Jurnal Pertahanan E-ISSN: 2549-9459 Media Informasi Tentang Kajian Dan Strategi Pertahanan Yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity Vol

I Wayan, et.al / The Impact of Radicalism toward National Defense / 1-15

P-ISSN : 2087-9415 Jurnal Pertahanan E-ISSN: 2549-9459 Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity Vol. 3 | No. 1

The Impact of Radicalism toward National Defense

I Wayan Midhio * Ahwan Ismadi ** Ate Ajat Waluyo *** *Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia **Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia ***Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia

Article Info Abstract Keyword: This study aims to analyze radicalism impact Radicalism toward national defense. The method used is De-Radicalization descriptive qualitative, data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, documentation, National Defense and literature. Processing of research data according to Miles and Huberman. The results showed that implementation of the Territorial Development by District Military Command 0621 Bogor Regency through territorial management of Planning and Control Systems Development of Territories & Management of Territorial Development were able to map the potential and vulnerability of the area ie geography areas, demographic and social conditions so that development of radicalism could be prevented. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Corresponding Author: dampak radikalisme terhadap pertahanan negara. [email protected] Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Pengolahan data hasil penelitian mengikuti proses Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan Pembinaan Teritorial Komando Distrik Militer 0621 Kabupaten Bogor melalui manajemen teritorial dalam bentuk Sistem Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Pembinaan Teritorial dan Jurnal Pertahanan Ketatalaksanaan Pembinaan Teritorial mampu Volume 3 Nomor 1 memetakan potensi-potensi dan kerawanan January – April 2017 ISSN 2087-9415 wilayah yaitu bidang geografi, demografi dan hh. 1-15 kondisi sosial sehingga perkembangan ©2017 JP. All rights reserved. radikalisme dapat dicegah.

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Introduction such as formulating policies to

In common understanding, implementation de-radicalization. radicalism could mean any unlawful National Anti-Terrorism Board also act or norms and social values which have cooperation with the police aim to indicate the aspirations of using a "soft" to prevent the spread of people group by violence method, radical group's ideology (Aslam et.al, threats, vandalism of public facilities 2016), on ‘soft’ or ‘smart’ non- or eliminate human lives for certain coercive policies to ‘win hearts and political purposes and against the minds’ of groups, individuals and Constitution. In line with the opinion communities most vulnerable (El- of Kruglanski et.al (2014), involved Said, 2015). activities that violate important social Basically, against radicalism norms (for example, the killing of is not only responsibility of the civilians), a notion which causing National Anti-Terrorism Board. vulnerability to terrorism (Lynch, However, part of responsibilities of 2014). all elements in the Unitary State of the

After the Bali bombings Republic of Indonesia to maintain the incident in October 2002 that killed national defense of radicalism threat. 202 people and a member of Jemaah According to Spalek (2012), the Islamiyah (JI) exposing the terrorist approach to face radicalization is the acts. The Indonesian government had development of a community-based issued policies to minimize terrorism approach, the which means that the parties involved can comprise of impact. Various policies have been taken related to civil defense, internal actors and traditional institutions such security, border security, improving as government officials, police, security service personnel public acknowledgment of the terrorist threat. To prevent the spread (professional and non-professional). of radical ideology, the Indonesian In addition, all the people who have government established National the initiative to confront the Anti-Terrorism Board as an widespread radicalization, such as institution that an important role in teachers and other educators, youth counter-terrorism and did a few tasks workers, social workers, religious

I Wayan, et.al / The Impact of Radicalism toward National Defense / 1-15 leaders, and community members Indonesian National Armed Forces (Spalek, 2012), families (Spalek, dedication, social communication, 2016), and resistance development territory

As national defense tools, to civil-military pointedness. One of one of the Indonesian National Armed the Military District Command that Forces roles to keep the integrity of became the research object is the the Unitary State of the Republic of District Military Command 0621. Indonesia from threats and disruption, This research discussed (1) the Indonesian National Armed Territorial Development Forces is obliged to prevent and Implementation of District Military addressing radicalism. This is in Command 0621, (2) Implementation accordance with Act No. 34 of 2004 Barriers of Planning Systems and on Indonesian National Armed Forces Control Development Territories, (3) Article 7 (1), that the principal task of Application of Territorial the Indonesian National Armed Development to Addressing Forces is to uphold state sovereignty, Radicalism. Territories Development defend the territorial integrity of the for the Indonesian National Armed Unitary State of the Republic of Forces was effort, work, and action, Indonesia based on Pancasila and the either independently and collectively 1945 Constitution. with relevant authorities and other

Research focuses on the role national components to helped of of the Indonesian National Armed government in preparing defense forces of the land forces, includes Forces in preventing and overcome the radicalism impact that national defense territory and its sustaining defense threat through territorial power, civil-military pointedness as authority realization appropriate and development by Military District Command that act as development legislation to achieve the Indonesian commando and territorial operation National Armed Forces fundamental so that the Indonesian National duty (Territorial Development Armed Forces be able to interact Handbook, 2011) directly with communities through Radicalization and De- three application methods of radicalization

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The issue of radicalization is political system to right or left; (4) not a new phenomenon because now Ethno-nationalists for certain ethnic as the political and social agenda groups; (5) The religion issue with a (Alexandra Dan Halit, 2016). name or different campaign. Radicalization as the social and Meanwhile, many studies suggest that psychological processes that can susceptibility to radicalization can be increase the commitment of extremist classified from various factors, such political or religious ideology as psychological, behavioral, (Horgan, 2008), an incremental social political, ideological and religious, and psychological process (Braddock, socio-structural and related to 2015), a deviation from ideological socialization (Neumann, 2013), norm (Klein and Kruglanski, 2013), a psychological and socialization process of embracing extremist ideas (Sageman, 2008).

(Crone, 2016). King and Taylor (2011) Radicalism appeared from a suggests four core models for the variety of reasons, including (1) process of radicalization. Socioeconomic (poverty); (2) Radicalization is viewed as numerate Discrimination or the Alliance of a and multifarious integrative factors. class or group; (3) The wing of As seen in the table below:

Table 1. The four major models of radicalisation Author Type of model Stage or factors Borum (2004) Linear • Social and economic deprivation • Inequality and resentment • Blame and attribution • Stereotyping and demonizing the enemy Wiktorowicz (2005) Multifarious with • Cognitive opening linear stages embedded • Religious seeking • Flame alignment • Socialization Moghaddam (2005) Linear • Psychological interpretation of material conditions • Perceived options to fight unfair treatment • Displacement of aggression • Moral engagement • Solidification of categorical thinking • The terrorist act

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Author Type of model Stage or factors Sageman (2008) Nonlinear, multifarious • Sense of moral outrage • Frame used to interpret the world • Resonance with personal experience • Mobilization through networks Source: King and Taylor (2011)

Discussions on de- ex-prisoners, people who have been radicalization are often associated involved radical militants, with radicalization. In fact, both have sympathizers, families, communities, differences. The radicalization and stakeholders (Hikam, 2016), reflects (1) A high level of former militants who are now law- commitment to ideological goals and abiding (El-Said, 2015) violence to its attainment, (2) Reduce Method commitment to goals and values of This study used the the alternative. De-radicalization descriptive qualitative method to represents (1) Focus on recovery (2) understand the phenomenon of what Commitment reduction to focus on is experienced by subjects of study ideology, violence, and terrorism such as behavior, perception, (Kruglanski et.al, 2014) motivation, action, and others a De-radicalization has been holistic manner, and by means of a conceived as an important instrument description in word form and for combating radicalization by language, a specific context naturally policy-makers (Elshimi 2015). Many and using various scientific methods countries have created programs de- (Moleong, 2011). radicalization, such as Middle East Data were obtained from (ME) and Southeast Asia (SEA), and agencies and institutions are relevant Europe (the late 1990s), however, the to this research. Research informants post-2009/2011, the program aims to consisted of National Anti-Terrorism separate individuals and groups from Board, Commander Central of terrorism (Bjorgo and Horgan 2009; Territorial Army, Territorial Assistant Ashour 2009). In addition, the de- Chief of Army Staff, Government of radicalization program also could Bogor Regency, Regional House of involve all parties, such as prisoners,

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Representatives Bogor Regency, Territorial Development of Commander Resort of Military 062, District Military Command 0621 is Commander of Military District 0621, implemented in accordance with the Head of Police Resort Bogor, Council cycle of Planning Systems and of Religious Scholars Bogor, Control Development Territories, Executive Board of Nahdlatul Ulama three application methods of and Dormitory of Al-Zikra. Indonesian National Armed Forces

Data collection techniques dedication, social communication, through observation, interviews, and resistance development territory documentation, and literature study. to realize space, tools and strong Processing of research data according struggle condition and civil-military to Miles and Huberman, ie: Data pointedness. Collection, Data Display Process, Territorial Development has Data Reduction Process, and become sustainable development Conclusion Verification Process system that can provide an overview (Ahmadi, 2014). of territory situated in the form of

Testing data validity, potential territory and negative things researchers used reliability test to to be studied and analyzed into qualitative research data in a way: territory power. Petrus Golose (El- observation extension, improve Said, 2015) concluded that to diligence, triangulation, and reference eradicate terrorism and radicalism, materials (Sugiyono, 2012). the de-radicalization program is the best step because these programs will Result and Discussion touch on issues to their deepest roots. Territorial Development Planning Systems and Control Implementation of District Military Development Territories could be Command 0621 seen in the table below:

Table 2. Result of Territorial Development Implementation of District Military Command 0621 No Activity Result 1 Planning of Control System • Territorial Instruction Guidelines • Potential territory analysis • Potential Analysis of Defense

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No Activity Result • Territorial Development Plan 2 Implementation of Indonesian National • Operations activities of dedication (Indonesian Armed Forces dedication National Armed Forces pointedness to village build and counterbalance village) • Attainment of dedication (Help Clean Water and Greening) 3 Social Communication • Coordination • Culture pointedness • Recitation • Creative Social Communication • Socialization of ISIS Dangers to Headmaster 4 Resistance Development Territory • Homeland love activities (Preserving Environment, National Preparedness, Development Volunteer of Batu Seribu) • Awareness of nation and state (harmony, preservation and national culture development, loved domestic products, indonesian language usage, awareness and law compliance) • Development of Nationality Insights (Public protection, independent village, village of emergency response, reggae and off-road community, youth, integrated technology for agricultural activity and fish cultivation), Source: author’s data collection

Through Planning Systems capability, then space, equipment and and Control, Development Territories strong struggle condition of can be known for certain areas that are Indonesian National Armed Forces prone high-medium levels and command have been manifested conductive area to be made a through goal setting. According to development plan until conducive. Act No. 26, The year 2007 on Spatial Military District Command 0621 can Planning explained that the strategic control of target territory, covering areas include military agencies.

demographic and social conditions. An embodiment of tools and Implementation of territorial struggles conditions by development capabilities is Preparedness of entire of potential territory to territorial authorities to situation preparing measures and face all forms development, territorial management of threats arose. In Cibinong, capabilities, and social Babakan Madang and Citeureup, communication skills. military commander, community, With systematic and organizations, and government supported activities of territorial officials have united in the declaration

Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2017) of anti-radicalism and terrorism on territorial knowledge of new September 2016. This was confirmed members, but still not maximal by the statement of the Chairman of because of territorial development is Nahdlatul Ulama Bogor and leaders not enough stuff with the knowledge Al-Zikra dormitory that stated: “them but need territorial attitude. Good very comfortable (like family) could social communication through close to Military District Commander, information and message will be military commander, and non- received without incorrect perception. commissioned officers “. Communities that have been Bogor Regent has also exposed radical understanding it benefited to its territory development, would be difficult to broaden their in interviews said that “Territorial thinking because the truth is Development has helped in the perceived regarded as an absolute construction of these areas, especially truth without regard to other opinions. remote areas and isolated becomes Through proper communication open & have good access to connect techniques will be able to encourage with other areas”. When viewed from them to follow speaker desires. the de-radicalization concept of External barriers, such as (1) terrorism outside prison by step the intensity or quantity of activity is activities such as identification, still less than vast territory and development concept of nationalism, communities number, (2) lack of religion, and entrepreneurship, budget that is causing Territorial Territorial Development has Development Program became few. exceeded de-radicalization activities However, minimal budget from the program. Commander was already covered by Implementation Barriers of the participation of regional Planning Systems and Control government by providing funds to Development Territories finance Territorial Development

Although has been formed activities. Bogor Regent said it would Military Command model that serves increase the budget for Territorial Development to be doubled. as a training ground to improve

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Another factor is the Act No. In an interview on August 15 2003 updated by Act No. 9 The 30, 2016, Director of the National year 2013 regarding the Prevention Anti-Terrorism Board says that there and Eradication of Terrorism. This is no single cause of terrorists. Cause legislation has precluded components of terrorists is complex, that means other countries to participate actively there was a motivating factor, such as in combating terrorism because resentment, disillusionment, terrorism defined as a crime, which injustice, poverty, underdevelopment, suggests only institutions engaged in inequality, narrow fanaticism, etc. the legal field to handle terrorism. In De-radicalization concept reflected the meaning of the presence of these from the identification, re-education, laws could hinder spirit of combating rehabilitation, and resocialization, terrorism has been used as a common which refers to principles rule of law, enemy in Indonesian society. human rights, development equality, and empowerment. The approach This condition would be counterproductive to addressing used is a religious, psychological, terrorism efforts, it is well known that political, socio-cultural, economic, terrorism and radicalism are not a legal, and technology. This means group and live in a certain territory that the de-radicalization requires an but a group or organization that can interdisciplinary approach to those thrive through recruitment and could who are exposed affected of radical spread secretly or massive like ISIS in and pro-violent understanding. While Iraq and Syria. In many cases, social the conceptual understanding Ashour (2009), de-radicalization occurred at affiliation often played an important role in collective recruitment, like the level of collective in the Islamic family bonds or friendship, larger or movement as a process of relative smaller groups of two or a few friends changes. Ashour (2009) distinguish (Bakker and Bont, 2016). the level of de-radicalization into three, namely (1) Behavior: refers to Application of Territorial group abandon the use of violence. (2) Development to Addressing Ideology refers to the de- Radicalism legitimization of violence, (3)

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Organization: refers to the Command could be maintained demobilization of members. conducive situation to reduce

Territorial Development in activities and ideologies that Combating Radicalization Territorial undermine Unitary State of the by District Military Command 0621 Republic of Indonesia. Second, the includes (1) Development of role conflict among interests with Pancasila ideology, (2) Social- ethical standards of dedication. But Cultural Development, (3) the concept of de-radicalization using Development Nationalism Concept, interdisciplinary approaches requires and (4) Development of National the involvement of various skills and Defense activities. From those expertise, then de-radicalization activities, the government through the involve all components of the nation according to their expertise, including National Anti-Terrorism Board conduct cooperation and synergy with the Territorial Development of the Military District Command. the Territorial Command to implement of de-radicalization In fourth paragraphs, the measures outside the prison, opening of the 1945 Constitution has according to National Anti-Terrorism mentioned state goal explicitly. The Board to Territorial Command can government has maximized efforts to engage in de-radicalization activities social security. The Territorial to combating terrorism context Development role can serve areas of through soft power. The de- social and economic life of society radicalization activities, according to (public service), where the state Elshimi (2015) is described by the administration cannot refuse to term rehabilitation, de-programming, decision making (Recht's vacuum). and dialogue. The Indonesian National Armed

Territorial Development has Forces role are accordance with taken two important roles: First, the article 6 of Act No. 34 of 2004, stated overloaded role of the military Indonesian National Armed Forces command and District Military serves as restorer of security due to Command, in terms of military security chaos. command and Military District Conclusion

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Based on the fact analysis and personnel in the territorial command, obtained data, can be concluded as so that the Territorial Development follows: implementation be a superior

1. Territorial Development of program to improve security and de- District Military Command 0621 radicalization.

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