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Improved Sound Speed Control Through Remotely Detecting Strong Changes in the Thermocline

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Improved Sound Speed Control Through Remotely Detecting Strong Changes in the Thermocline IMPROVED SOUND SPEED CONTROL THROUGH REMOTELY DETECTING STRONG CHANGES IN THE THERMOCLINE by Jose M. Cordero Ros B.S. and M.S. in Naval Sciences, Spanish Naval College, 2001 Extension Course in Hydrography (IHO Category “A”), Hydrographic Institute of the Spanish Navy, 2006 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ocean Engineering. Ocean Mapping September 2018 i ProQuest Number:10934448 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10934448 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 This thesis has been examined and approved. Thesis Director, John. E. Hughes Clarke, Professor of Ocean Engineering and Earth Science Andrew Armstrong, Co-Director, Joint Hydrographic Center Affiliate Professor of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences and Earth Sciences Giuseppe Masetti, Research Assistant Professor of Ocean Engineering On 20th July, 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Hydrographic Institute of the Spanish Navy for the financial support of my studies at the Center of Coastal and Ocean Mapping (University of New Hampshire). But my first debt of gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr John E. Hughes Clarke, for his guidance, help and encouragement during these two years. Also, I thank to the rest of the committee: CAPT (NOAA) Andy Armstrong and Dr Masetti for their advices, patience and friendly support. My gratitude extents as well to MS and PhD students Mike Smith, Alex Padilla, Cassie Bongiovanni, Shannon-Morgan Steel, Igor Kozlov and particularly to PhD student Coral Moreno for their friendship without borders, knowledge exchange and emotional support either on and off campus. And last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Olga for her unconditional love and understanding not only during the warm summers of Cadiz (Spain) but also during the cold winters of New Hampshire. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………...……….vii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..….……….…ix CHAPTER 1 - SOUND SPEED GRADIENTS AND REFRACTION ERRORS ............................ 1 1.1 Vertical structure of the ocean .......................................................................................... 2 1.2 The acoustic ray refraction through the water column. ...................................................... 4 1.3 Sound speed sampling in the water column. ..................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Static profiling. ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Underway profiling. .................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Oceanographic phenomena affecting the velocline. .........................................................11 1.4.1 Billows .......................................................................................................................11 1.4.2 Internal waves. ..........................................................................................................12 1.5. Internal wave observation. ..............................................................................................15 1.6. Impact of internal waves in multiswath surveying. ...........................................................17 1.7 Acoustic Imaging of perturbations in the thermocline .......................................................19 CHAPTER 2 - OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE CELTIC SEA .........................................................22 2.1 General overview. ............................................................................................................22 2.2 Bathymetry. .....................................................................................................................23 2.3. Dynamics ........................................................................................................................24 2.3.1. Temperatures ...........................................................................................................24 2.3.2 Winds ........................................................................................................................25 2.3.3 Water circulation and fresh water contribution ...........................................................25 2.3.4 Rain ..........................................................................................................................27 2.3.5 Salinity ......................................................................................................................27 2.3.5. Tides ........................................................................................................................28 2.4 Seasonal stratification in the Celtic Sea ...........................................................................31 2.5. Internal Waves in the Celtic sea. ....................................................................................34 CHAPTER 3 - THE COPERNICUS MARINE SERVICE ............................................................36 3.2. The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). ..............................37 4.2.1. Products provided by CMEMS .................................................................................38 iv 3.2.2. CMEMS structure .....................................................................................................38 3.3 Products and reports .......................................................................................................44 3.4. User accessibility ............................................................................................................45 3.5 The MFC IBI (Iberia-Biscay-Ireland) ................................................................................46 3.5.1. The IBI Mixed-Layer Depth. .....................................................................................47 3.5.2. Physical insights provided by the MLD map. ............................................................49 CHAPTER 4 - METHODS .........................................................................................................51 4.1 Data collection .................................................................................................................51 4.2 Data processing ...............................................................................................................55 4.3 Image Processing of the echograms. ...............................................................................60 4.3.1. Low Pass Filter.........................................................................................................61 4.3.2 Vertical Gradient Filter. .............................................................................................63 4.3.3. High Pass Filter. .......................................................................................................64 4.4 Determining the most successful filter combination. ........................................................66 4.5 Physical meaning of the box sizes. ..................................................................................71 4.6 Thermocline detection algorithm. .....................................................................................71 4.7. Modeling the effect of the vertical oscillation of the thermocline in the ray tracing. ..........74 4.8. Practical visualization of the TVU limit error excess. .......................................................76 CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS ..........................................................................................................78 5.1. Daytime. .........................................................................................................................79 5.2 Nighttime. ........................................................................................................................80 5.3 Twilight. ...........................................................................................................................81 5.4 Internal waves. ................................................................................................................82 5.5. Spring tide effect. ............................................................................................................82 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................84 5.1 Summary .........................................................................................................................84 5.2. Algorithm success .........................................................................................................84 5.2.1. Minimum Horizontal Wavelength ..............................................................................85
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