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Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish

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Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish Final Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish Prepared for: California Department of Transportation 1120 N Street Sacramento, CA 94274 Contact: Jim Andrews Prepared by: ICF Jones & Stokes 630 K Street, Suite 400 Sacramento, CA 95818 Contacts: Rick Oestman, Dave Buehler And: Illingworth and Rodkin, Inc 505 Petaluma Blvd. South Petaluma, CA 94952 Contacts: James Reyff, Rich Rodkin February 2009 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Background ................................................... 1-1 Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Hydroacoustics .............................................. 2-1 2.1 Fundamental Principles of Hydroacoustics................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Underwater Sound Propagation .................................................................................................... 2-9 2.3 Measurement of Underwater Sound ........................................................................................... 2-13 2.4 Examples of Underwater Pile Driving Sound Levels ................................................................. 2-15 2.5 Common Underwater Sound Reduction Measures ..................................................................... 2-17 2.5.1 Bubble Curtains ............................................................................................................. 2-18 2.5.2 Coffer Dams ................................................................................................................... 2-25 2.5.3 Vibratory Hammers ....................................................................................................... 2-25 2.5.4 Other Sound Reduction Systems ................................................................................... 2-25 2.6 References ................................................................................................................................... 2-26 Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Hydroacoustic Impacts on Fish ..................... 3-1 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Types of Fishes ............................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.3 Fish Hearing .................................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.4 Potential Effects of Pile Driving Noise on Hearing in Fish .......................................................... 3-3 3.5 Potential Effects of Pile Driving Noise on Fish Anatomy and Physiology .................................. 3-4 3.6 Life History Considerations .......................................................................................................... 3-5 3.7 Behavioral Effects ......................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.8 Environmental Factors to Consider in Analysis ........................................................................... 3-6 3.9 References ..................................................................................................................................... 3-6 Chapter 4 . Framework and Process for Environmental Analysis of Pile Driving Impacts on Fishery Resources for Project Planning, Development, and Implementation .................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Permits and Regulatory Requirements for In-Water Pile Driving Activities ............................... 4-1 4.3 Information Needed to Evaluate Impacts ...................................................................................... 4-1 4.4 Avoidance and Minimization Measures, Best Management Practices, and Performance Standards ....................................................................................................................................... 4-8 4.4.1 Avoidance and Minimization Measures .......................................................................... 4-8 4.4.1.1 Project Timing .................................................................................................... 4-8 4.4.1.2 Pile Placement .................................................................................................... 4-8 4.4.1.3 Pile Driving Equipment ...................................................................................... 4-9 4.4.1.4 Pile Type ............................................................................................................. 4-9 4.4.1.5 Pile Size .............................................................................................................. 4-9 4.4.2 Best Management Practices ............................................................................................. 4-9 4.4.2.1 Air Bubble Curtains .......................................................................................... 4-10 4.4.2.2 Cofferdams ....................................................................................................... 4-10 4.4.2.3 Isolation Casings ............................................................................................... 4-10 4.4.2.4 Cushion Blocks ................................................................................................. 4-11 4.4.3 Performance Standards .................................................................................................. 4-11 4.5 Considerations for Assessing Impacts ........................................................................................ 4-12 4.5.1 Habitat ............................................................................................................................ 4-12 Technical Guidance for Assessment and Final Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish i February 2009 4.5.2 Sound Sensitivity ........................................................................................................... 4-12 4.5.3 Behavior and Life History ............................................................................................. 4-12 4.5.4 Protected Status .............................................................................................................. 4-13 4.6 Impact Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 4-13 4.6.1 Determining the Ambient Noise Levels ........................................................................ 4-14 4.6.2 Determining the Expected Pile Driving Sound Pressure Levels .................................... 4-15 4.6.2.1 Type of Pile Driver ........................................................................................... 4-16 4.6.2.2 Type and Size of Piles ...................................................................................... 4-16 4.6.2.3 Type of Attenuation .......................................................................................... 4-16 4.6.3 Calculating the Underwater Sound Attenuation ............................................................ 4-16 4.6.3.1 Empirical Sound Attenuation Data ................................................................... 4-18 4.6.4 Interim Injury Thresholds .............................................................................................. 4-20 4.6.4.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 4-20 4.6.4.2 Update on Recommendations for Revised Interim Criteria for Pile Driving (Carlson et al. 2007) ............................................................................ 4-20 4.6.4.3 Agreement in Principal for Interim Criteria for Injury to Fish from Pile Driving Activities ............................................................................................. 4-21 4.6.4.4 Criteria for Injury to Fish from Vibratory Pile Driving .................................... 4-22 4.6.5 Behavioral Thresholds ................................................................................................... 4-22 4.6.6 Determining the Impact Zones ....................................................................................... 4-22 4.6.6.1 Underwater Noise Prediction Methods and Tools ............................................ 4-23 4.6.6.2 Acoustic Impact Area for In-Water Pile Driving .............................................. 4-24 4.6.6.3 Acoustic Impact Area for Near-Water Pile Driving ......................................... 4-25 4.6.6.4 Example Calculations ....................................................................................... 4-26 4.6.6.5 Application of the Practical Spreading Model and NOAA Fisheries Calculation Spreadsheet .................................................................................... 4-29 4.6.7 Assessing Potential Impacts on Fish from Pile Driving Noise ...................................... 4-31 4.6.7.1 Impact Assessment When Construction Occurs during Migration Periods ...... 4-31 4.6.7.2 Impact Assessment When Construction Occurs during Non-Migration Periods .............................................................................................................. 4-34 4.7 Lessons Learned
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