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Majumdar Postcoloniality Th e French Dimension Postcoloniality Margaret A. Majumdar Th e French Dimension ‘Postcolonial theory’ has become one of the key issues of scholarly debates worldwide – debates, so the author argues, which have become rather sterile and are characterised by a repetitive reworking of old hackneyed issues, focusing on cultural questions of language and identity in particular. Gradually, a gulf has emerged between Anglophone and Francophone thinking in this area. Th e author investigates the causes for the apparent stagnation that has overtaken Postcoloniality much of the current debate and explores the particular characteristics of French global strategy and cultural policy, as well as the divergent responses to theories on globalisation. Outlining in particular the contribution of thinkers such as Césaire, Senghor, Memmi, Sartre and Fanon to the worldwide development of anti-imperialist ideas, she off ers a critical perspective on the ongoing diffi culties of France’s relationship with its colonial and postcolonial Others. With fresh insights and sharp analysis, this important study presents powerful suggestions for new lines of thought that are currently emerging in the Francophone world and aims to revitalize and take these debates forward. MARGARET A. MAJUMDAR is Visiting Professor of Francophone Studies at the University of Portsmouth. Her books include Francophone Studies: Th e Essential Glossary (Arnold 2003); Transition and Development in Algeria: Economic, Social and Cultural Challenges, co- edited with Mohammed Saad (Intellect 2005); Althusser and the End of Leninism? (Pluto 1995). Cultural Studies / French Studies / ISBNPostcolonialism 1-84545-252-6 Berghahn Books NEW YORK . OXFORD www.berghahnbooks.com 9 7 8 1 8 4 5 4 5 2 5 2 0 Margaret A. Majumdar Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page i Postcoloniality This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page ii This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page iii Postcoloniality The French Dimension Margaret A. Majumdar Berghahn Books New York • Oxford This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. First published in 2007 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2007 Margaret A. Majumdar All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Majumdar, Margaret A. Postcoloniality : the French dimension / Margaret A. Majumdar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84545-252-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. France--Colonies--History. 2. Postcolonialism--French-speaking countries. I. Title. JV1811.M34 2007 325'.344--dc22 2007022253 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84545-252-0 hardback ISBN 978-1-78533-476-4 open access ebook An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with KnowledgeThis open Unlatched. access library KU is edition a collaborative is supported initiative by designed Knowledge to make Unlatched. Not for resale. high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at knowledgeunlatched.org. ! ! This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. The terms of the licence can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. !!For use beyond those! covered in the licence contact Berghahn Books. ! !!!!!!!!!! ! ################## ################### ########## ! ################### ###### ########## ! ############ # ################ ############# #### ############ ! ############### ################## ########### ##### ######## ######### ################# # ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! # ###### ####### ################### ####### ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ################## ################# Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page v Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. French Discourses of Empire 1 Chapter 2. The European Legacy 33 Chapter 3. Race and Resistance 59 Chapter 4. The Subversion of Colonial Ideology: Jean-Paul Sartre 83 Chapter 5. The Nation in the National Liberation Struggle 111 Chapter 6. National Consciousness: History and Culture 127 Chapter 7. The Battleground of Language and the Changing Discourse of Francophonie 147 Chapter 8. The Loss of Empire: French Perspectives 175 Chapter 9. The Postcolonial State: Problems of Development 195 Chapter 10. The Other Within 215 Chapter 11. Postcoloniality: the French Dimension? 239 Bibliography 265 Index 277 This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page vi This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page vii Acknowledgements am most grateful to the Harold Hyam Wingate Foundation for their support Iduring the writing of this book, and to Faith Clark in particular. I would also like to express a special debt of gratitude to the late Professor Douglas Johnson. My thanks go also to the many colleagues, family members and friends who have contributed in their various ways to this publication and all members of the production team at Berghahn. All translations are mine, unless otherwise indicated. This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page viii This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page ix Introduction n many ways, the erstwhile European colonial powers are still living in the Ipostcolonial age, in spite of indications that a new era is coming into place. They remain profoundly marked by the lasting impact of their imperialist adventures, as do those whose lands were brought under imperial control, though to varying degrees and in different ways. Their economies and societies, their cultures and values, their relations with other countries, even their present demographic make-up, all bear the imprint of the colonial past. However, while Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal share many of the main traits of their history and its legacy, there are also clear differences between them. France is not living through the postcolonial experience in exactly the same way as its neighbours. Similarly, its former colonies and protectorates bear the distinct marks of their specific experiences of French rule, influence and culture. Whether one attributes the rise of the European empires to an almost absent- minded process of chance development, to a systemic and determined set of structural processes or to the triumph of the will, born out of a sense of mission, there are certainly pronounced differences with regard to the ideologies and discourses, through which the different powers rationalised their imperialist enterprises, as well as the systems of rule and administration they set in place. These differences are also reflected in the counter-discourses that developed to challenge the imperial hegemony of the various colonial empires. Moreover, these ideological differences have continued beyond the formal end of empire, assuming new forms appropriate to the changing global context. It is the specificity of the French dimension of postcoloniality that forms the main object of this book, which in no way intends to provide a comprehensive history of all aspects of French imperialism. It will become clear, however, that this specificity cannot be equated with autonomy. In the first place, the French imperialist dynamic has been from the outset part and parcel of the global phenomenon of imperialism that has by now affected practically all areas of the planet. Furthermore, the interrelations and interactions have not been confined to the economic, political and military domain, but have also operated in the domain of culture and ideas. The imperial powers have never hesitated to borrow certain concepts or values from each other when it was opportune to do so. This is just as true in the case of the anti-imperialist struggles, where the common dimension to the struggle was often grasped through recourse to an internationalist perspective. This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Majumdar text3 8/5/07 19:33 Page x x | Postcoloniality In the case of all the European imperial powers, there had developed, at more or less the same time, the same underlying processes that made these countries look beyond their own borders for wealth acquisition, trade and later territory. Similarly, the formal end of each empire did not occur in a vacuum, but was part of a global process of decolonisation and restructuring of power relations. Nonetheless, the hegemonic discourse of French imperialism assumed specific distinctive forms, as did the counter-hegemonic discourses, which arose to challenge it. This specific distinctiveness has persisted into the contemporary period. The early voyages of discovery and opportunities for