DOCSLIB.ORG

Territoriality, Conflict & Development :: Ethnic Frontiers of South-Eastern Sudan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Territoriality, Conflict & Development :: Ethnic Frontiers of South-Eastern Sudan 1 Territoriality, conflict & development in Sudan’s south­eastern frontiers. I.Eulenberger 2011 Territoriality, Conflict & Development: Ethnic frontiers of South­eastern Sudan Paper for the ABORNE Conference “Sudan’s borders” 2010 by Immo Eulenberger Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Department I ­ Integration and Conflict PO Box 11 03 51, 06017 Halle/Saale {{{ Draft paper, not for public use }}} Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 2 The Area .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Population ....................................................................................................................................... 5 The Toposa .................................................................................................................................. 7 The Nyangatom ........................................................................................................................... 9 Mobility, Territoriality and Conflict................................................................................................... 10 Territoriality and resources ............................................................................................... 10 Movement of spatial boundaries ...................................................................................... 12 Flows of resources, people and relations.......................................................................... 14 The Nàdapal border crisis of 2009 .................................................................................................... 16 Peace & conflict in the Mogila corridor 03‐08.2009: a Toposa account ........................... 25 Historical changes.............................................................................................................................. 26 Cattle rustling, boundaries, and nation states .............................................................................. 28 The 2nd Sudanese Civil War and the Toposa‐Nyangatom alliance............................................... 29 Development and the shift of boundaries .................................................................................... 33 Conc. draft map of ethnic spatiality in the SES border zone............................................................. 35 2 Territoriality, conflict & development in Sudan’s south­eastern frontiers. I.Eulenberger 2011 Foreword Regarding the material for reflections on the problem of boundaries, the South‐eastern Sudan (hereafter: SES) is a very interesting area. This is so because it has unique difficulties with an international boundary that was not agreed upon by the key stakeholders for the last century1 and because this situation is deeply entangled with conflicts over boundaries of a very different kind, boundaries that belong to a type of social organisation that precedes the state by millennia2 and that leads up to today a parallel existence which partly rivals the modern formal order in its grip on the patterns of perception, reasoning and action of the populations organised in that manner. By reflecting the situation of South‐Eastern Sudan, some of the key questions concerning legal boundaries come up and urge attention. What are the criteria for establishing boundaries we should accept and prefer? What should boundaries be for? What should they bring about and what not? These questions do partly arise here because of the protracted inconclusiveness of the process. If we would ask people of different affiliation, including different scholars, the answer as to where the ‘real’ or ‘legitimate’ boundary is – or should be – would be remarkably disparate. Educated (South) Sudanese of knowledge on that matter will often insist that the line which cedes the maximum of territory to Sudan is the only valid and legitimate one; with Kenyans one is likely to make the inverse experience. And the pastoralists living in the area would give answers that again differ significantly. They often take the discourse on the ‘legal borders’ into account, according to their particular understanding and interests. Yet it is obvious that while they very self‐confidently create spatial realities by way of their daily actions and long‐term strategies, they use the discourses on state borders they pick up as mere instruments for their own purposes. They are far from obedient to alien pretensions claiming exclusive powers over their most vital affairs, claims made in spite of the fact that the ideas of those aliens are hardly sufficiently integrated with their own local and tribal3 world. In some of these aspects, SES resembles the case of Abyei4. We find a similar entanglement of a tribal and pastoralist sphere, a similar situation of protracted uncertainty about the “correct” and “legitimate” political categorisation* of the affected territories and similar weight of the divergence between the concepts the inhabitants of the area traditionally have of territoriality, focussing rather on flexible and not necessarily exclusive rights to passage and resource use as subject of temporary agreements and eternal re‐contestation and re‐negotiation, to those of the modern sphere that 1 Regarding the case of the Elemi Triangle see Barber 1968, 1965; Taha 1978, 1976, 1975, 1972-3; Collins 2006, 2005:367-374, 1983:85-112, 1962; Brownlie & Burns 1979:917-921*; McEwen 1971:129ff.; Blake 1997; Mburu 2009, 2007, 2003; as a fatal irony of history, it came into existence because the British (Kelly-Tufnell) expedition of 1913, sent out to establish the tribal (and by implication administrative) ‘border line’ was not apparently not well enough equipped to complete its mission and cover the distance between the northern end of Mogila, the northern tip of Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana) and Sudan-Ethiopian border east of the Kauto Plateau; or because they set their preference to explore the Boma Plateaux as a ‘more interesting’ – and certainly more inviting – area. 2 This presupposes certain assumptions on the history of social organisations that cannot be discussed here.* 3 The use of the term tribe could as well be a case for serious discussions I cannot provide here. I am aware of its problems, yet I use it because of its usefulness (in the sense of a Wittgenstein ‘language game’, see idem, Philosophical investigations, § 19-26*) in our contexts as referring to a system of social organisation based on inherited ‘traditional’ principles of autonomous communal integration that differ significantly from ‘modern’ and ‘formal’ ones, among others. Although it is necessary to explain these principles in more detail, I assume sufficient compatibility of what I am trying to express with the common notions the term uses to evoke. Almost all English speaking actors in the research area (as well as Arabic speakers in Sudan with the corresponding term gabíla) use it, often just as a synonym for ‘ethnic group’, yet I my main intention here is to distinguish local societies which are organizing behaviour and crucial daily affairs along traditional tribal structures from other ethnic communities, like e.g. most of Kenya’s sedentary population, who ceased* doing so. 4 See Johnson 2009, 2008 3 Territoriality, conflict & development in Sudan’s south­eastern frontiers. I.Eulenberger 2011 requires clear‐cut divisions absolute and markedly exclusive forms of belonging to be compatible with the assumed absolutism of the written word.5 This apparent incommensurability in principle is another reason to ask the mentioned questions where the two cases partly meet. Yet while Abyei has gained spectacular importance and prominence from its explosive role for the relations of the North and South Sudan, the most intricate part of the SES case, the question of the Elemi Triangle, remains under the carpet of the amicable relations between Kenya and the SPLA, relations not only based on a tried and trusted alliance, but massive mutual interests in economic and political cooperation. Further difference is to note, apart from the very different political and legal constellations, the weight of the rich oil reserves of Abyei and its symbolic importance for the leading factions of the conflicting parties – in contrast to the so far unsubstantiated guesswork about oil in the Triangle and the relative political marginality of the involved ethnic communities. And while the frontlines seem to be quite simple in Abyei, they are rather complicated for Elemi. All these factors sum up to vast differences of the character of the two cases and the way they are handled by the involved parties. Yet under the given limitations, this paper cannot but spell out to open a glance at the complexities of the situation of SES, especially regarding boundary issues between different types of political communities6, while leaving other aspects to more extend versions. Above: active rural Toposa youth on casual display, Kapoeta East County (Nabeyoìt), 2009 (All photos in this document are my own and with all rights reserved. Interviews are not specified, yet will be in later stages of my ongoing work. This paper is not to be considered a publication and is submitted to the members under condition of provisional confidentiality and respect of intellectual property rights. The author.) 5 See Scott 1998 6 I basically concur with Dyson-Hudson (1966) and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Sudan Corridor Diagnostic Study and Action Plan
    South Sudan Corridor Diagnostic Study and Action Plan Final Report September 2012 This publication was produced by Nathan Associates Inc. for review by the United States Agency for International Development under the USAID Worldwide Trade Capacity Building (TCBoost) Project. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. South Sudan Corridor Diagnostic Study and Action Plan Final Report SUBMITTED UNDER Contract No. EEM-I-00-07-00009-00, Order No. 2 SUBMITTED TO Mark Sorensen USAID/South Sudan Cory O’Hara USAID EGAT/EG Office SUBMITTED BY Nathan Associates Inc 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1200 Arlington, Virginia 22201 703.516.7700 [email protected] [email protected] DISCLAIMER This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Contents Acronyms v Executive Summary vii 1. Introduction 1 Study Scope 1 Report Organization 3 2. Corridor Infrastructure 5 South Sudan Corridor Existing Infrastructure and Condition 5 3. Corridor Performance 19 Performance Data: Nodes and Links 19 Overview of South Sudan Corridor Performance 25 South Sudan Corridor Cost and Time Composition 26 Interpretation of Results for South Sudan Corridor 29 4. Legal and Regulatory Framework 33 Overview of Legal System 33 National Transport Policy 36 Transport Legal and Regulatory Framework Analysis 40 Customs and Taxation: Legal and Regulatory Framework Analysis 53 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Information Document (Pid) Concept Stage
    PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: PIDC446 Public Disclosure Authorized Project Name South Sudan- Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Program (Phase One) (P131426) Region AFRICA Public Disclosure Copy Country Africa Sector(s) Rural and Inter-Urban Roads and Highways (60%), Public administration- Transportation (20%), General industry and trade sector (20%) Theme(s) Trade facilitation and market access (70%), Regional integration (30%) Lending Instrument Investment Project Financing Project ID P131426 Borrower(s) Ministry of Finance, Commerce and Economic Planning, Ministry of Public Disclosure Authorized Finance Implementing Agency Ministry of Transport, Roads and Bridges, Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Environmental B-Partial Assessment Category Date PID Prepared/ 29-Aug-2013 Updated Date PID Approved/ 03-Sep-2013 Disclosed Estimated Date of 30-Sep-2013 Appraisal Completion Public Disclosure Authorized Estimated Date of 30-Jan-2014 Board Approval Concept Review Track II - The review did authorize the preparation to continue Public Disclosure Copy Decision I. Introduction and Context Country Context Deepening regional integration – economic opportunity for South Sudan & neighbors 1. The countries in the Eastern Africa sub-region, including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South Sudan recorded an average annual economic growth rate of about 5 percent over the last decade. The sub- Public Disclosure Authorized
    [Show full text]
  • Sustaining Relative Peace
    Sustaining Relative Peace PAX and the cross-border peace network’s support for human security among pastoralist communities in the borderlands of Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda www.paxforpeace.nl Colophon By Lotje de Vries and Laura Wunder PAX: Eva Gerritse and Sara Ketelaar July 2017 ISBN: 978-94-92487-16-2 NUR 689 PAX serial number: PAX/2017/08 Photo cover: Inter-community peace dialogue in Kotido, Uganda. Photo credit: Eva Gerritse About PAX PAX works with committed citizens and partners to protect civilians against acts of war, to end armed violence, and to build just peace. PAX operates independently of political interests. www.paxforpeace.nl / P.O. Box 19318 / 3501 DH Utrecht, The Netherlands / [email protected] cross-border peace network. In this report we do not deal with the two programmes separately, but we do want to acknowledge here the important work that our partner the Justice and Peace Preface coordinator of the Diocese of Torit has been doing in the training of Boma councils in Budi, Ikwoto and Torit counties in former Eastern Equatoria State. Secondly, the description in the report of the current conflict dynamics is based on the situation as it was up until June 2016. Sadly, in July 2016, two weeks after the meeting in Naivasha and Kapoeta, violence broke out again in Juba, South Sudan, quickly spreading to the rest of the country and this time also greatly affecting the southern part of the country, the Equatorias. The war in the country and consequent violence, which is still ongoing, had major repercussions for the communities, especially in the western counties of former Eastern Equatoria State.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Resettlement Action Plan Report
    Public Disclosure Authorized Upgrading of the NADAPAL-JUBA ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized from Gravel to Paved (Bitumen) Standards FINAL RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Issued on: November 6th, 2013 EMPLOYER: Ministry of Transport, Roads and Bridges, Government of Republic of South Sudan CONSULTANT: Public Disclosure Authorized SMEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LIMITED, AUSTRALIA REVISED BY: Ing. MRS. RITA OHENE SARFOH i | P a g e Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ vi Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Statements of Objectives........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Brief Description
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Private Business Growth in African Fragile States
    Center for Development Global Supporting Private Business Growth in African States Fragile Leo, Ramachandran, and Thuotte and Ramachandran, Leo, Supporting Private Business Growth in African Fragile States A Guiding Framework for the World Bank Group in South Sudan and Other Nations CGD Benjamin Leo, Vijaya Ramachandran, and Ross Thuotte ISBN 978-1-933286-68-6 For an electronic version of this report, visit www.cgdev.org. Center for Development Global Supporting Private Business Growth in African Fragile States A Guiding Framework for the World Bank Group in South Sudan and Other Nations Benjamin Leo, Vijaya Ramachandran, and Ross Thuotte Copyright © 2012 by the Center for Global Development ISBN 978-1-933286-68-6 Cover photo: United Nations Environment Programme. Editing, design, and production by Communications Development Incorporated, Washington, D.C., and Peter Grundy Art & Design, London. The Center for Global Development is grateful for contributions from the Royal Danish Embassy in support of this work. About the authors The authors would like thank the Government of Denmark for Benjamin Leo is a former Research Fellow at the Center for generous financial support. We are also grateful to James Emery Global Development and is currently Global Policy Director at for his detailed reading of several drafts and his comments on our the ONE Campaign. Vijaya Ramachandran is a Senior Fellow at interpretation of the IFC data. In addition, Alan Gelb, Alvaro the Center for Global Development. Ross Thuotte is a Research Gonzalez, Charles Kenny, Todd Moss, and Gaiv Tata provided Assistant at the Center for Global Development. extensive comments on various drafts of this report, and we would like to thank them for their efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Equatoria State
    ! Eas! tern Equatoria State Map ! ! ! ! ! ! 32°E 33°E ! 34°E 35°E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Anyidi Pe!ngko ! Marongodoa Towoth Mewun !! R. !" Upper Boma Bor Kangen ! ! ! Brong Kwal Tiu Macdit ! ! Gurgo Karita Gurbi Tukls! Pajok ! ! ! Nongwoli ! Boma Balwan !! Aluk Gw! alla! ! Katanich Titong Munini Cuei Machar Awan ! R. K ! ! ang Wowa Sudan ! Aliab ! en ! Logoda ! Malek ! ! Bor South ! Rigl Chilimun N N ° Jonglei Pibor ° ! Katchikan Kichepo Pariak! ! ! ! ! 6 ! !Pariak 6 ! Lowelli a Lochiret River Bellel l l ! Aw! erial i t Kenamuke Swamp ! ! ! Panabang o L r Ngechele . ! Neria a Kanopir ! Natibok Kabalatigo R ! ! ! w South Ethiopia ! Moru Kimod G Rongada Central ! . R African Sudan R Tombi ! . N R. Republic Gwojo-Adung a Ch ! r Kassangor alb ! Tiarki o ! o !Bori ng ! ! ! Moru Kerri Kuron Gigging ! ! ! Mun! i " ! Karn Ethi Kerkeng ! ! ! ! Nakadocwa i Gemmaiza r i Democratic t Kobowen Swamp Moru Ethi Borichadi Bokuna ! i ! ! Wani Mika ! Poko Kassengo Selemani ! Pagar S ! Nabwel ! Republic of Congo ! Chabong ! Uganda ! Tukara . ! R Kenyi ! River Nakua Kenya ! Moru Angbin Mukajo Terekeka ! ! ! ! Bulu Koli Gali ) Awakot Lotimor ! t ! ! ! i ! ! Akitukomoi ! Tumu River G! era e Nanyangachor l Napalap ! l Kalaruz ! Namoropus i ! t ! Logono Kangitabok Lomokori o Eyata Moru Kolinyagkopil ! Terekeka ! ! ! ! Wit " L Natilup Swamp ETHIOPIA ! ( Magara Umm Gura Mwanyakapin ! ! ! R n Abuilingakine Lomareng Plateau . ! ! R N ! W a R ak Juban y . u Rambo l Lokodopotok . ! h ! ! ! a ! L a N Katirima Nai A (S i Lomuleye ! ! t o a k ! c e Badigeru Swamp River Lokuja a Losagam Musha Lukwatuk Pass Doinyoro East h ! ! ! p ! ! ! o i) Buboli r N ! o L o River Lokorowa Pongo Watha Peth Hills ! t .
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Kenya
    Public Disclosure Authorized REPUBLIC OF KENYA SOUTH-SUDAN-EASTERN REGIONAL TRANSPORT, TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION PROGRAM Public Disclosure Authorized (SS-EARTTDFP), KENYA COMPONENT P131426 IMPLEMENTING AGENCY Public Disclosure Authorized RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK November 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 5 1. BASIC INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................... 6 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND POTENTIAL INVESTMENTS CAUSING RESETTLEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 9 PROJECT CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................... 9 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................13 RESETTLEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF SS-EARTTDFP ..................................................................................14 3. METHODOLOGY & AN OVERVIEW OF IMPACTS ..................................................................16 DETAILED AND IN-DEPTH LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorists, Geopolitics and Kenya's Proposed Border Wall with Somalia
    Terrorists, Geopolitics and Kenya’s Proposed Border Wall with Somalia by Brendon John Cannon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Abstract Addressing border security appears to be a plausible approach for states that suffer from terrorism. Kenya’s border wall is to keep terrorists out of Kenya. Utilizing a comparative approach, this paper explores the efficacy of border walls, particularly Kenya’s wall with Somalia. Findings show that walls rarely accomplish stated goals and have unintended consequences. In Kenya’s case, it may reignite border disputes and separate communities. The success of Kenya’s border wall is low given the high levels of corruption and the fact that walls have been demonstrated to only be as good as the people who guard them. Keywords: terrorism; border wall; Kenya; Somalia; Al-Shabaab; international relations; boundary disputes; corruption; international terrorism Part I: Introduction einous acts call for desperate countermeasures. The killing in cold blood on April 2, 2015 of 147 students at Garissa University in Kenya, by a handful of terrorists affiliated with the al-Shabaab Hterrorist group, has led Kenyan authorities to resort to building a wall along its border with Somalia in an effort to stem future attacks. The decision to construct a security wall occurred against a backdrop of the public rage and anguish felt in Kenya following the attack and compounded by repeated al-Shabaab attacks in the country since 2008. Kenyan authorities’ fixation with ostensibly penning in al-Shabaab terrorists and keeping them out of Kenya dominated discourse about the suitability of a border wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Making a Life and a Living in the Sudan-Kenyan Border Area: the Rise of a Thriving Cross-Border Trade Network
    16 Making a life and a living in the Sudan-Kenyan border area: the rise of a thriving cross-border trade network. Anne Walraet Abstract: This paper documents the making of a life and a living in situations of protracted conflict, displacement and mobility, while simultaneously shedding light on state making and the exercise of power from a borderland perspective. It more in particular zooms in on the Sudan-Kenyan border area where throughout the war until today IDPs, refugees, migrants and military meet. The paper in particular explores the nature, role and effectiveness of the social networks of these non-indigenous residents in building a livelihood within urban perimeters and investigates the reasons behind the differential success of one particular cross-border business network. The paper draws on information and insights accumulated during down-to-earth and multi-sited fieldwork between 2006 and 2011. Please do not distribute or quote … this is just an unfinished first draft. Introduction This paper follows a renewed attention for borders and border zones as key sites of displacement, struggle and transformation.1 It more in particular zooms in on the Sudan-Kenyan borderland that for many years has been at once a frontline in the war between the GoS and the SPLA and a location providing islands of security: safe havens for military and refugee camps for civilians. It sheds light on displacement economies in general and from a actor specific perspective, while equally directing attention to emerging patterns of power and accumulation. Its specific entry point is that of the livelihoods of the new residents of Kapoeta and Narus, two towns in Eastern Equatoria state nearby the Kenyan border.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter to Kenyan Authorities
    350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: +1-212-290-4700 Fax: +1-212-736-1300; 917-591-3452 August 31, 2020 Africa Division Mausi Segun, Executive Director To: Ida Sawyer, Deputy Director Carine Kaneza Nantulya, Advocacy Director Ministry of Interior & Coordination of National Government Corinne Dufka, Director, West Africa Jehanne Henry, Director, East Africa Harambee House, Harambee Avenue Dewa Mavhinga, Director, Southern Africa Lewis Mudge, Director, Central Africa P.O Box 30510,00100 Laetitia Bader, Director, Horn Nairobi Najma Abdi, Associate Clémentine de Montjoye, Researcher Anietie Ewang, Researcher Morgan Hollie, Senior Associate Office of the Inspector General Thomas Fessy, Senior Researcher Taifa Road, Jogoo House "A" 4th Floor Ilaria Allegrozzi, Senior Researcher Zenaida Machado, Researcher P.O Box 44249-00100 Otsieno Namwaya, Senior Researcher Oryem Nyeko, Researcher Nairobi, Kenya Nyagoah Pur, Researcher Jean-Sébastien Sépulchre, Program Officer Savannah Tryens-Fernandes, Senior Associate Jim Wormington, Senior Researcher Transmitted via Email: ; Africa Advisory Committee Joel Motley, Co-chair Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, Co-chair Akwasi Aidoo Your Excellencies, Lishan Aklog Farida Banda Didier Claes John Githongo Re: Role of Kenyan authorities in harassment and disappearance of Susan Kane Samuel Murumba South Sudanese government critics Muna Ndulo Amy Rao Robin Renee Sanders Julie-Anne Uggla I am writing on behalf of Human Rights Watch to share our findings Joanna Weschler from research on the role of the National Security Service in South Human Rights Watch Sudan and in neighboring countries including Kenya. Kenneth Roth, Executive Director Deputy Executive Directors As you may know, Human Rights Watch is an independent Michele Alexander, Development and Global Initiatives organization that monitors human rights in more than 90 countries Emma Daly, Media (Acting) Barbara Pirto, Operations (Acting) around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemological Challenges of Security–Driven Diplomacy In
    International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue V, May 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 Epistemological Challenges of Security–Driven Diplomacy in Executing Counterintelligence Operations along Nadapal Belt, Kenya–South Sudan Border Ochieng Mark Oduor1, Professor Pontian Godfrey Okoth2 1,2Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX, 190-50100 Kakamega, Kenya Abstract:-The nomenclature surrounding the study of security- thus striking at the core of international setting for CIOs. driven diplomacy in executing counterintelligence operations Besides, another problematic area in the major debates in ‘clandestine’ operations, is loaded with varied understanding, International Relations has focused on the formation of thus, the very nature of covert counterintelligence exhibit an policies and role of an array of actors in eliciting and inherent epistemological challenge. Epistemology of security- determining policies that emanate from obstructionist driven diplomacy is an area that has not been explored sufficiently and reliably and consequently, how it influences the governments, group criminality and armed conflict (Combs, execution of counterintelligence operations along Nadapal belt. 2017). The objective of this study was to analyze the epistemological Consequently, fragmentary articles have been put to the fore challenges of counterintelligence operations emanating from in attempting to explain the role of epistemic communities security-driven diplomacy along the belt. The study established that there were epistemological challenges of security driven with epistemological challenges associated with SDD on CIOs diplomacy in executing counterintelligence operations. These escaping much literature. Despite significant scholarly challenges include: understanding epistemic communities, interests on natural science and environmental policies, little integration of epistemic communities, inadequate personnel, and attention has been given in counterintelligence operations.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE Report No.: PIDA17103 Public Disclosure Authorized Project Name EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project (Second Phase of Program) (P148853) Region AFRICA Public Disclosure Copy Country Africa Sector(s) Rural and Inter-Urban Roads and Highways (55%), Public administration- Transportation (20%), General information and communications sector (15%), General industry and trade sector (10%) Theme(s) Trade facilitation and market access (50%), Regional integration (30%), Infrastructure services for private sector development (20%) Public Disclosure Authorized Lending Instrument Investment Project Financing Project ID P148853 Borrower(s) THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA Implementing Agency Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Environmental Category A-Full Assessment Date PID Prepared/Updated 21-Apr-2015 Date PID Approved/Disclosed 21-Apr-2015 Estimated Date of Appraisal 31-Mar-2015 Completion 11-Jun-2015 Public Disclosure Authorized Estimated Date of Board Approval Appraisal Review Decision The Regional Operation Committee (ROC) Decision Meeting held (from Decision Note) on February 20, 2015, subject to integrating the feedback from the ROC meeting into the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) Public Disclosure Copy authorized appraisal. Appraisal was concluded on March 31, 2015. I. Project Context Country Context Regional and National Context Deepening regional connectivity and integration Public Disclosure Authorized The countries in the Eastern Africa sub-region, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan, potentially form a large regional market of over 200 million people. Transport links among these countries – except those connected by the northern corridor – are relatively poor and the performance of the ports of Mombasa and Page 1 of 9 Dar-es-Salaam are less than satisfactory.
    [Show full text]