomesticmarkets Floral backgroundorfillerfor Frondsarecutbyusingaspecial Good whenlessthan found. permitted ontheWillamette NationalForestwhereitis mon swordfernresemblesthisspecies;collectingnot Range ofOregonislistedasimperiled.Themorecom- Service (1963,1965),Vance andThomas(1997) (1989), ThomasandSchumann(1993),USDAForest man (1998b),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Seda (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Moer- (1989a), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Crane References ( properties areknown.Californiaswordfern eaten unlessidentificationiscertainandthecarcinogenic Some speciesoffernarecarcinogenic;shouldnotbe Comments andAreasofConcern Polystichum californicum ), foundintheCascade tors; rhizomesaresoilaerators. Ecological relations: disturbance. Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: forest edges. Habitat: oxeye daisy. roadside herbs;fieldmint,St.John’s wort,thistle,and spruce zone.Widely associatedwithmoistmeadowand Associations: under 2400m.Widely scattered. Range anddistribution: September. Flowering andfruiting: Biology America; var. Prunella vulgaris upper liphooded,lowerfringed;fruitsfournutlets. ed intwo-lippedtube,petalsfusedinto 2-6.5 cm;flowerspurplishtopink,1-2cm,sepalsunit- smooth orobscurelytoothed;inflorescencebract, 2-7 cm,1-4cmwide,ovaltolanceshaped,margins site, few, lowerpetioled,5-30mm,uppersubsessile, ing, squareincrosssection,unbranched;leavesoppo- stems solitaryorclustered,erecttospreadingreclin- rooted fromashortrhizomeorstembase;10-50cm; Description: Ecology PRVU Lamiaceae Selfheal Prunella vulgaris Moistroadsides,clearings,fields,lawns,and Native andexotic.Perennialherb,fibrous, vulgaris Mostforests;treelessareasinSitka var. Earlysuccessional,colonizerafter Forage;flowersattractpollina- isintroducedfromEurasia. lanceolata FromMaythrough Global; lowtomidelevations, L. isnativetoNorth pulling theroots.Donotdamage rootswhileharvesting. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection plants. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: spring. seed. Sowseedinneutral-basicsoilmidtolate Vegetative reproduction: once mature. Seed: Seeddispersalinfall,tinyseedsdispersequickly Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Allabovegroundparts. Stemsarecutatbasewithout Goodforseedlingsandyoung Typically grownbestfrom Prunella vulgaris 93

Plants Plants medicinal, andnutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: ment, andsalves. Common products: fevers, andbackeyewashforhorses. and skininflammations,asaheartmedicine,toreduce Indigenous uses: burns, wounds,andirritations. in severalall-purposesalves,ointments,andlotionsfor diuretic, andanti-tumorcompound.Medicinalingredient wounds, anti-inflammatory;containsursolicacid,a Common uses: Uses andProducts may resproutthefollowingyearifroot-rhizomeintact. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: 94 Medicinal,astringent,tonic,healing Gatherwhileblooming. Asaskinointment,totreatboils Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Teas, capsules, driedherb,oint- Generallypooralthough 1998) (1976), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Tilford (1993, Hortus West (1998),Moerman(1998b),Niehaus Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), Franklin andDyrness(1973),Gardenbed(2000), References ly growsinassociationwithweedyspecies. where herbicidesmayhavebeensprayedasitcommon- near roads,asitabsorbstoxiccompounds;usecaution Avoid soilcompressioninmarshyareas;avoidgathering Comments andAreasofConcern viving rhizomesresultinbracken fernbeinganeffective fern toresproutafterfire.Wind-borne sporesandsur- dry frondseachfall.Deeply buriedrhizomesallowthe promotes firesbyproducing ahighlyflammablelayerof decomposing litter. Brackenfernisadaptedtofireand cover forbirdsandsmallmammals;insecthabitatin Ecological relations: intolerant. turbance. Inearly-successionalcommunities.Shade Successional stage: to wetforests,openanddisturbedsites. Habitat: Sitka valerian,fireweed,andgrasses. ponderosa pine;salal,redhuckleberry, thimbleberry, hemlock zones.EastofCascadeRange,Douglas-fir, Associations: widespread. Alaska toCalifornia,Colorado;cosmopolitanand Range anddistribution: continuous, indusiumnotevident. round toothed,marginsrolledunder;sorimarginal, sively reducedandlanceshaped;ultimatesegments site, lowestpairbroadlytriangular, upperonesprogres- than theblades;leaflets10ormorepairs,mostlyoppo- hairy; stipesstout,strawcoloredtogreenish,longer hairy; leafbladestriangular, twotothreetimespinnate, uous, to3m,sometimesup5m;rhizomesspreading, Description: Ecology PTAQ Dennstaedtiaceae fern Bracken fern,westernbracken Pteridium aquilinum var. Various habitats,meadows,roadsides,dry pubescens Native. Frondslarge, solitary, erect,decid- Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir Colonizer, invasivefollowingdis- Elkanddeereatnewfronds; Coast tosubalpineelevations. L. Underw. (L.) Kuhn of fernfrond)andrhizome. Part harvested: Collection Propagation bydivisionmostsuccessful. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: tive byrhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: 5.5 to7.5. germinate bestat1to2ºCandinsoilpHrangeof spores, butgerminationincultureiscommon.Spores plants havebeenfoundinthewildthatstartfrom Seed: March andearlyMay. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Allelopathic. phosphorus andcontributestopotassiumcycling. postfire colonizer. Rhizomes effective atmobilizing Sporeproductiondiffers fromyeartoyear. Few Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Fiddlehead(tightlycoilednew growth Good,bestwithyoungplants. Frondsemergebetween Mostregenerationisvegeta- Pteridium aquilinum 95

Plants Plants markets fordriedanddyedfloralcraftproducts. processed fiddleheads,particularlyJapan.Domestic Types ofmarkets: cuisine. als. Young shoots,culinarydishesbasedonoriental Common products: inally. Fronds:towrapfishandascampbedding. and peeledrhizomesusedforastarch,alsomedic- sprouts eaten(sparingly);bronchitisremedy. Roasted rheumatism. Protectivelayersinovens,rhizomesand decoctions madeforvariousailments,tuberculosis, Indigenous uses: pollution. potential sourceofinsecticides;indicatoracidrain and herbalremedy, andrhizomestarchforconfections; and rhizomeshavebeenusedforbrewingbeer, food Common uses: Uses andProducts season ifrootcrownleftintact. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: be firm.Allfrondsarefreeofinsectdamageanddirt. few ornosporecases.Sporecasewhenpresentmust and healthy. Theundersideofthefrondgenerallyhas resprout buriedintheground.Frondsmustbegreen Rhizomes arecarefullydugfromsoilleavingportionsto Harvest techniques: 96 Food,floral,andornamental.Fronds Spring. Young shoots,tonic,antiemetic, Internationalmarketforfreshand Frondsarecutfromrhizomes. Preserved anddyedcraftmateri- Will resproutthefollowing pearance amongfernspecies,knowspeciesbeingeaten. ern NorthAmerica.Fiddleheadsmaybesimilarinap- ostrich fern( Commercially soldediblefiddleheadsprimarilyfrom sources wefoundrecommendeatingthisplant. side asubstancereportedtobepotentcarcinogen. Land Management(1999) (2001), USDAForestService(1963),USDIBureauof and MacKinnon(1994),Seda(1989),USDAARS (1978), HortusWest (1998),Moerman(1998b),Pojar (1973), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist Cooke (1997),Crane(1990a),FranklinandDyrness References severe deficiencyofvitaminB livestock inquantity;containsthiaminase,whichleadto All portionsoffern,bothgreenanddried,aretoxicto Comments andAreasofConcern Matteuccia struthiopteris 1 ; alsocontainsptaquil- ) foundineast- No ern CaliforniatoAlaska. Range anddistribution: remaining ontop. the endofsidebranches;hipspurplishredwithsepals flowers pinkandlarge,4-8cmacross,bornesinglyat five- toseven-toothedleaflets,slightlyhairyunderneath; attached sepals. dular stalks;fruit,orhips,orangetoscarletwithout cm across,bornesinglyattheendofbranchesonglan- smooth onbothsides;flowers,palepinktorose,1-2 stems, compoundleaves,five-tonine-toothedleaflets, smaller, flowersfive-petaled. to domesticatedroses.Wild roseleaves andflowersare Description: Ecology ROSA5 Rosaceae Wild rose Rosa ately shadetolerant. communities andforestopenings. Intoleranttomoder- open shrubandgrasslands, persists inestablishedplant Successional stage: woods. open shrubwetlands. Cascade Range;occursinuplandwoodedregionsor nutkana Habitat: arnica, andwoodviolet. oceanspray, whitehawkweed,groundsel,heartleaf pine, Oregonwhiteoak;snowberry, shinyleafspirea, mixed-conifer/hardwood forests.Douglas-fir, ponderosa Associations: common. 2000 m; R. nutkana R. gymnocarpa : drytomoisthabitatsbothwestandeastofthe L. spp. R. nutkana Moistflats,forests,andshrublands. Native. Perennialshrubthatlookssimilar Open-conifershrub,prairiegrass,and Presl., Nootkarose-RONU Rosa nutkana below700m,scatteredandlocally Nutt., Baldhiprose-ROGY Primarilyinearly-successional Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa gymnocarpa Pacific Northwest,west- Rosa gymnocarpa : leavescompoundwith : moisttodry below Rosa : bristly oagmoap R. Rosa gymnocarpa Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: cuttings of sprouts formtherootcrown.Cansemihardwood offshoots fromparentroottransplanteasily;plant Vegetative reproduction: cleaned seedsbeforetheydryout. effective meansforpropagatingrosesistosowfreshly slowly, over-winterstratification helps.Oneofthemost Seed: are retainedoverwinteronplant. July; fruitsdeveloplatesummerintofall.Fruitsoften Flowering andfruiting: Biology off-site colonizers. Sprout frombothrootcrownsandrhizomesare bees. Well adaptedtolow-medium-severityfires. insects. Theflowersattractpollinatorsincludinghoney rose bushesprovidehabitatforvariousanimalsand other animalsbrowserosehips.Thickstandsofwild Ecological relations: Seedsdispersedbyanimals.germinate R. gymnocarpa Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Birds,deer, coyotes,bears,and Smallshrubscanbetransplanted. FlowersfromMaythrough . For Rosa nutkana nutkana , small var . hispida 97

Plants Plants products. botanical crafts,andingredient invariousherbal vitamin supplement,hot,cold beverages,syrups,jellies, hips forvitaminC,tabletsandcapsules,herbalteas, Common products: fruit. made fromhips,sometimesincombinationwithother from hipsandpetalsoftheNootkarose.Jellysyrup and swelling.TheNinilchikpeopleofAlaskamaketea were chewedandputoninsectbitestoalleviatepain cleanses peopleaftercontactwiththedead.Roseleaves ka roseoffersprotectionfromanybadinfluencesand food wasavailable.TheinteriorSalishbelievetheNoot- eyewash. Hipswereusuallyonlyeatenwhennoother Indigenous uses: decoratives, andpotpourri. tion, anti-inflammatory;rosehips:beverages,jellies, ing herbalteas,digestion,dermatitis,urinarytractinfec- plant partsofferdifferinglevelsofeffectiveness;sooth- Common uses: Uses andProducts after clipping. Regeneration afterharvest: collected inearlyspring. and flowersgatheredearlytomidsummer. Barkisbest have fallenandthehipsturnedbrightred.Buds Harvest season: the plant. fully collectingtheserootswillnotpermanentlyharm around thebaseofshrubtofindasideroot.Care- off withasharpknife.Rootbarkiscollectedbydigging ing shearstoharvestyoungstems,andbarkispeeled clipped. Barkisharvestedbyusingasharppairofprun- Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 98 Leavesandstems:astringent,different Flowers,fruits,bark,androots. Rosehipsgatheredafterthepetals Tonics, smokingpowder, andan Majorcommercialsourceofrose Flowersandfruits(hips)are Stemsreadilyresprout R. nutkana also arepopularforsimilarusesas cluster rose( sii rose speciesintheirregion.Wood’s rose( tives haverequestedlimitedcommercialusefornative traditionally usedbyAmericantribes,andAlaskaNa- plants withsimilaruses.However, wildrosespeciesare Rosa Comments andAreasofConcern craft. Food, herbal,nutraceutical,healthcare,andfloral Types ofmarkets: (1992) Russell (1994),Tilford (1998),Young andYoung and Foster(1996),Reed(1993b),Roseetal.(1998), (1993), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Leung Cooke (1997),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman References ) widelydistributedeastoftheCascadeRangeand speciescansubstitutewellforotherlesscommon . R. pisocarpa Internationalanddomestic. ) westoftheCascadeRange R. gymnocarpa Rosa wood- and pollinated bybees. projects. Minorproducerof pollenandnectar;primarily habitat anderosioncontrol and usedinrestoration Seed dispersedbybirdsandmammals;providesnesting and otherbirds.Deer, elkbrowseleavesandberries. various wildlife;fruitsimportantforbear, grouse,quail, Ecological relations: intolerant. disturbed sites,decreasesascanopycloses.Shade Vigorously invadesandcolonizesmanytypesof Successional stage: ravines, bluffs,andstreambanks,ontalus. mountain slopes,clearingsorbordersinborealforests, Habitat: spirea, andserviceberry. conifer, cedar, blackcottonwood,tremblingaspen, Associations: thickets. mid elevations.Commonandlocallyabundant,dense drier eastsideoftheCoastandCascadeRanges;lowto North AmericaandEurasia;thecommonspecieson Range anddistribution: purple whenmature. lets (berry),pinkandhardasimmature,redorpinkish flowers inclusterofonetofour;fruitisseveraldrupe- nately compoundinleafletsofthreetofive;smallwhite liating yellowbrownbark;leavesarealternateandpin- prickly (mainpricklesnothooked)withshredded,exfo- thicket-forming shrub,0.5-3m;woodystemsbristlyor Description: Ecology RUID Rosaceae Red raspberry Rubus idaeus Moistordrywoodstoopenandoftenrocky Native. Deciduous,erectorarching, Grandfir, Douglas-firzones.Mixed Pioneerorearlysuccessional. Providesforageandcoverfor L. Over muchoftemperate sometimes roots. Part harvested: Collection transplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: leaf budcuttings. Vegetative reproduction: lows late-summerorearly-fallsowingofscarifiedseeds. about 70to90percent.Bestgerminationusuallyfol- can remainviablefor60to100years.Seedgermination tion slow, requiresbothwarmandcoldstratification; varies annuallyaccordingtoclimateandage;germina- Seed: crop. important informationofwell-shapedfruitandagood Attractive tobees.Honey-beepollinationisconsidered July, fruitssoonafter, fromJulythroughSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology ssp . idaeus Producesanabundanceofseed,butproduction Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Usuallyfruits,shoots,leaves, and Rubus idaeus Whenplantsdormantcanbe FlowersfromJunethrough Rhizomes,rootsprouts,and var . peramoenus 99

Plants Plants and nutritionalsupplement. Types ofmarkets: in bulk. Common products: aid. arations, urinaryaid,antidiarrhea,anddermatological cakes, preservedforwinteruse,variousmedicinalprep- Indigenous uses: flavor additives,juice,tea,andsyrup. and mildsedative;roots,diuretic;fruits,injams,jellies, tonic, sourceofvitaminC,diuretic,torelievediarrhea, Common uses: Uses andProducts regenerate. back; ifportionofrootsystemtaken,rootswillreadily Regeneration afterharvest: summer; fruitsinrootsspringandfall. Harvest season: flower budsforminearlyspring;fruits,whenripe. Harvest techniques: 100 Leaves,asanastringent,reproductive Shootsinspring;leavesspringto Eatenfresh,boiledanddriedinto Primarilydomestic.Food,herbal Teas andfood. Driedleavessold Leavesaregatheredjustafter Shootsreadilysprout Young (1992) Forest Service(1988),Willard (1992),Young and (1989), Tilford (1998),Tirmenstein (1990d),USDA MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Schofield Hortus West (1998),Moerman(1998b), Pojarand Burgett etal.(1989),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), References leucodermis Biology anduseofblackcapraspberry( Comments andAreasofConcern roadsides. toxic; beawareofherbicideusewhencollectingnear Use leaveseitherdriedorfreshaswiltedcanbe common inbrushydrawsandsecond-growthforests. grows infoothillsfromBritishColumbiatoWyoming; techniques wouldbethesame. ) aresimilarto R. idaeus Rubus leucodermis andcollection Rubus of sheepsorrelindicatespoor soils. roots andisreestablishedbyseedsinthesoil.Presence sorrel probablyresproutsafterfirefromrhizomesand but erosioncontrolislow. Dataarelimited,butsheep larvae ( ( black bears( feeding birds;deereattheleaves;probablysoughtby canadensis ( Ecological relations: seed afterdisturbance.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: sides. sites, pastures,meadows,grasslands,woods,andhill- Habitat: al grasses. ninebark, perennialbunchgrasscommunities,andannu- Associations: groups fromcommonrhizome. 3000 mthroughouttemperateNorthAmerica.Growsin Range anddistribution: yellow brown,1-2mmachenes. or yellowish(male)alongerectpanicle;fruitstriangular, head shaped,2-10cm;flowerssmallreddish(female) somewhat woodyatbase;leavesgenerallybasal,arrow- zome; severalunbranched,slenderstems15-50cm, Description: Ecology RUAC3 Polygonaceae Sheep sorrel,redsorrel Rumex acetosella Ursus arctos Bonasa umbellus Lycaena phlaeas Flood-plainandriparianhabitats,disturbed L.);seedsarecommondietofground- Ursus americanus L.);foodforAmericancopperbutterfly Exotic. Perennialherbfromslenderrhi- Willow, bullthistle,redstemceanothus, L.) andCanadageese( Earlysuccessional,colonizesfrom Summerfoodofruffedgrouse L.).Colonizesdisturbedsites, Common andwidespreadto L. Pallas)andgrizzlybears Branta from seed. Seed istriangularandmahogany colored.Canbegrown Seed: in California;fruitssmallreddish andthreeangled. in Washington andOregon;fromMarchthroughAugust Flowering andfruiting: Biology Flowerstalkturnsbrownwhen seedsaremature. FromMaythroughSeptember Rumex acetosella 101

Plants Plants for herbaluse.Medicinal,herbal, andnutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: herb, androot. Common products: cucumbers. or boiled;tarttangyleavesusedwithsaltinabrinefor stomach aid,andtotreattuberculosis;leaveseatenraw soms appliedtooldsores,freshleaveschewedasa Indigenous uses: herbal tonicsusedbycancerpatients. source ofvitaminC;dyes.Ingredientintwocommercial Common uses: Uses andProducts following year. system leftintact,mayregeneratenewaerialstemsthe Regeneration afterharvest: mature. Harvest season: ed withherbicides. Should becheckedtosuretheyhavenotbeentreat- of theplantsinapatchcanbecollectedwithoutimpact. gently. Leavesareclippedfromstem;40to50percent Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection available forwesterndock,anative Cultivation: of rhizome. Vegetative reproduction: Transplant viability: 102 Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Edible;astringent,sorethroat,asa Leavesandroots. Latespring-summer, beforefloweris Poulticeofbruisedleavesandblos- Internationalanddomesticmarkets Tinctures, freshleaves,dried Rootsaregatheredbypullingup Canbetransplanted. Canpropagatefromportions Ifpartofrootrhizome Rumex species. (2000), RossandChambers(1988),Schofield(1989) MacKinnon (1994),Rice(1997),Richardsonetal. Klein andJohnson(1997),Mizerak(1998),Pojar Dyrness (1973),Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998), (1990), Esser(1995),Everett(1997),Franklinand (1997), Craigheadetal.(1991),EliasandDykeman Brill andDean(1994),Burrilletal.(1996),Cooke References exotic, careshouldbetakennottospreadseed. of whichareintheNorthwest.Becauseitisaweedy quantities. Consideredanoxiousweedin6states,none Contains oxalicacid,whichcanbepoisonousinlarge Comments andAreasofConcern from rootcrowns. Vegetative reproduction: minates inlight,18to24ºC. Seed: ber, matureachenesreleaseinfall. Flowering andfruiting: Biology help preventerosion;providesironasanutrient. Ecological relations: places. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: that dryoutinsummer. pastures; alsoinundisturbedwetsites;adaptedtoareas Habitat: yarrow, chickweed,perennialandannualgrasses. Associations: over wideexpansesofopenground. America indisturbedareas,below2500m.Scattered Range anddistribution: 1-2 mmachenes. brown atmaturity;fruit:triangularreddish clustered onstalk;entireplantturnsreddishtorusty edges; flowersovatetoround,greenishrustybrown, lance shaped10to30cmlong,5wide,withcurly slightly reddish;leavesbothbasalandstem,oblongto unbranched belowflowerclusters,50cm-1.5moften Description: Ecology RUCR Polygonaceae Curly dock Rumex crispus Winged seedsdispersebywindandwater. Ger- Waste places, roadsides,meadows,fields, Exotic.Perennialherbfromtaproot;stems Commondandelion,mullein,common Earlycolonizer, thrivesindisturbed Taproot aeratescompactedsoils, L. BloomsfromJunetoSeptem- Abundant throughNorth Mayregenerateaerialstems ground. plant goestoseed.Atoolis usedtodigrootsoutofthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection available forwesterndock,anative Cultivation: Transplant viability: Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Rootsformedicinal,flowersfloral. Rootsarecollectedbefore the Easilytransplanted. Rumex Rumex crispus species. 103

Plants Plants jaundice, eatenasgreens. decoction ofplantforurinaryproblems,androots problems. Leavesrubbedinmouthforsorethroat, tery, tocorrectfluids,andassalveforvariousskin sores. Infusionofrootusedtotreatconstipation,dysen- Indigenous uses: source; asadye. late andaiddigestion,forskindisorders,aniron ments. Leavesusedasapotherb,rootstostimu- Common uses: Uses andProducts by seedlingsgerminatingfromseedbank. removed, willnotregenerate.Spacemaybereoccupied Regeneration afterharvest: beginning offlowering;rootsinfallafterseeding. Harvest season: nal, herbal,nutraceutical,floral,andcrafts. Types ofmarkets: dried decorative. in manufactureofherbalcancertonics,floweringstems, Common products: people andotherAlaskanatives. R. arcticus 104 arecalledwildrhubarbbytheNinilchik Driedflowersusedinfloralarrange- Flowersarecollectedinspringatthe Mashedrootusedforswellingsand Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Roots,herbal;driedbulksupplied Rumex fenestratus Ifentireplantandrootis and Young andYoung (1986) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1993,1998), (1994), Rice(1997),RussellSchofield(1989), ak (1998),Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon Hortus West (1998),KleinandJohnson(1997),Mizer- (1997), EliasandDykeman(1990),Everett Brill andDean(1994),Burrilletal.(1996),Cooke References and urinarytractproblemswhenusedexcessively. Leaves containoxalicacid,whichcancausedigestive dock isthe ered anoxiousweedinMidwesternUnitesStates.Curly Along roadsidesbeawareofherbicideuse.Isconsid- Comments andAreasofConcern Rumex species preferredbyherbalists. are considered nation ofacircumborealspecies;theAmericanplants tion andbackcrossing. Sambucus fruits brightred,berrylikedrupes;twotofourseeds. with unpleasantodor, numerousinapyramidalcluster; somewhat hairybeneath;smallflowerswhitetocreamy, lance shaped,5-15cmlong,pointed,sharplytoothed, large, oppositecompound,withfivetonineleaflets, twigs; foliagewithstrongcharacteristicodor;leaves 0.5-6 mtall;barkdarkreddishbrown,warty;softpithy Description: Ecology SARAP Caprifoliaceae (locally, Alaska) Red elderberry, bearberry Sambucus racemosa elderberry ( Range anddistribution: blue fruits(edible)withawhitishbloom. or purplish-blackfruits,blueelderberry, thorities. Blackelderberry(var. quency andlowindensity. clumps; wherefoundinuplandsites,itishighfre- Valley in Oregon.Inlowvalleys,mayformlarge mon ineasternOregonandWashington, andWillamette Columbia toCalifornia,eastintoMontana,mostcom- California; blueelderberry, British Columbia,Washington, Oregon,northeastern melanocarpa Range fromAlaskatoCalifornia;blackelderberry(var. mon onthecoastalandwesternslopeofCascade S. cerulea is agenusinwhichtheremuchhybridiza- S. racemosa ), easternslopeoftheCascadeRange, Native. Deciduousshrubtosmalltree, Raf., Blueelderberry-SACE3 S. racemosa Sambucus racemosa ssp. Across NorthAmerica;red S. cerulea ssp. pubens melanocarpa pubens L. ) ismostcom- , fromBritish bymanyau- S. cerulea isthedesig- ) hasblack , has tems, valuableforstreambank orslopestabilization. not presentbeforefire.Because ofextensiverootsys- will germinateeveniftheplant iscompletelykilledor from long-livedseedbank.Seedsmaybestoredinsoil, sprouting fromrootcrowns,rhizomes,orregenerating Elder respondstodisturbanceincludingfirebyre- stabilizes soilandhelpspreventerosiononmoistsites. nated byinsects;valuableforcoverandnestinghabitat; deer browseonvar. and smallmammals;nectarforhummingbirds;elk Ecological relations: shade tolerant. short livedearlysuccessional;intoleranttoslightly of tremblingaspenorredalder; stands; mayalsopersistinlong-liveddeciduousforests mid successional;canpersistinrelativelyopenconifer Successional stage: and alongfencerows. pine elevations; ings andopenforests,cooleruplands;lowtosubal- Habitat: sword fern. maple, salmonberry, redhuckleberry, andwestern snowberry, and serviceberry;incoastalforests,vine and ponderosapineforests;tremblingaspen,redalder, silver fir, andgrandfirzones.Grandfir, Douglas-fir, Associations: Sambucus racemosa Streambanks,swampythickets,moistclear- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific S. cerulea melanocarpa

Sambucus racemosa Fruit,foodformanybirdspecies , openhillsidesandroadsides, S. cerulea and S. cerulea , earlyto , primarily S. cerulea ; polli- 105

Plants Plants tion, diuretic,expectorant,laxative, antiviral,andskin from berriesandotherplant parts;antioxidantprotec- and flowersforbeverages,wine, jelly;medicinaluses Common uses: Uses andProducts the followingseasonifnotoverharvested. will notregenerate.Leavesandbranchtipsregenerate Regeneration afterharvest: beginning toopen;fruitswhenfullyripe. Harvest season: break easily. impact toeachtreeandthesurroundingarea.Limbs gathered thatareonlywithineasyreach,minimizing Harvest techniques: bark. Part harvested: Collection well, butthosefromnurseriesareeasytoestablish. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: taken inJune. rhizome suckersandlayering;softwoodcuttingsare Vegetative reproduction: storage viability. and stratificationcanhastengermination.Long-term embryos; heattreatmentorsulfuricacidscarification germinate becauseoftheirhardseedcoatsanddormant fruit. Directseedingcanbeerratic.Seedsaredifficultto Seed: July, fruitripensfromJunethroughSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology 106 Dispersedbybirdsandotheranimalsthateat Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Fruitsforfoodsandflavoring, fruits Flowers,berries,leaves,andinner Flowerclustersaregatheredwhen Flowerclustersandberriesare Wild shrubs donottransplant BloomsfromMaythrough Regeneratesfromsprouts, Ifinnerbarkisharvested, (1997), Willard (1992),Young andYoung (1992) Tilford (1998),USDAForestService(1963), Whitney MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Russell ung andFoster(1996),Moerman(1998b),Pojar quist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kilham(2000),Le- (1997), Crane(1989b,1989c),HitchcockandCron- British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References limited commercialharvest. by Americantribes,andAlaskaNativeshaverequested cyanide-producing glycosides.Elderistraditionallyused bark, leaves,androotsaretoxicbecauseofpresence removed, asrawberriesmaycausenausea;stems, presence. Berriesshouldalwaysbecookedandseeds Gather conservatively, beawareof possibleanimal Comments andAreasofConcern nursery, andrestorationindustries. and herbalproducts.Domesticmarketsforliveplants, International anddomesticmarketsforfinishedfood Types ofmarkets: and orchards. fumes; nurserycropforlandscaperestoration,wildlife, parts, tea,nutraceutical,capsules,andtablets;per- beverages, flavorings,andcoloring;wholeplantor Common products: used assteambathswitches. possibly ketchup)fromtheberry. Brancheshavebeen medicine. Ninilchikpeoplemakejellyandwine(and cathartic, gastrointestinalaid,emetic,andwitchcraft Indigenous uses: ing, andwindbreaks. insecticides; wholeplantusedforrestoration,landscap- care; bark,fruit,andstemsfordyes;driedleaves Importantfoodsource;analgesic, Food,herbal,andlandscaping. Fruits,jams,yogurts,desserts, including beesandflies. Ecological relations: sional. Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: and plains,open,drysoil. acidic orcalcareoussoilsnearwater; meadows andswampywoods; bottomlands, streams; facultative wetlandspecies;wetmeadows,marshes, Habitat: mint, sedges,andrushes. region. Alder, willow, stingingnettle,bedstraw, field Associations: pure stands. Idaho. Atlowelevations, and snapdragonskullcap( elevations ( Range anddistribution: 150 cm,leaves3-10severalflowersonleafaxils. blue orpink-purplefloweronaxils; lance-shaped, blunt-toothedleaves2-5cmlong,single fruit offournutlets. into afive-lobed,two-lippedtube;stamenstwoorfour; ric, withfivefusedsepalsandpetalsusually cence; solitaryflowersinleafaxis,bilaterallysymmet- opposite, basal,andcauline;bractedracemeinflores- from rhizomesortubers;stemserect,square;leaves Description: Ecology SCUTE Lamiaceae Skullcap Scutellaria S. nana S. galericulata S. lateriflora

Scutellaria galericulata Gray, Dwarfskullcap-SCNA S. galericulata Native. About300species;perennialherb; Mixed-coniferhardwoodsthroughout L.,Blueskullcap-SCLA2 L. spp. L., Marshskullcap-SCGA Varies fromearlytolatesucces- Scutellaria galericulata Nectarsourceforpollinators S. lateriflora S.lateriflora Circumboreal; lowtomid S. antirrhinoides and S.lateriflora S. galericulata and , alluvialthickets, S. lateriflora S. nana S.lateriflora maygrowin ) Oregonto foothills ); 20-90cm, , moist S. nana 20- are Flowering andfruiting: Biology mer inaframe. Vegetative reproduction: planted inearlysummer. handle, seedlingsareputintoindividualpotsandthen a coldframeinMarchandApril.Whenlargeenoughto only smallamountsofseed,bettertogerminateseedin Seedling production: Seed: September. warty nutlets,latesummertofall,Julythrough to manyflowersinelongateclusters.Fruitsyellowish, S. galericulata Fournutletseachcontainasingleseed. bloomsJulytoSeptember. Several Sow outsideinlatespring.If

Scutellaria lateriflora Basalcuttingsinearlysum- Scutellaria laterifolia and 107

Plants Plants nal, herbal,seed,horticulture,andlandscape. Types ofmarkets: plant. Common products: strual cramps,andcolds. Indigenous uses: antispasmodic, astringent;gardenornamental. toms, antifungal,anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, ness; asanervesedative,fordrugwithdrawalsymp- Common uses: Uses andProducts sexually. flowers andseedsremovesabilitytoregenerate plant toofrequentlyasharvestofcrownsremoves son. Careistakennottoharvestaerialpartsofone aerial stemisleft,plantwillregrowthefollowingsea- Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: clipped withclippers. be takennottopulloutwholeplant.Top shouldbe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection not recommended. Transplant viability: available for Cultivation: 108 S. lateriflora Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Substitutedforvaleriansleepless- Floweringaerialportionofplant. Lateinfloweringperiod. Heartmedicine,totreatrabies,men- Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Herbaltea,tincture,andlandscape Sensitivetotransplantfromwild; Grows inmoistsoilsocareshould . Ifrootcrownandsome and Schumann(1993),Tilford (1998),Willard (1992) Future (1997),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Thomas West (1998),Moore(1993),OdyPlantsfora man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Cooke (1997),Gardenbed(2000),Hanes(1998),Hick- References caution. in herbalmedicine,maypromotemiscarriage;usewith gered inaportionofitsrange.Thisspeciesrarelyused galericulata to disturbance.Thedistributionof Some speciesgrowonmoisthabitatshighlysusceptible Comments andAreasofConcern inCaliforniaislimitedandspeciesendan- Scutellaria Continued