DOCSLIB.ORG

Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Good Practice Guide No. 133 Underwater Noise Measurement [This page is intentionally left blank] Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement Summary This document provides guidance on best practice for in-situ measurement of underwater sound, for processing the data, and for reporting the measurements using appropriate metrics. Measured noise levels are sometimes difficult to compare because different measurement methodologies or acoustic metrics are used, and results can take on different meanings for each different application, leading to a risk of misunderstandings between scientists from different disciplines. Acoustic measurements are required for applications as diverse as acoustical oceanography, sonar, geophysical exploration, underwater communications, and offshore engineering. More recently, there has been an increased need to make in-situ measurements of underwater noise for the assessment of risk to marine life. Although not intended as a standard, these guidelines address the need for a common approach, and the desire to promote best practice. The work to prepare this good practice guide was funded in the UK by the National Measurement Office (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills), Marine Scotland (The Scottish Government), and The Crown Estate. NPL Good Practice Guide No. 133 ISSN: 1368-6550 © Crown Copyright 2014 Front page photograph courtesy of iStockphoto Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement 1 Acknowledgement of funding The work to produce this guide was supported by Marine Scotland, The Crown Estate, and the National Measurement Office of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Authorship This good practice guide was drafted by Stephen Robinson of the National Physical Laboratory with the assistance of Dr Paul Lepper (Loughborough University) and Dr Richard (Dick) Hazelwood (R&V Hazelwood Associates). Document Review Though the views in this good practice guide are those of the authors, the document was reviewed by a panel of UK acousticians before publication. This enabled a degree of consensus to be developed with regard to the contents, although complete unanimity of opinion is inevitably difficult to achieve. Note that the members of the review panel and their employing organisations have no liability for the contents of this good practice guide. The Review Panel consisted of the following experts (listed in alphabetical order): Dr Philippe Blondel University of Bath Mr Fabrizio Borsani CEFAS Mr John Burrows QinetiQ Ltd Dr Peter Dobbins Ultra Electronics Ltd Dr Richard (Dick) Hazelwood R&V Hazelwood Associates Professor Victor Humphrey ISVR, University of Southampton Dr Paul Lepper Loughborough University Mr Roland Rogers National Oceanography Centre Dr John Smith DSTL Dr Pete Theobald NPL Professor Peter Thorne University of Liverpool Mr Dick Wood Bureau Veritas UK Ltd The project Steering Committee consisted of representatives of Marine Scotland, The Crown Estate, DECC, JNCC, SNH, CEFAS and members of the Scottish Renewables (the representative body of the Scottish renewable energy industry). Recommended citation Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement, National Measurement Office, Marine Scotland, The Crown Estate, Robinson, S.P., Lepper, P. A. and Hazelwood, R.A., NPL Good Practice Guide No. 133, ISSN: 1368-6550, 2014. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the review panel, the steering committee, and the many people who volunteered valuable comments on the draft at the consultation phase. Date of issue This date of issue of this guide is 28th March 2014. © Crown Copyright 2014. Future revisions Revisions to this guide will be considered in December 2014. Any suggestions for additional material or modification to existing material are welcome, and should be communicated to Stephen Robinson, NPL ([email protected]). 2 Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Current international standards and recent developments ................................................... 8 1.4 Exclusions from the scope of these guidelines ....................................................................... 9 2. Metrics .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Acoustic quantities ................................................................................................................ 11 2.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Definitions of basic quantities and metrics ................................................................... 11 2.2 Levels in decibels................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Use of decibels .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Acoustic quantities expressed as levels ........................................................................ 17 2.3 Recommended metrics for reporting underwater sound .................................................... 20 2.3.1 Pulsed (impulsive) sounds ............................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Continuous sounds ........................................................................................................ 22 3. Measuring instrumentation .......................................................................................................... 23 3.1 System performance ............................................................................................................. 23 3.1.1 Sensitivity ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Frequency response ...................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Directivity ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.4 System Self-Noise .......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.5 Dynamic range .............................................................................................................. 27 3.1.6 Potential issues with autonomous recorders ............................................................... 28 3.2 Calibration ............................................................................................................................. 29 3.2.1 System Calibration ........................................................................................................ 29 3.2.2 In-situ calibration checks............................................................................................... 32 3.2.3 In-situ QA checks ........................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Data storage .......................................................................................................................... 33 4. Deployment for noise measurement ............................................................................................ 35 4.1 Measurement configurations ............................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Vessel-based surveys .................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Static systems (moored systems) .................................................................................. 36 Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement 3 4.1.3 Drifting systems ............................................................................................................ 36 4.2 Hydrophone deployment ...................................................................................................... 37 4.2.1 Hydrophone depth ........................................................................................................ 37 4.2.2 Number of hydrophones ............................................................................................... 38 4.2.3 Examples of deployments ............................................................................................. 38 4.3 Deployment related noise sources ....................................................................................... 39 4.3.1 Flow noise ..................................................................................................................... 39 4.3.2 Cable strum ................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.3 Surface “heave” ............................................................................................................ 41 4.3.4 Vessel noise ..................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Chinese Mooring and Buoy Observations in the Open-Ocean

    Chinese Mooring and Buoy Observations in the Open-Ocean

    Chinese mooring and buoy observations in the open-ocean Chujin Liang Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA May 28, 2013 Seoul Main oceanographic institutions of China First Institute of Oceanography Qingdao State Oceanic Administration Second Institute of Oceanography Hangzhou /SOA Third Institute of Oceanography Xiamen Polar Institute of China ShanghaiFirst Institute of Oceanography, FIO Institute of Oceanography Qingdao Chinese Academy of Science /CAS South China Sea Institute of Oceanography GuangzhouSecond Institute of Oceanography, SIO China Ocean University, Xiamen University Qingdao/Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Education TIO Xiamen Tongji University, East China Normal university, Shanghai/ Tsinghua University, Peiking University, etc. Beijing Second Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration State Oceanic Administration, SOA First Institute of Oceanography, FIO Second Institute of Oceanography, SIO Third Institute of Oceanography, TIO Second Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration FIO is operating 2 buoy stations and 1 mooring at 2 sites Long-term buoy station in eastern Indian Ocean operated by FIO FIO-AMFR 中国 海洋一所 FIO Progress Report 1. Surface buoy at (100E, 8S) • In place since 30 May 2010 • Daily data will be posted on PMEL and FIO website soon • Data includes the meteorological parameters: wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, shortwave radiation, long wave radiation, unfortunately precipitation missed due to damage in the deployment • Data includes
  • Laser Linewidth, Frequency Noise and Measurement

    Laser Linewidth, Frequency Noise and Measurement

    Laser Linewidth, Frequency Noise and Measurement WHITEPAPER | MARCH 2021 OPTICAL SENSING Yihong Chen, Hank Blauvelt EMCORE Corporation, Alhambra, CA, USA LASER LINEWIDTH AND FREQUENCY NOISE Frequency Noise Power Spectrum Density SPECTRUM DENSITY Frequency noise power spectrum density reveals detailed information about phase noise of a laser, which is the root Single Frequency Laser and Frequency (phase) cause of laser spectral broadening. In principle, laser line Noise shape can be constructed from frequency noise power Ideally, a single frequency laser operates at single spectrum density although in most cases it can only be frequency with zero linewidth. In a real world, however, a done numerically. Laser linewidth can be extracted. laser has a finite linewidth because of phase fluctuation, Correlation between laser line shape and which causes instantaneous frequency shifted away from frequency noise power spectrum density (ref the central frequency: δν(t) = (1/2π) dφ/dt. [1]) Linewidth Laser linewidth is an important parameter for characterizing the purity of wavelength (frequency) and coherence of a Graphic (Heading 4-Subhead Black) light source. Typically, laser linewidth is defined as Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM), or 3 dB bandwidth (SEE FIGURE 1) Direct optical spectrum measurements using a grating Equation (1) is difficult to calculate, but a based optical spectrum analyzer can only measure the simpler expression gives a good approximation laser line shape with resolution down to ~pm range, which (ref [2]) corresponds to GHz level. Indirect linewidth measurement An effective integrated linewidth ∆_ can be found by can be done through self-heterodyne/homodyne technique solving the equation: or measuring frequency noise using frequency discriminator.
  • Marine Mammals Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices Using Active Sonar

    Marine Mammals Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices Using Active Sonar

    TRACKING MARINE MAMMALS AROUND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES USING ACTIVE SONAR GORDON HASTIE URN: 12D/328: 31 JULY 2013 This document was produced as part of the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change's offshore energy Strategic Environmental Assessment programme © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved. 1 SMRU Limited New Technology Centre North Haugh ST ANDREWS Fife KY16 9SR www.smru.co.uk Switch: +44 (0)1334 479100 Fax: +44 (0)1334 477878 Lead Scientist: Gordon Hastie Scientific QA: Carol Sparling Date: Wednesday, 31 July 2013 Report code: SMRUL-DEC-2012-002.v2 This report is to be cited as: Hastie, G.D. (2012). Tracking marine mammals around marine renewable energy devices using active sonar. SMRU Ltd report URN:12D/328 to the Department of Energy and Climate Change. September 2012 (unpublished). Approved by: Jared Wilson Operations Manager1 1 Photo credit (front page): R Shucksmith (www.rshucksmith.co.uk) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Table of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1. Non technical summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
  • Barotropic Tide in the Northeast South China Sea

    Barotropic Tide in the Northeast South China Sea

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications 2004-10 Barotropic Tide in the Northeast South China Sea Beardsley, Robert C. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School Vol.29, no.4, October 2004 http://hdl.handle.net/10945/35040 IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING, VOL. 29, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2004 1075 Barotropic Tide in the Northeast South China Sea Robert C. Beardsley, Timothy F. Duda, James F. Lynch, Senior Member, IEEE, James D. Irish, Steven R. Ramp, Ching-Sang Chiu, Tswen Yung Tang, Ying-Jang Yang, and Guohong Fang Abstract—A moored array deployed across the shelf break in data using satellite advanced very high-resolution radiometer, the northeast South China Sea during April–May 2001 collected altimeter, and other microwave sensors [8]. sufficient current and pressure data to allow estimation of the The SCS study area was centered over the shelf break near barotropic tidal currents and energy fluxes at five sites ranging in depth from 350 to 71 m. The tidal currents in this area were 21 55 N, 117 20 E, approximately 370 km west of the mixed, with the diurnal O1 and K1 currents dominant over the southern tip of Taiwan (Fig. 1). This area was chosen in part upper slope and the semidiurnal M2 current dominant over the for three reasons: 1) large-amplitude high-frequency internal shelf. The semidiurnal S2 current also increased onshelf (north- waves generated near the Luzon Strait propagate through the ward), but was always weaker than O1 and K1.
  • Ocean Acoustic Tomography: a Missing Element of the Ocean Observing System

    Ocean Acoustic Tomography: a Missing Element of the Ocean Observing System

    UACE2017 - 4th Underwater Acoustics Conference and Exhibition OCEAN ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY: A MISSING ELEMENT OF THE OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM Brian Dushawa, John Colosib, Timothy Dudac, Matthew Dzieciuchd, Bruce Howee, Arata Kanekof, Hanne Sagena, Emmanuel Skarsoulisg, Xiaohua Zhuh aNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Thormøhlens gate 47, 5006 Bergen, NORWAY bNaval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, CA 93943 USA cApplied Ocean Physics and Engineering, MS 11, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA dScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 92093-0225 USA eOcean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu HI 96822 USA fInstitute of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, JAPAN 739-8511 gFoundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, P.O. Box 1385, GR-71110 Heraklion, GREECE hSecond Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, CHINA 310012 Brian Dushaw, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Thormøhlens gate 47, 5006 Bergen, NORWAY fax: (+47) 55 20 58 01, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Ocean acoustic tomography now has a long history with many observations and experiments that highlight the unique capabilities of this approach to detecting and understanding ocean variability. Examples include observations of deep mixing in the Greenland Sea, mode-1 internal tides radiating far into the ocean interior (coherent in time and space), relative vorticity on multiple scales, basin-wide and antipodal measures of temperature, barotropic currents, coastal processes in shallow water, and Arctic climate change. Despite the capabilities, tomography, and its simplified form thermometry, are not yet core observations within the Ocean Observing Systems (OOS).
  • Underwater Acoustics: Webinar Series for the International Regulatory Community

    Underwater Acoustics: Webinar Series for the International Regulatory Community

    Underwater Acoustics: Webinar Series for the International Regulatory Community Webinar Outline: Marine Animal Sound Production and Reception Thursday, December 3, 2015 at 12:00pm (US East Coast Time) Sound production and reception in teleost fish (M. Clara P. Amorim, Ispa – Instituto Universitário) • Teleost fish are likely the largest vocal vertebrate group. Sounds made by fish can be an important part of marine soundscapes. • Fish possess the most diversified sonic mechanisms among vertebrates, which include the vibration of the swim bladder through intrinsic or extrinsic sonic muscles, as well as the rubbing of bony elements. • Fish sounds are usually pulsed (each sonic muscle contraction corresponds to a sound pulse), short (typically shorter than 1 s) and broadband (with most energy below 1 kHz), although some fish produce tonal sounds. Sounds generated by bony elements are often higher frequency (up to a few kHz). • In contrast with terrestrial vertebrates, fish have no external or middle ear. Fish detect sounds with the inner ear, which comprises three semicircular canals and three otolithic end organs, the utricle, the saccule and the lagena. Fish mostly detect particle motion and hear up to 1 kHz. Some species have evolved accessory auditory structures that serve as pressures transducers and present enhanced hearing sensitivity and increased frequency detection up to several kHz. Fish hearing seems to have evolved independently of sound production and is important to detect the ‘auditory scene’. • Acoustic signals are produced during social interactions or during distress situations as in insects or other vertebrates. Sounds are important in mate attraction, courtship and spawning or to defend a territory and gain access to food.
  • 6. Units and Levels

    6. Units and Levels

    NOISE CONTROL Units and Levels 6.1 6. UNITS AND LEVELS 6.1 LEVELS AND DECIBELS Human response to sound is roughly proportional to the logarithm of sound intensity. A logarithmic level (measured in decibels or dB), in Acoustics, Electrical Engineering, wherever, is always: Figure 6.1 Bell’s 1876 é power ù patent drawing of the 10log ê ú telephone 10 ëreference power û (dB) An increase in 1 dB is the minimum increment necessary for a noticeably louder sound. The decibel is 1/10 of a Bel, and was named by Bell Labs engineers in honor of Alexander Graham Bell, who in addition to inventing the telephone in 1876, was a speech therapist and elocution teacher. = W = −12 Sound power level: LW 101og10 Wref 10 watts Wref Sound intensity level: = I = −12 2 LI 10log10 I ref 10 watts / m I ref Sound pressure level (SPL): P 2 P = rms = rms = µ = 2 L p 10log10 2 20log10 Pref 20 Pa .00002 N / m Pref Pref Some important numbers and unit conversions: 1 Pa = SI unit for pressure = 1 N/m2 = 10µBar 1 psi = antiquated unit for the metricly challenged = 6894Pa kg ρc = characteristic impedance of air = 415 = 415 mks rayls (@20°C) s ⋅ m2 c= speed of sound in air = 343 m/sec (@20°C, 1 atm) J. S. Lamancusa Penn State 12/4/2000 NOISE CONTROL Units and Levels 6.2 How do dB’s relate to reality? Table 6.1 Sound pressure levels of various sources Sound Pressure Description of sound source Subjective Level (dB re 20 µPa) description 140 moon launch at 100m, artillery fire at gunner’s intolerable, position hazardous 120 ship’s engine room, rock concert in front and close to speakers 100 textile mill, press room with presses running, very noise punch press and wood planers at operator’s position 80 next to busy highway, shouting noisy 60 department store, restaurant, speech levels 40 quiet residential neighborhood, ambient level quiet 20 recording studio, ambient level very quiet 0 threshold of hearing for normal young people 6.2 COMBINING DECIBEL LEVELS Incoherent Sources Sound at a receiver is often the combination from two or more discrete sources.
  • Time-Series Prediction of Environmental Noise for Urban Iot Based on Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network

    Time-Series Prediction of Environmental Noise for Urban Iot Based on Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network

    applied sciences Article Time-Series Prediction of Environmental Noise for Urban IoT Based on Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network Xueqi Zhang 1,2 , Meng Zhao 1,2 and Rencai Dong 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (M.Z.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-62849112 Received: 12 January 2020; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 8 February 2020 Abstract: Noise pollution is one of the major urban environmental pollutions, and it is increasingly becoming a matter of crucial public concern. Monitoring and predicting environmental noise are of great significance for the prevention and control of noise pollution. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, urban noise monitoring is emerging in the direction of a small interval, long time, and large data amount, which is difficult to model and predict with traditional methods. In this study, an IoT-based noise monitoring system was deployed to acquire the environmental noise data, and a two-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) network was proposed for the prediction of environmental noise under the condition of large data volume. The optimal hyperparameters were selected through testing, and the raw data sets were processed. The urban environmental noise was predicted at time intervals of 1 s, 1 min, 10 min, and 30 min, and their performances were compared with three classic predictive models: random walk (RW), stacked autoencoder (SAE), and support vector machine (SVM).
  • Definition and Measurement of Sound Energy Level of a Transient Sound Source

    Definition and Measurement of Sound Energy Level of a Transient Sound Source

    J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 8, 6 (1987) Definition and measurement of sound energy level of a transient sound source Hideki Tachibana,* Hiroo Yano,* and Koichi Yoshihisa** *Institute of Industrial Science , University of Tokyo, 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106 Japan **Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguti, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, 468 Japan (Received 1 May 1987) Concerning stationary sound sources, sound power level which describes the sound power radiated by a sound source is clearly defined. For its measuring methods, the sound pressure methods using free field, hemi-free field and diffuse field have been established, and they have been standardized in the international and national stan- dards. Further, the method of sound power measurement using the sound intensity technique has become popular. On the other hand, concerning transient sound sources such as impulsive and intermittent sound sources, the way of describing and measuring their acoustic outputs has not been established. In this paper, therefore, "sound energy level" which represents the total sound energy radiated by a single event of a transient sound source is first defined as contrasted with the sound power level. Subsequently, its measuring methods by two kinds of sound pressure method and sound intensity method are investigated theoretically and experimentally on referring to the methods of sound power level measurement. PACS number : 43. 50. Cb, 43. 50. Pn, 43. 50. Yw sources, the way of describing and measuring their 1. INTRODUCTION acoustic outputs has not been established. In noise control problems, it is essential to obtain In this paper, "sound energy level" which repre- the information regarding the noise sources.
  • Sony F3 Operating Manual

    Sony F3 Operating Manual

    4-276-626-11(1) Solid-State Memory Camcorder PMW-F3K PMW-F3L Operating Instructions Before operating the unit, please read this manual thoroughly and retain it for future reference. © 2011 Sony Corporation WARNING apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate normally, or has To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, been dropped. do not expose this apparatus to rain or moisture. IMPORTANT To avoid electrical shock, do not open the The nameplate is located on the bottom. cabinet. Refer servicing to qualified personnel only. WARNING Excessive sound pressure from earphones Important Safety Instructions and headphones can cause hearing loss. In order to use this product safely, avoid • Read these instructions. prolonged listening at excessive sound • Keep these instructions. pressure levels. • Heed all warnings. • Follow all instructions. For the customers in the U.S.A. • Do not use this apparatus near water. This equipment has been tested and found to • Clean only with dry cloth. comply with the limits for a Class A digital • Do not block any ventilation openings. device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Install in accordance with the These limits are designed to provide manufacturer's instructions. reasonable protection against harmful • Do not install near any heat sources such interference when the equipment is operated as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other in a commercial environment. This apparatus (including amplifiers) that equipment generates, uses, and can radiate produce heat. radio frequency energy and, if not installed • Do not defeat the safety purpose of the and used in accordance with the instruction polarized or grounding-type plug.
  • Monitoring of Sound Pressure Level

    Monitoring of Sound Pressure Level

    1. INTRODUCTION Noise is one of the main environmental problems of modern life and it is inseparable from human activities, urban and technological growth. National and international standards provide for a minimum of acoustic comfort for coexistence between man and industrial development. That's why a study of noise emission and environmental noise at the PALAGUA - CAIPAL Field was carried out; samples of measurements were taken in specific (punctual) manner to meet the sound pressure level (SPL) with a duration of five minutes per sample/measurement for noise measurements and 15 minutes for ambient or environmental noise in each direction: (north, east, south, west and vertical). The result of these measurements was compared with the maximum permissible noise emission and environmental noise standards stated in Resolution 627 of 2006 Ministry of Environment, Housing, and Territorial Development (MAVDT) and thus it was verified that they comply with environmental regulations in the PALAGUA - CAIPAL Field. 1 INFORME DE LABORATORIO 0860-09-ECO. NIVELES DE PRESIÓN SONORA EN EL AREA DE PRODUCCION CAMPO PALAGUA - CAIPAL PUERTO BOYACA, BOYACA. NOVIEMBRE DE 2009. 2. OBJECTIVES • To evaluate the emission of noise and environmental noise encountered in the PALAGUA - CAIPAL Gas Field area, located in the municipality of Puerto Boyacá, Boyacá. • To compare the obtained sound pressure levels at points monitored, with the permissible limits of resolution 627 of the Ministry of Environment, SECTOR C: RESTRICTED INTERMEDIATE NOISE, which allows a maximum of 75 dB in the daytime (7:01 to 21:00) and 70 dB in the night shift (21:01 to 7: 00 hours) 2 INFORME DE LABORATORIO 0860-09-ECO.
  • Instrumentation for Monitoring Around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report

    Instrumentation for Monitoring Around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report

    PNNL-23100 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Instrumentation for Monitoring around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report B Polagye A Copping R Suryan S Kramer J Brown-Saracino C Smith January 2014 PNNL-23100 Instrumentation for Monitoring around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report B Polagye1 A Copping R Suryan2 S Kramer3 J Brown-Saracino4 C Smith4 January 2014 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 1 University of Washington, Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center, Seattle, Washington 2 Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 3 HT Harvey and Associates, Arcata, California 4 US Department of Energy, Wind and Waterpower Technologies Office, Washington, DC Recommended citation: Polagye, B., A. Copping, R. Suryan, S. Kramer, J. Brown-Saracino, and C. Smith. 2014. Instrumentation for Monitoring Around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report. PNNL-23110 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, Washington. Summary As the marine energy industry explores the potential for generating significant power from waves and tidal currents, there is a need to ensure that energy converters do not cause harm to the marine environment, including marine animals that may interact with these new technologies in their native habitats. The challenge of deploying, operating, and maintaining marine energy converters in the ocean is coupled with the difficulty of monitoring for potentially deleterious outcomes between the converters, anchors, mooring lines, power cables and other gear, and marine mammals, sea turtles, fish, and seabirds. To better understand the state of instrumentation and capabilities for monitoring around marine energy converters, the U.S.