408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 Richard L. Bowen, of South Dakota. Tucker P. E. Gougelmann, of New Yo:rk. The SPEAKER. Without objection, Thomas Gordon Brown, Jr., of New Mexico. Charles C. Hall, Jr.. of Virginia. the resignation is accepted. John Allen Buche, of Indiana. John.J. Hicks, of Virginia. There was no objection. John B. Connely, of Californ1&. Leo J. Horva.th, of Pennsylvania.. John P. Crawford, of Ohio. Boris nyin, of. Virginia. Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I offer a Douglas James Harwood, of Connecticut. George A. Ives, Jr., of North Carolina. privileged resolution

- ' 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 421 citizen-! refer not to myself but to one arm ·of this Government·asserts and es­ going there all my life; how long is none ­ who has reserved the time, the gentle­ tablishes its equality as one of the three of your business, but it is a long time. man from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD]. branches of government, because, my So I am not a Johnny-come-lately. He is held in the highest regard by every friends, you are slipping fast. You do I love these people. These are won­ American citizen in Panama. I can state not look as good here as you did 50 years derful people, friendly, polite, warm and that ever word he utters upon this floor ago. Let us begin all over again. Report charming. There are no bad people goes over the wir~ to Panama at full out these resolutions. Pass this concur­ anywhere. People are not bad, Mr. . rate to six newspapers edited in the Re­ rent resolution. Speaker, it is governments and the na­ public of Panama. He is about the only Why a concurrent resolution? Why tions' leaders that are bad. There are American citizen who is fighting for the did I make it a concurrent resolution? no bad Chinese people, there are no bad preservation and defense of the Repub­ Because a concurrent resolution does not Russian people. The Ger1nan people lic of Panama. He has carried on this call for any executive fiat. I deplore the are not bad. The Japanese are not bad fight alone, and only the effects of the practice of chairmen of subcommittees people. It is in the leaders that evil last few weeks are bringing some of the and committees of this House who, when lies. These people are my friends. I rest of us to his defense and to his aid a Member introduces a resolution or a want ·to help them. and assistance. I can say that· we have concurrent resolution or a bill, write im­ Mr. SCHERER. · Mr. · Speaker, will a wonderful man in charge. mediately . to some Federal bureaucrat the gentleman yield for another I am . referring to General Potter. who writes back a letter and says, "I observation? . TQere was never a bett~r ma,n in charge don't like it," and that• is the' end of . Mr. FLOOD. I yield . of the Panama Canal. · He understands the bill or the resoluti9n. Let us put an Mr. SCHERER. . Is it not a fact that the situation -and all the ramifications of .end to that. . Let us stop that here. the politicians, the leaders of Panama, it. · I made this a, concurrent resolution have been derelict in -their duty to the Mr. FLOOD. Let ·me interrupt the because I could no.t .care less what the­ people of Panama of whom the gentle.;. gentleman to say this. I must compli­ Executive thinks about what my. concur­ man is talking? When they divert the ment the citizens of his great congres­ rent resolution says. I could not care attention of the people of Panama from sional district. If I were there I would less. And all praise to the gentleman their own shortcomings and their own certainly vote for him. Let me say that from Alabama [Mr. SELDEN], and his derelictions they use the United States I wish he, with his eloquence and his chairman, t.he gentleman from Pe:r;Insyl­ as a whipping boy. great knowledge of this problem, would vania [Mr. MoRGAN], who held these Mr. FLOOD. As Dean Pound of the join hands with other Members, such hearings without consulting the Execu­ Harvard Law School used to say to me as my distinguished·friend from this side tive on this important problem, in the when I answered a question for about 15 of the aisle who spoke a few minutes ago, best tradition of this great body of the minutes, "Mr. FLOOD, you have stated so that there may be a mass protest in Congress. l hope the precedent is fol­ the question." this RE·CORD of speeches and statements. lowed. Mr. SCHERER. The gentleman has I have a resolution before the Com-· Mr. Speaker, just to show you how stated what has .been happenillg. Has it mittee on Foreign Affairs. I have a res­ silly this question can get, the Republic not been that recently a few Communist olution before the· great Committee on of Panama by action of its General As­ agents have taken advantage of these Merchant Marine and Fisheries. And sembly unilaterally extended the 3-mile alleged grievances against the United my friend from Maine whom I see sit­ limit of its seacoast to 12 miles around States? ting here was in the Committee on For­ the Panama . Canal, making the canal Mr. FLOOD. Oh, sure. Get me right. eign Affairs yesterday when I testified another Berlin. I objected here on this Mr. SCHERER. They haye ;injected there. They are going to have a hear­ floor, you may remember, and demanded that my Government protest. Do you themselves into this situation. · ing on this as soon as the gentle lady Mr. FLOOD. I do not say the Reds . from Missouri · [Mrs. SuLLIVAN] regains know what happened the next night in Panama City? The Congress of Panama started this 'busiiless. They just moved her health, which I hope and pray will in when it got nice and hot. They al.. be soon. So I think we have lit a fire. . in its might and majesty upon a motion of its Foreign Minister declared the gen­ ways do that. They come in there with But let me say· again that I am con­ tleman from Pennsylvania Panama's the old stick and stir it up, if you know cerned with the Constitution and the public enemy No. 1. My, they play what I mean. Sure. My southern law. If the Congress of the United tough. I do not think. I have many friends know what I mean. That is all States in its wisdom and through the Panamanians in my district, anyway. they are doing. • propriety of its channels sees fit to Come to think of it, I never thought of Mr. SCHERER. The basic agitation amend the treaty with Panama as be­ that. arises from what the gentleman says is tween one sovereign nation and another, Mr. HAYS. lV.Lr. Speaker, will the gen­ not necessarily the Communists, but the and permit Panama to fly its flag or to tleman yield? Communists in the last few months have have the canal, or whatever Congress Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman taken over. wants to do, that is the way it must be from Ohio, of the great Committee on Mr. FLOOD. They have taken it over. done. No President, no Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Mr. SCHERER. Did they not direct State by administrative action can im­ Mr. HAYS. Did they give the gentle­ the techniques that were used in the re­ pinge upon the sanctity of a treaty or man a medal along with that? They cent invasion of the Canal Zone? upon the law of the land, which a treaty should have. That seems to be quite an Mr. FLOOD. Let me just read this is under that constitution. to you. I will skip about 25 pages here The President of the United States . honor on this, as far as I am concerned. had no right to send his brother, Milton, Mr. FLOOD. I understand Cuba and to read this. to hold conferences with officials of a my bewhiskered friend is about to' do In the Republic of Cuba while all this foreign state. These meetings took place the same thing, not that I can win was going on during the dates that I at Milton Eisenhower's residence in popularity here but I can sure win it stated just prior to our discussion, this Baltimore with the Finance Minister of down there. great island country which is on, the Parnama. He had no right to discuss sov­ Mr. HAYS. I would say that to be so northern flank of the Atlantic ap.. ereignty. The President, himself, has honored by the whiskered moron who is proaches to the canal, a revolution was no such right. That can be acted on presently the dictator of CUba should coming to an end. Its recognized gov .. only by tbe Congress of the United States enhance the gentleman's stature ernment was overthrown by a radical with the Senate as an arm of this body considerably. group headed by Fidel Castro. His ad.. Mr. FLOOD. I accept the amendment ministration now revealed as Communist by a ·two-thirds vo.te ratifying such a of the gentleman from Ohio. slanted-if I can be polite-is engaged change, or as the· supreme law of the Let me emphasize this: I am not the in , the process of liquidation by firing · land, through any bill of Congress ex­ enemy of the people of Panama. I am squads. Now international communism ecuting that treaty, must be acted upon not a damned Yankee. I was born and previously entrenched in Venezuela is by the Supreme Court of the United raised in St. Augustine, Fla., from on the southern flank of the Panama . States. Only the judicial and/or the the time I was 2 years old until I went Canal. Here you have· control by this legislative can act, never the executive. to college. I went to Panama with my foreign, alien ideology a.nd these revolu­ And it is about time that the legislative grandfather as a boy, and I have been tionary systems converging on both 422 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOU.SE January 13 flanlcs like pincers on the canal. I say vaders threw the political leaders of less skill of the trained leadership so foreign, alien ideology because I have a Panama into hysteria. Many of them· characteristic of the Red pattern. resolution before the Committee on For­ with their families ran across the Avenue . It is extremely pertinent, Mr. Speaker, eign Affairs in which I declare that of the Fourth of July. I see sitting here to state at this juncture· that had the under the Monroe Doctrine foreign ag­ a former Member of this body, and for­ United States in the 1936 treaty not grandizement or infiltration by vis-et­ mer distinguished Governor of the Canal abandoned its 1903 treaty obligations for .armis, as this is, calls for the Congress Zone, Hon. Maurice H. Thatcher of Ken­ the maintenance of public order in the of the United States to enunciate under tucky, who knows well of what I speak. cities of Panama and Colon, the May 2, · these facts and circumstances that this He has a right to sit here. He was a 1958, mob invasion would have been un- · constitutes and is thereby an extension great Member of this body. thinkable. As it was, the wolves of dis­ of the Monroe Doctrine to the Western Let me read to you what the President order had tasted blood . . Hemisphere in this case of foreign inter­ of Panama said that this invasion was. Subsequent to these grave disturb­ vention. In 1960 it does not have to be I read to you now the statement of Presi­ ances, Dr. Milton Eisenhower, brother of by vis-et-armis. And mark you, in this dent Ernesto de la Guardia of Panama. the President and president of Johns foreign intervention from Soviet Russia I quote: Hopkins University, visited the Isthmus and her trained allies into these endemic This was not just a group of adventurers as a special representative of the U.S. revolutionary and · politically disturbed from our country or even Cuba. These peo­ Government. What useful purpose his neighbors and friends of the South, we ple were mostly Cubans, but directed and visit served is not clear, but we shall must declare ourselves. led by militant Communists. Their ambi­ hear of him later. Mr. SCHERER. Mr. Spealter, will the tion is the long-stated one of taking over the Panama Canal. CONGRESS FAILS TO REASSERT U.S. ISTHMIAN· gentleman yield for another observation POLICY to support just what the gentleman from Nothing, Mr. Speaker, could be more Pennsylvania has said? positive and clear cut than this state­ The situation on the isthmus, mean­ Mr. FLOOD. I yield. ment by one in a position to know. How time, did not stabilize. In a Pana­ Mr. SCHERER. This assault upon the can I make this plainer? President de la manian enactment signed by President Caribbean is not only taking place in Guardia's opinion is supported by over­ Ernesto de la Guardia, Jr., on Decem­ Cuba and Panama, but in all Central whelming evidence. The formation of ber 18, 1958, Panama, by unilateral ac­ America and Puerto Rico; is that not Communist-oriented governments in the tion, attempted to extend its territorial correct? Caribbean on both flanks of the Panama boundaries by sea from the inter­ Mr. FLOOD. Yes. It takes in the Canal approaches and recent attempts nationally recognized 3-mile limit to a Caribbean, the whole area. to invade several isthmian countries 12-mile limit. This extended area com­ Mr. SCHERER. Yes; it has occurred constitute serious threats, not only to pletely encircled the Canal Zone and, in in the entire Caribbean. The Commit­ the United States but also to all the fact, was aimed at making the Panama tee on Un-American Activities sat just Americas. Canal another Berlin. Because I so de­ a month or so ago, or less than a month As such, they are clear violations of scribed it in an address to the House of ago, in Puerto Rico and we had a demon­ the Monroe Doctrine. Representatives of the United States, I stration again of the Communists inject­ Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ was formally declared by the National ing themselves into a local question. tleman yield? Assembly of Panama as "Panama's No. 1 Mr. FLOOD. I have the report on Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentle­ gratuitous enemy." that. I know what my friend is talking man from Ohio. Here I wish to assert again that I am about. Mr. HAYS. It has been my observa­ not ·an enemy of Panama and that, if Mr. SCHERER. The Nationalists want tion that had this succeeded, and had Panama has any enemy No. 1, he is indepence for Puerto Rico and, of course, . these people occupied the Canal Zone, among its own radicals, demagogues, have a basic disagreement with the in view of the way the State Department and revolutionaries who seem willing to United States, and again the Commu­ has handled the situation in Panama bring their country to the brink of ruin nists have injected themselves into that and Cuba thus far under the present in order to en'hance their own political question. protection of the Latin-American coun­ fortunes. Mr. FLOOD. This is a pattern. My tries, they would have said, "It belongs In a note to Panama, delivered on colleague knows, of course, that this is a to them. We had better let them have Janu·ary 7, 1959, the United States re­ pattern. He is not surprised at all by it." fused to recognize the Panamanian . any of this, of course. Mr. FLOOD. I am afraid you are claim for wider territorial seas. In ad­ Mr. SCHERER. I am just trying to right. I am sick at my stomach, but I dition to the technical objections raised • get it into the . RECORD. am afraid you are right. I believe you. by the State Department to the at­ Mr. FLOOD. I appreciate that very I do not know what is going on. tempted extension, I would say that it much and earnestly hope that my col­ Now, what was next? is a clear violation of the sovereignty league will put all of that information, Though this highly provocative inci­ provisions in Articles II and III of the or as much of it as he can, in ·the RECORD dent was witnessed by Panama Canal 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which so that all may read it. My colleague, I authorities, the trespassers were not in­ because of their basic importance I shall know, is very serious about these ques­ terfered with by Canal Zone police and quote in part for ready availability: tions and I thank him for the valuable were allowed to leave the Zone without ARTICLE n contribution he has made. I repeat, I obstruction. The Republic of Panama grants to the hope that my colleague can get all this This 1958 flag-planting mob invasion United States in perpetuity the use, occu­ information into the REcoRD. pation, and control of a zone of land and of the Canal Zone, Mr. Speaker, was not land under water for the construction, main­ Mr. SCHERER. I will try to do so. a simple student prank as some of our tenance, operation, sanitation, and protec­ Mr. FLOOD. Let me tell you. With officials tried to explain, but a calculated tion of said canal of the width of 10 miles reference to this Cuban business. What move in worldwide psychological war­ extending to the distance of 5 miles on each happened? I am giving you the chrono­ fare of Communist pattern against the side of the centerline of the route of the logical sequence of events and the hour United States. It received extensive canal to be con.Structed; the said zone be­ and day and month and year-from the coverage in Latin America, and also in ginning in the Caribbean Sea 3 marine miles from mean low water mark and ex­ beginning of 1902. On April 26, 1959, the Soviet press, further emboldening tending to and across the Isthmus of Pan­ armed mercenaries from Cuba in col­ Panamanian agitators to plan new ama into the Pacific Ocean to a distance of laboration with Red elements in Panama measures of mob violence. It is, indeed, 3 marine miles from mean low water with invaded the Republic of Panama. One significant that in this same month of the proviso that the cities of Panama and part of their avowed plan-and we have May 1958, that the Vice President of the Colon and . the harbors adjacent to said the documents from the captured priso­ United States, and his wife, during the cities • • • shall not be included Within ners, was to send their first bombing latter part of his visit of. good ~ill to this grant. • • • squads to the constitutional government Latin America, was subjected to the ARTICLE III and territory of the United States. Their grossest forms of indignity, also per· The Republic of Panama grants to the plan was to occupy the Canal Zone. Do petuated by students of Peruvian and United States all the rights, power, and au­ you know that? The plan of the in- Venezuelan universities, with the ruth- thority within the zone mentioned and de-

- ~-----~-- 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 423

.scribed in article II • • • which the United manians into hysteria and ~onfusion. occur, also again to notify proper execu~ States would possess and exercise if it were The man in the street became apprehen­ sovereign of the territory • • • to the en- tive authorities of the pending danger. . tire exclusion of the exercise by the Repub­ sive because of the obvious anxiety of Yet these various and most grave inci­ lic of Panama o:t any such .sovereign rights, government leaders. They would have dents and threats seem to have made no power. or authority. become far more deeply concerned had impact on the minds and consciences of they known that some top Panamanian those in position's of responsibility in the It is well here to point out that in 1903, government officials moved their families executive departments or even in the when the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty into the Canal Zone-an area that has was ratified by Panama, the limits of Congress itself. so often served as a political sanctuary NOVEMBER 3 AND 28, 1959 the territorial waters of the Republic in times of crises in the Republic. and the Canal Zone were coterminus. Fortunately, the attempted invasion Independence Day celebration in Pan­ No subsequent agreement has changed proved abortive, with the invaders sur­ ama started normally with President these limits. Any change in them rendering to Panamanian authorities de la Guardia~ the officers of his Gov­ would necessarily apply to the Canal after intervention by the Organization ernment, and the diplomatic corps at­ Zone as well as to the Republic. of American States and the United tending colorful ceremonies in and near The Department of State acted wisely States. But they were released with the historic Panama Cathedral. In the in refusing to recognize the Panamanian practically no punishment. Will there suburbs of the city all was quiet, but claim for which action it deserves to be be more invasions of the American alongside the Panama Canal Zone border commended. isthmus? The indications are that at the Pacific end of tlre canal radical On the same day on which the U.S. there will. demonstrators were gathering in de­ note was delivered to Panama, January Who were those invaders is a question fiance of what the Panamanian Govern­ 9, 1959, I again introduced a concurrent frequently asked. The best answer to ment had advised. resolution to reaffirm our Isthmian Canal that query was supplied by President de Canal Zone authorities had taken pre­ policy, House Concurrent Resolution 33, la Guardia himself, who, after the in­ C9.utions against the entrance of unruly 86th Congress. A concurrent resolution, vasion stated: groups into the Canal Zone, with police it should be stressed, does not require and firemen ready for eventualities. A That was not just a group of adventurers demonstrator made a grab for the pistol Executive approval but is an expression from our country or even from Cuba. These of the sense and judgment of the Con­ people were mostly Cubans, but directed and of a Canal Zone policeman who plucked gress. Despite this fact, the cognizant led by m ilitant Communists. Their ambi­ him from a marching group, and the committee referred it to the executive t-ion is the long-stated one of taking over the worst boundary violence in Isthmian his~ department for consideration and rec­ Panama Canal. tory was under way. ommendation. Of course, Mr. Speaker, Nothing, Mr. Speaker, could be more Pummeled with rocks and insulted under the prevailing attitude of appease­ positive and clear cut than this state­ with profane and obscene epithets, Canal ·ment here, appeasement there, and ap­ ment by one in a position to know. Zone police used remarkable restraint in peasement everywhere, the response was Moreover, President de la Guardia's repelling the assault. But they and the negative and the Congress was not opinion is supported by overwhelming firemen alone were not strong enough to given an opportunity to vote on a meas­ evidence. The formation of · Commu­ withstand the attack, which forced the ure to declare its own sense and judg­ nist-oriented governments in the Carib­ Governor of the. Canal Zone to call upon ment concerning this crucial question. bean· on both flanks of the Panama the U.S. Army to take over the task of Thus, radicals in Panama had the way Canal approaches and recent attempts to protection against the mob. cleared for further advancement of their invade several isthmian countries con­ Frustrated in their designs, the mob plans in a situation which could only stitutes serious threats, not only to the then turned upon American property. in end in tragedy for all concerned. United States, but also to all the Panama. They burned a Panama Rail­ road passenger car in the railroad ter­ PANAMA RADICALS CREATE SERIOUS INCIDENTS Americas. Unfortunately, the moves in the con­ minal, looted stores, and, with Aquilino Meanwhile, in the Republic of Cuba, Boyd among them, stormed the U.S. the great island country on the northern quest of Latin American countries through infiltration and subversion have Embassy, where they tore the American flank of the Atlantic approaches to the been made with such skillful secrecy as flag from the Embassy mast, ripped Panama Canal a revolution was nearing it to pieces, and instead, hoisted the the end. Its recognized government was to beguile our people with a false sense of security. But they should no longer be Panamanian .flag. Lesser disturbances overthrown by a radical group headed by taken by surprise by seemingly sudden occurred at the Atlantic end of the canal. Fidel Castro. His administration, now invasions, disorders, and extreme na- It is indeed regrettable that the revealed as Communist slanted, has en­ tionalistic agitations. · Panama National Guard did not make gaged in the process of liquidation of its timely attempts to maintain order on enemies by firing squads and extensive Mr. Allen W. Dulles, Director of Cen­ tral Intelligence, recently stated: that fateful day. It was later learned confiscation of American property by that it had received orders not to appear. expropriation. With international com­ "Nationalism," as a slogan for the break­ ing of the ties of friendship between·us and Further · details of these disorders are munism previously entrenched in Vene­ the countries of this hemisphere, was the not needed for presentation here, for zuela on the southern flank, tlie con­ line given the Latin American Communist they are covered comprehensively in the quest of Cuba through subversion saw leaders who attended the 21st Party Congress papers of Panama. They were generally both flanks of the Atlantic approaches in Moscow last February (1959). Details for ignored in the press of the United States, to the Panama area controlled by alien the execution of this policy were then out­ which has long maintained a near black­ revolutionary systems, which now are lined to these leaders and some of the fruits out of important news from the Isthmus. converging tqward the canal itself. of this plann ing can be seen today in Pana­ Did the U.S. administration issue a Thus, it is not strange, Mr. Speaker, ma, Cuba, and elsewhere in this hemisphere. prompt and courageous statement back­ that nearly a year after the 1958 Pana­ By the time the impact of the April ing up Canal Zone authorities to the hilt manian flag-planting mob invasion of 26, 1959, invasion · of Panama was over, and warning that further efforts to in­ tb.e Canal Zone, on April 26, 1959, armed the stage was being set for the next vade the Zone would be repelled by force mercenaries from Cuba, in collaboration move. This was to be a peaceful occu­ if Panamanian authorities were unable with radical elements in Panama, in­ pation of the Canal Zone on November 3, or unwilling to hold radicals and their vaded that Republic. One part of their 1959-the 56th anniversary of Panama's Communist monitors in check? It did plan was to make token occupation of independence from Colombia. not. . the Canal Zone; another, to overthrow The .leaders for this were Aquilino Instead, the President, at his news con~ the constitutional government of Presi­ Boyd, a former Minister of Foreign ference of November 4, minimized the dent de la Guardia. But underlying all Affairs of Panama and now a candidate disorders as "really only an incident'' was the ultimate objective of driving the for President, also Ernesto J. Castillero. and later sent a diplomatic emissary to United States from its control of . the They published their plans. Thus, it is Panama to appease those stirring up the Panama Canal. not remarkable that it was possible for trouble. Is there any wonder that the The landing of the invaders threw po­ me to address this body on July 29, 1959, Panama National Assembly, by resolu­ litical leaders and the upper class Pana- warning against exactly what was to tion on November 5, condemned Canal 424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January ~ 13 Zone authorities and vowed "not to rest we have plenty to do and·we have to rely have been· controlling, and still seem to until the Panama flag is raised ·on our on the gentleman and other Members to be controlling, the State Department's territory on the Canal Zone." tell us. actions? Regardless of what the inten­ Finally, on November 28, Panamanian Mr. FLOOD. That is right. tions may have been, they give aid and mobs attempted to invade the Canal Mr. HOFFMAN.of Michigan. Person- comfort to the avowed enemies of the Zone a second time. On this occasion, ally, I want to express my gratitude for United States, and, indeed, of the entire the U.S. Army initially repelled the in- the work the gentleman has done. It free world, at a most critical hour, and vaders until, at U.S. Army request, it was has been very, very helpful. · render our country's task of maintain­ joined in restoring order by the Panama Mr. FLOOD. I am very grateful to ing this great waterway for the shipping National Guard.· The Panamanian the old .warhorse from Michigan. He of all lands and the defense of each and forces won prompt public commendation has been my friend and I have admired every country of the Western Hemi­ from U.S. Government omcials who had him for a long time. Those are heart":" sphere more dimcult. not seen fit to comxp.end American au- warming things to hear. We have competent, courageous, and thoritieS. "TITULAR SOVEREIGNTY" AND THE PANAMA well-informed people on isthmian ques­ Now, Mr. Speaker, on the floor of the FLAG tions in this country. House of Representatives and speaking Meanwhile, amid a tremendous build- Why is it that these exceptional men from a knowledge gleaned from the press up in the Panama press, a State Depart­ and women are not being used for the of Panama, both English and Spanish, · excep'tional situations instead of relying as well as from an extensive correspond- ment emissary arrived on the isthmus for a series of conferences. What spe­ on routine underlings, totally anonymous ence with witnesses, I wish to express my cial qualifications he had for such a mis- advisers. I cannot find out about them, high admiration for the manner in which sion are not shown by his record. But and the ones I do find .out about nobody Canal Zone authorities, both civil and has ever heard of. These surrenders we military, stood their ground during these after 3 days of discussions, on Novem- are making on the advice of these incom­ crucial tests, especially the members of ber 24, he asserted that the United petents. These people in the State the canal zone Police and Fire Depart- States "reiterated U.S. recognition, Department, as far as I am concerned, ments and the soldiers of the Army. 'stated more than 50 years ago,' of Pana­ are just as good Americans as you or I. They fought with their backs to the wall rna's titular sovereignty over the Canal I do not believe all of this hogwash and and measured up to the highest tradi- Zone,'' which was not acceptable to Pan­ nonsense. They are good Americans. tions of patriotism and service, also with amanian demagogues. Canal Zone resi­ They are honest men, they mean well. the restraint and forbearance that comes dents were shocked by the implied sur- · with responsibility and power. render of American sovereign rights But they are stupid. They make mis­ I will say that, at least. Nobody else without the authorization of the Con- takes and they are wrong. But that is wants to. gress. And, I should add, this emissary something else again. I can remember that a few years ago I made a mistake. Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- was acting under orders of the Secretary So there you know it can happen. These tleman yield? of State. are not un-Americans. These are not Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Of special interest, Mr. Speaker, were evil people. They are not very bright, from Ohio. some unexpected revelations that events but you can do something about that. Mr. BOW. I am delighted to join with on the isthmus at this time were to stim­ These are simply history lessons. the gentleman in paying respects to the ulate. One was that on November 3, Governor of the Canal Zone, General 1959, Panama was expecting a declara­ Imagine, Mr. Speaker, the feeling of Potter. tion by the United States acknowledging. the residents in the Canal Zone when Mr. FLOOD. The gentleman from Panamanian sovereignty over the Canal they read about that meeting on Decem­ Ohio knows him long and well. Zone and that this expectation was based ber 21, 1959. Who advised the Presi­ Mr. BOW. For the excellent job he on conversations of the Minister of Fi­ dent of the United States, this great and has done. I join with the gentleman nance, Fernando Eleta, with Dr. Milton good man, and I think he is a great and in his praise of General PQtter. and the Eisenhower on September 13, 1958, at good man, the greatest general we ever others in the Panama canal Zone. Dr. Eisenhower's home in Baltimore. had or that any other nation ever had. Mr. FLOOD. I knew the gentleman So startling. was this disclosure that I knew him when he was a buck colonel. would, and I am delighted to have my the State Department was apparently I worked with him for years. Who told friend, who is a student of this problem, constrained to issue what seemed to be Ike this? He did not know it. How who I am proud to say sits alongside of a formal denial that Dr. Eisenhower could he know? Nobody but God Al­ me on the Panama Canal Subcommit- had made "any statement which could be mighty could do the job of President of tee, take this position. He knows little construed to commit the U.S. Govern­ the United States. No man can do it, Joe Potter. He is a great guy. We love ment to any course of action." no human being. He is doing the best him more, and I am grateful for those Such an assertion, Mr. Speaker, was· he can. ~ He did not know these things. words of the gentleman from Ohio. not a fortnright denial of the statement If he had he would never have said that I do not feel lost, Mr. Speaker. I will attributed to the brother of the Presi­ the United States of America will recog­ sleep happy tonight. I thought I was dent, but a cleverly worded phrasing that nize the titular sovereignty of Panama. alone. I knew this House would see the is definitely misleading. Of course, the That came from some striped-pants guy. light. This is not political. I have given United States cannot be lround by the He has to depend on people. you a recitation through five Presidents statement of a private citizen even Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, will the of all .parties. This is not partisan. though he is the brother of the Presi­ gentleman yield? That is why it is nice and warming to dent. Nor, may I say, can any omcial of Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman see this House exhibit itself at its best our Government abrogate surrender or from Ohio. when it knows the facts. The people of annul the solemn obligations of our Mr. HAYS. Of course, after the way this Nation have always, -when they know treaties with other nations. That, un­ we acted in the Suez crisis, somebody in the facts, done the right thing. They der our Constitution,. can be done only the State Department helped the take­ always have when they know. by means of new treaty provisions pro- over there, and probably they were just I am just a mouthpiece for you to tell mulgated by and with the advice and trying to be consistent in saying that if them, to tell you. Everybody cannot do consent of the U.S. Senate. Otherwise, the ·Panamanians want the canal, there all this work. You have your own things chaos would follow. is not much we can do but say, "It is to do. Thus, a controversy over what the yours." Mr. Speaker, this was an ugly situa- President's brother said has added so tion. · much fuel to the flames of the ugly situa- Mr. FLOOD. That is right. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. tion in Panama that nothing short of Mr. HAYS. Of course, we paid for it. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? , open declaration on the subject of sov- Mr. FLOOD. That is right. Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman ereignty will meet the situation pre- Mr. HAYS. We kept it up. They from Michigan. · sented. Because the State Department did not have a dime invested in it. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. In ref- has made such a complete fiasco over Mr. FLOOD. Oh, say, by the way, in erence to this statement that you cannot many years on this matter, this question . all these conversations, in all these do all our work. Many of -us find that is raised:- What are the influences that negotiations about what we should give 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 425. them, and ultimately give them the to the Hague tribunal upon a motion by of our 6uantanamo·Naval Base. "Yan­ canal, nobody talks about dough at all. Panama, and the recently appointed kee, get out of Guantanamo.'' You have We are not to be ·compensated if and member of the court at the Hague tri­ no worse or more bitter enemy· in the: when-God forbid that would ever hap­ bunal is a former Minister of Foreign world than Williams in Trinidad. "Get pen. You know that. Affairs of Panama. Happy New Year.· out of Chaguaramos.'' "Get out of Mr. HAYS. Do you think you or I Well, that is the way it is. Guantanamo." "Get out of the canal."­ could do this with the Riggs Bank, by Now, one thing more, Mr. Speaker. "Yankee, go home." This is Red patter. simply just going down and taking over? We have done a lot for these people, . This does not come from the hearts of Mr. FLOOD. I do not think they ever and we should. Much time has been· the Panamanians or the Cubans or the heard about the Riggs Bank. lost in our giving away this bargaiiiing nice People in Trinidad-no. I will Mr. HAYS. I am not sure they ever power. There have been · defaults on never believe that to my dying day, I heard about any one of us, but by the the part of the obligations by Panama. know them. same token, we could say "This belongs They did not maintain· order in Colon Prior to World War ll the great fear to us, and we are taking over.'' · and Panama as they are required by of the nations most likely to be involved. Mr. FLOOD. And the only thing I treaty. But, basic to the proper action was .that of a two-front war-East and know about the Riggs Bank is what I is an understanding of our mission in West. As to that danger, the United. read one day, that Daniel Webster had the · Panama Canal-just what I am States was protected by two ocean bar~ an account there. · talking about here. This is an inter~ riers, patrolled by the Atlantic· and Mr. HAYS. It is no more ridiculous oceanic public utility operated and Pacific fleets with provision for a quick in walking to the Riggs Bank and say­ maintained by the United States pur­ shifting of forces between the oceans by ing "We are taking over" than saying suant to treaty as a mandate for civi~ means of the Panama Canal. to the Legislature of Panama that it be~ lization and the world. And, it is part Since World War ll, Mr. Speaker, longs to them. of your coast line. That is what we are that strategic setup has changed radi­ Mr. FLOOD. That is classic logic for talking about. This is no game for cally, incident to the advent of power~ which the House recognizes the gentle~ boys. I am not talking about that ful aircraft, nuclear submarines, man from Ohio. Of course, that is lower 40. Panama Canal operations ballistic missiles, and other modern right. My trouble is, I cannot say the· must not be weakened and confused weapons. The protective barriers once things as aptly. It takes me two hours. through ill-advised policies of placating afforded by the vast expanses of the Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. these people. Our position is one re~ Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the icy Speaker, will the gentleman yield? quired by law and international law wastes of the Arctic have in substantial Mr. FLOOD. I yield. pursuant to the treaty to be so self~ degree been overcome, making them Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. One sustaining with tolls that are just and avenues for attacking the United States other trouble. you have, and that is in reasonable for the transit of vessels of from three directions. To provide de• knowing so much and telling us about it. aU nations at all times. · fenses on these three fronts the Con~ That must disturb some folks down the And I hope Nasser hears that. gress has appropriated billions. I just street. We are operating this canal under the came from a hearing of my Subcommit­ - Mr. FLOOD. Well, I do not know Concordat of Constantinople of 1888 un~ tee on Appropriations for the Depart-. about that. The gentleman has been der which the Suez Canal is supposed ment of Defense where the Joint Chiefs here much longer than I have. I have to be operated. We are abiding by that of Staff and Tom Gates, our new fine been here 15 years, and I think the last Concordat. We are not stopping any~ Secretary of Defense, from the great people before you were the Indians. So,· body's ships, even Jewish ships. Ah, he State of Pennsylvania, of course, were· I believe you. makes a point of that. giving us these new details in the new Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I have Now, these are the facts. We reor~ budget. . not learned anything since I have been ganized ·this management. This is a This is not Buck Rogers busines~. this here, but you have, and I certainly ap-­ successful, going business and a fair is not tomorrow, it is last ~ight, today. preciate what you said today. profit is being made. This is an arm While thus preoccupied what has hap­ Mr. FLOOD. Nobody works harder created by this Congress. This is a cor~ pened in our backyard to the south? In here than the gentleman from Michigan. poration created by Congress. You are the vital area of the Caribbean, the In all things he does a good job~ I do· on the board of directors. I do not think forces behind the world revolutionary not agree with him very often, but cer­ you will get very rich in it, but you are movement have focused on countries tainly I regard him highly. on the board here. You ought to know there with oft-repeated aim of bringing Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Well, what is going on. Your businesslike op­ about the destruction of the United if once in a while I get your recognition:. eration of the canal is one thing but, Mr. . States and our system of constitutional that is good enough. Speaker, relief for the Republic of Pan~ liberty. Encouraged by the formation Mr. FLOOD. I will settle for that. ama is something else. The two must of communistically oriented govern-. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. As long never be confused. The Panama Canal ments in Cuba and other Western as the voters return me. must never be allowed to degenerate into Hemisphere countries, these forces, Mr. FLOOD. That is right. a relief agency for the Republic of Pan~ recognizing the Panama Canal as the Now, nationalization is not the only ama. It was never intended that way. strategic center of the Americas, have issue here. There are strange vascular Nobody but the Congress of the United. concentrated on the Isthmus o{ · groups who want to internationalize: States can make it that way. You can Panama. You have to twist your face out of shape do anything you want with it; it is your In -this light, Mr. Speaker, the from now on and go from nationaliza­ baby-but only you. Panama Canal has become the princi~ tion to internationalization. This is a pal target and symbol of a fourth front .PANAMA CANAL: SYMBOL OF FOURTH FRONT new one. Somebody wants to inter~ in a situation comparable to that which, nationalize it. Then, do you know what We cannot view this as an isolated in 1823, was faced by President Monroe happened in the last couple of months? question separate and quarantined from when he proclaimed the Monroe Now somebody wants to regionalize the the world and everything else in it. Doctrine. The time has certainly come internationalization. And, you think This is related directly to events all over to extend that doctrine to guard you have gobbledly-gook in Washing~ the world as every action today on the against the intervention of international ton. Aye, aye, aye. Only these fellows face of this earth is interrelated and in- . communism by means of penetration are not fouling. You have a great sense terbalanced. There is no place to hide, · and subversion. To that end, the of humor here today; these fellows do not any more. United States, as the most powerful not have any. These are some of the For many months the nations of this leader among the nations of the free long-haired, fiat-heeled friends who hemisphere have watched the steadily world, should make clear to our friends dream up these things. They are do­ rising Red tide in various parts of Latin and enemies all over the world that, in gooders. They mean well, you know, America, especially among the countries the exercise of our inherent right of· but hold your watch. of the Caribbean. It is indeed sig­ self-defense and in the maintenance of Now, Fidel Castro and his agents sit­ nificant that there is a campaign of the Monroe Doctrine, we are determined upon these international boards. You the communistically controlled press in not to permit the intervention of inter­ internationalize this canal, and it goes CUba to end immediately the occupation national communism to endanger the 426 CONGRESSIONAl! RECORD- HOUSE i January 13 peace and safety of our Nation or of Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker, will named after the great William Jennings other countries of the Western the gentleman yield? Bryan, who, as Secretary of State, enun- Hemisphere. Mr. F'LOOD. I yield. ciated many of these things that I have Mr. Speaker, I submit that under no Mr. ANDREWS. I commend the gen- mentioned here today about the Panama circumstances at any time and for no tleman from Pennsylvania for making Canal. My friend was well named. reason must the ftag of the Republic of this fine address to the Members of the Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, will the Panama be permitted to be place9 by House. I hope those of the Members gentleman yield? the Republic of Panama over consti­ who were not able to hear the gentle- Mr. FLOOD. I yield. tutionally sovereign territory of the man's speech will read it. I express the Mr. CHELF. I, too, would like to join United States of America unless by con­ further hope that I will have the op- my colleagues in commending the gen­ stitutional action of the Congress of the portunity to support the gentleman's tleman from Pennsylvania · [Mr. FLOOD] United States. resolution wh~ch is now pending before: on his magnificent statement which has Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ the subcommittee-of the Committee on just been made on the state of the Union tleman yield? Foreign Affairs. as it appears and as it is in Panama. My Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Mr. FLOOD. May I say to my friend, friend has forgotten more accidentally from Ohio. the gentleman from Alabama, who sits than I will ever know on purpose with Mr. BOW. May I compliment the with me on the defense appropriations' · respect to this particular problem. But gentleman on his very excellent address, subcommittee, and we know the gentle- I can say this-and I know this for a sure which shows a great deal of study and man as an expert on naval affairs, I thing: I have always wanted to go to work. It is apparent that the gentle­ would like to see the gentleman use his Panama, but I have always been too man is a student of the sittiation not influence ~nd knowledge of the navy busy, as t~e gentleman pointed out when only in Panama but throughout the over a penod of so many years to reac- he said that we have been too busy to Caribbean.· ' tiva~e at a C~ribbean stat~on the c:>ld go south of the border, so to speak. But I am delighted that the gentleman in Caribbean urut-the Special Service I did take it upon myself this past Octo­ his address has made it amply clear that Squadron to show the ftag to our ber to go to Panama and see firsthand he is making no attack upon 'the people friends-and not as the grea~ Yankee just 'what is happening and what is going of Panama, that he is making nc;> attack from the north, but _as my fnend, the on down there. I can say this to you on the people· of Trinidad, and, of course, ge~tlem~n frc;>m Ohio, has stated to this afternoon: Every word that you not on the people·of Cuba .. bmld friendship and better understand- have uttered is the truth the whole I think the gentleman will join with ing between us. . truth, and nothing but the t~uth. I can me in the thought that the countries to Mr. DO~N of South Ca~olma. Mr. say that for the very simple reason that the south, in Latin America, whether in Speaker, Will the ge~tleman Yield? while I was there I could see this thing Central America, the Caribbean area, or Mr. FLOOD. I yield. . fomenting. It was going on at that time. South America itself, are a bulwark of Mr. DORN of South Carolma. I They were preparing for. a showdown if great strength for our Nation. There would like to add my commendation to you please, on November 3. I want' to are many, many people who love the that of my other colleagues for the great commend the g.entleman for the state­ United States and who would defend us contri~ution the gentleman from Penn- ment he has made with respect to Gen­ if the necessity came. sylvama has made here today to my per- eral Potter. I think the gentleman did I think it is imperative that we on the so:r:al. thinking, and I am sure to the a magnificent job-a beautiful job. I am :floor o{ the House confine ourselves to thinkmg of most of the Members of proud of him as an American. actions such as the gentleman has taken Congress a.nd the· thinking _of ~he people I think he ought to be promoted. It so that we recognize the people to the of the Uruted States. This IS a much is LPD. · south as our good · friends. I wish it greater danger than even many of .us Mr. FLOOD. I just promoted him an were in the power of many of us to be thought. We are grateful to the dis- hour ago able to travel in South and Central tingui~he~ gentleman from Pennsylvan~a . Mr. CHELF. I am for that. I am for America to learn the reai friendship and for brmgi_ng. th~se .facts out be.fore this promoting him again. · · the warmth of the hearts of those great deliberative body. I might add . people. When you hear people talk that while this last invasion of the sov- Mr. F~OOD. I agree With that. . Well, ereign territory of the United States, you are JUSt a?- old broken down World about anti-American feeling, I do not which links East and West and which is War hero, havmg had your stomach shot believe it is anti-American feeling. I think the feeling of those people some­ vitally needed not only fo~ the defense out: So I know how you feel. You are times is one of neglect, that we have of our Nation but for the defense of the tellmg the truth. . looked to the East and to the West. whole free world-while these plans Mr. CHELF. We Will rue the ~ay that We have given of our Treasury to the were being laid, Khrushchev was in this we let. them fty the Panamaman ftag East and West and we have neglected to country parading arounding accepting alongside of ours. look to the South where we have such a the hospitality Qf the people of this Mr. FLOOJ?. That is true. You are great potential of friendship. great country. I would like to point out made of the nght stuff. . Mr. FLOOD. I wish I had said that. today that these plans are continuing to Mr. ALFO:aD. Mr. Speaker, Will the My colleague has said it so well, I wish be laid even when we have summit con- gentleman ~Ield? I had said that. ferences at Camp David and other places Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Mr. BOW. It seems to me, as we go to subvert the national defense of this from Arkansas. to the East and to the West in our great Nation and its leadership of the Mr. ALFORD. I would like to go on · troubles that we are looking back over free world that the gentleman from record, as all of my other distinguished Pennsylvania and the gentleman from colleagues, I think it is very significant our shoulders at history. But, when you Alabama and others are so ably working that from both sides of the aisle we have go to the South, where we have this on and trying to protect and defend. commendations for the distinguished great potential of friends, you are look­ Mr. FLOOD. Well when this fellow gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. ing forward to--the horizon of a possible Khrushchev came he~e I was not here. · FLOOD J ; this is no sectional or partisan new day of great strength in this hemi­ The Congress adjourned at 6:20a.m., and issue about which we are speaking. We sphere. I join with the gentleman from I left town at 6:21 a.m.-and I will give are all sincerely interested in the wei­ Pennsylva.nia in the hope that the De­ you five guesses why. Khrushchev came fare of this co~try. I _wi~h t~ asso?iate partment of State and the Congress and in at 10 o'clock. I do not think my col- my remarks w1th the distmgmshed gen­ our Executive will bend every effort to league from South Carolina was here tlemen who have spoken in commenda­ see that we tap this great reservoir of either. tion on this fine argumentation you friendship with the peoples of Latin Mr. DORN of South Carolina. I left, have presented, and in asking for fur- America. too. · ther study at all levels of government. Mr. FLOOD. Oh, how I join you in Mr. FLOOD. My friend and colleague It is a serious problem. I wish to go on that hope and how I thank you. the gentleman from South Carolina was record as opposing any recognition of

't 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 427

any Panamanian sovereignty over the ~ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there did Americans in the Canal Zone more than Canal Zone, titular, or otherwise~ Iil objection to the request of the gentle­ ever before. man from Kentucky? Mr. President, you and I, and the entire association with the ·distinguished gen­ · world for that matter, know that the United tleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] and There was no objection. States has been one of the best friends that as a former member of the Armed Panama has had. We gave them more than Forces of this country, we will oppose CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, a just trade for the original Canal Zone by forever the flying of any flag above that HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, and through a fair and honorable treaty. of the United States of America in the COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, We ended yellow fever, completed the job the Canal Zone. Washington, D.C. November 16, 1959. French had left undone and started the ships Mr. FLOOD. That is the first time I Hon. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, moving in the Panama Canal from the At­ President of the United States, lantic to ,the Pacific Oceans. Since that time ever heard you make a speech in Con-· The White Rouse, ' we have upped our commitments to the gress. That was fine. I could not have Washington, D.C. Panamanian Government, and even in 1955, done any better myself. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: It has come to my under your own administration, the United Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the attention that the Panamanian Government States voluntarily agreed to grant Panama gentleman yield? has officially requested the removal of Maj. many more concessions. A $30 million Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the distin­ Gen. W. E. Potter, the Governor of the bridge was given to them, plus many new guished gentleman from Alabama, who Canal Zone. I have been informed that this assists to their economy. Unfortunately our demand has been made because Governor kindness to Panama has been seized upon by is chairman of the Subcommittee of Potter used the necessary force to stop cer­ ambitious and lying politicos as a weakness. Latin America of the great Committee tain riots, the destruction of American prop­ While I was in the Canal Zone I learned on Foreign Affairs of the House. I cer­ erty on Canal Zone territory and the actual that our Army, Navy, our U.S. employees, tainly shall yield to the gentleman. tearing down and tearing up of our Amer­ and all of our enterprises in the Canal Zone Mr. SELDEN. As the gentleman from ican flag on November 3 by well-intentioned together pump into the economy of Panama Pennsylvania stated, the subcommittee to Panamania.ns but who unfortunately were nearly $180 million per year. Without this led and inspired by Communists and several amount of money this fine little nation could which he referred is conducting hearings local "freeloading" Panamanian politicos not survive or exist because even with it there at this time on the situation in the who would barter their mother's soul for a is much poverty. It is amongst these poor Canal Zone and our relations with the v·ote on election day. unfortunates that selfish Communist polit­ Republic of Panama. On Saturday last Mr. President, it just so happens that 1 icos have plied their trade. Mr. President I wrote a letter to the Secretary of State, was in Panama and in the Canal Zone for I have met and I have talked with many in which I pointed out the possibility of about 10 days just prior to these riots. good, substantial, salt-of-the-earth Pana­ permitting the Panamanian Flag to be Everywhere I went, even with my limited manians who are deeply grateful to our coun­ flown in the Canal Zone was a matter of Spanish, I could hear and understand that try for what we have done and we are now there were going to be demonstrations doing for Panama. I have visited with these grave concern to many Members of Con­ against the United States on November 3, good people in their homes, have talked to gress. I asked him to delay a final de­ Panama's Independence Day. It was even them in their shops and business centers, cision on that question until the sub­ in the local newspapers that trouble was and in every conversation I have had with committee had had an opportunity to mounting day by day and apparently the these wonderful people I was asked not to go into this matter fully. Assistant present Panamanian Government took no judge the real Panamanian people by these Secretary of State Roy R. Rubottom, Jr. steps to prevent it. The best evidence of Communistic politicos who are not only appeared before the subcommittee on this, of course, is that the rioting went off without a conscience but who are daily try­ exactly on schedule and at the places desig­ ing to gain or regain office by using Uncle Friday. We had the privilege of hearing Sam as the big bad wolf; who is responsible the distinguished gentleman from Penn­ nated previously. Governor Potter, in my e~timation, acted wisely, calmly and in the for everybody's troubles all over Panama and sylvania [Mr. FLoonJ yesterday. We ex­ best interests of peace, decency and of the the world. Mr. President, I could tell you pect to hear a representative from the United States of America. For this great much I saw and heard recently in Panama Department of Defense on Friday. leader to be removed, reprimanded, or even but in the final analysis suffice it to say that Also, we have issued an invitation to unkindly spoken to about this matter would Governor Potter and the entire .complement be a travesty on justice. It would injure a of our Army, Navy, and civilian employees General Potter, as well as a representa­ in the Canal Zone are doing a magnificent tive of American citizens of the Canal fine officer and gentleman for doing his duty and, what's infinitely worse, it would be job. I am proud of them. As a Member of Zone to appear. coddling those few selfish politicos of Pan­ Congress I commend them to you as their Mr. FLOOD: I will wager you that ama wJ;10, with the help of Communists and Commander in Chief. I salute them for Tom Gates, Secretary of Defense, will Communist sympathizers, started the whole their loyalty, devotion to duty patriotism l~ave no opportunity for flying the flag insurrection for their own ·personal and poli­ and their courage in representing the United tical aggrandizement. Those same flea-bit­ States of America in the best possible tradi­ in that military area. I will bet on that. tion. Mr. SELDEN. Certainly the gentle­ ten, cheap Communist demagogs who are hellbent· upon starting trouble with the I send my best wishes to you for success man's testimony before the subcommit­ United States and the freedom loving, God­ on your forthcoming trip. May a permanent tee yesterday and the fine documenta­ tearing Panamanians, have been furnished peace, happiness, and prosperity emanate tion presented today gives the members a blueprint and a complete pattern as to from it. of my subcommittee as well as Members just how Colonel Nasser did the job in the Sincerely your friend, of Congress information that should be Suez Canal with the British. Unfortunately, FRANK CHELF, extremely helpful. Mr. President, I am told that the lawmakers Member of Congress. in the National Assembly of Panama are now Mr. FLOOD. Will you please do this? insisting on flying the Panamanian flag over J.\.1r. FLOOD. For that purpose, I have I will yield to you if you will ask unani­ our U.S. property in the Canal Zone, which introduced House Concurrent Resolution mous consent to insert at the end of my is-ours by solemn treaty. By doing this they 445, which embodies the language and re~arks your letter to Secretary Herter. are unwittingly giving aid, comfort, and sup­ principles of our historic foreign policies . . Mr. SELpEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask port to these Communist safeblowers who unanimous consent that my letter of would again crucify our Lord, Jesus Christ, This measure, Mr. Speaker, is not based January 9, 1960, to Hon. Christian A. if given the chance. If this attitude con­ on a blind devotion to the past, but on . Herter, Secretary of State, be inserted tinues, as a Member of Congress, I shall a realistic appraisal of the present with have to vote to cut down on all of our appro­ a view of the future. at the end of the gentleman's remarks. priations affecting Panama because we must _The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there let it be known that the American people · PROGRAM FOR ISTHMIAN SECURITY objection to the request of the gentle­ a:r;e sick and tired to the quick of being -The history of the United States- \ man from Alabama? "used" and then attacked. We absolutely Panama relations since 1936 conclusively There was no objection. cannot tolerate any future support for the shows that they have not been improved leade:rship of any country that allows itself Mr. CHELF. Mr. ~peaker, I ask by sustained surrenders. Rather, they to be swayed by a few radical incompetents unanimous consent. to include as a part whose aim is to foment trouble between the have. progressively worsened in propor­ of my remarks a copy of a letter that great Panamanian people and their strong tion to these surrenders. I wrote to the President of the United ally and longtime friend, Uncle Sam. The tiine has come for all appease­ States with respect. to the Panama .This is the time and the. place to vigorously ment to end and for positive .measures Canal problem. support Governor Potter and all of our splen- b~cause the Panama Canal is a symbol 428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 of U.S. power and prestige. To that Department of State explained at that time "Beware o:t sabotage," FLOOD warned in some detail why permission to so fly the Potter. "Soviet-trained saboteurs, who have end, we must be definite and firm. Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone had been sent all over the world to lurk behind The program, which I would suggest heretofore been denied. the scenes and to bring about destruction should include: · ' · The Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on in some form or other, may attempt to First. Reaffirmation of . our historic Inter-American Affairs has started executive damage or destroy vital features of 'the policy of exclusive sovereign control ·of session meetings to study the situation in Canal and other U.S. installations · on the the Canal Zone and Panama Canal along the Canal Zone and our relations with the Isthmus." the lines outlined in House Concurrent Republic of Panama. In his interest in the Panama Canal and As chairman of the subcommittee I am the sover.eign rights of the United States Resolution 33, 86th Congress. there, FLOOD speaks from a position of wide Second. Announcement that no hos­ writing respectfully to request that no final decision on the question of permitting the and detailed knowledge as he has been the tile or other provocative demonstrations flying of the Panamanian flag in the Canal leading speaker in Congress on this subject or invasions will be tolerated in the Zone be taken until the subcommittee has for a number of years and, further, is Canal Zone or within the strategic vi­ an opportunity to go into this matter fur­ closely related to the problems of the zone cinity of the Panama Canal. ther. in his capacity as a Member of the House Third. Reactivation under the direct . With very best wishes, I am, Appropriations Committee where Federal control of the Chief of Naval Opera­ Sincerely yours, funds are determined annually for the op­ tions, of the Special Service Squadron ARMISTEAD I. SELDEN, Jr., eration of this enterprise. for continuous display of the flag in the Chairman, Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs. RELEASE OF WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1959 Caribbean area and other missions of Congressman DANIEL J. FLOOD, Of Pennsyl­ diplomatic character. · Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, as a part vania, today released the following statement Fourth. Proclamation by our Govern­ of my remarks, I include the following regarding the crucial situation at Panama· ment that the Canal Zone is constitu­ releases and concurrent resolutions: "President Eisenhower's _proposed orde~ tionally acquired territory by the United RELEASE OF SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1959 that would prohibit U.S. military post ex­ States. changes and commissaries in the Panama Congressman DANIEL J. FLOOD said today Canal Zone from making lowest price open Fifth. Extension of the Monroe Doc­ that the power of the Congress should be trine to include penetration and subver­ mark:t purchases is truly shocking. Not used to support Gov. W. E. Potter, of the only 1s this a gross violation of the rights sion by means of a concurrent resolu­ Canal Zone, in his continuing battle with of our servicemen and dependents there, but tion of the Congress. individuals from Panama who are asking also is an ignominious abandonment of As to the urgency for action on this that Potter be kicked out of his high posi­ sound business practice in an effort to ap­ program, the unfortunate events at tion following the outbreak ·of November 3 pease radical agitators in Panama and is Panama November 3 to 28, 1959, andre­ when large groups of Panamanians invaded a shameful submission to political blackmail the Canal Zone, tore down and destroyed all of which will inevitably have worldwid~ cently in Cuba, speak far more eloquent­ the U.S. flag in front of the U.S. Embassy, ly than anything "I can say. The ques­ consequences involving heavy costs to all and committed other acts of violence to u.s.­ servicemen overseas as well as to the Ameri­ tions that I have described are not local, owned property. but developments in a worldwide move­ can taxpayer. Potter countered this outrageous conduct "While it is all right to give Panamanians ment focusing on Panama. So far, the by requesting U.S. Armed Forces to chase p_re!erence where they meet open competi­ forces for undermining U.S. authority the rioters back over into the Republic of tiOn and inspection safeguards, it is alto­ have had a virtually unobstructed field, Panama from where the march originated, a gether wrong to make purchases from them with no organized counterforce. We march ostensibly to mark the anniversary where they are unable to meet fair competi­ must supply the countermeasures now, of Panama's independence froin the Re­ tion and such standards. Under the policy and, in doing so, we act not only for the public of Colombia, but, in reality, has been proposed it is inevitable that prices will be characterized as a politically inspired black­ raised to inordinate figures which U.S. pur­ just and indispensable rights of the jacking and ~lackmailing method to squeeze United States to discharge its treaty chasing authorities will be forced to accept more and more concessions from the United in violation of the principles upon which obligations to all the world with respect States in the way of higher annuity pay­ rests the act of 1950 placing the Panama to the Panama Canal, but as well to ments and other considerations. Canal on a self-sustai:ping and sound busi­ safeguard the peace and safety of the In fighting this unprovoked attack upon ness basis. The possibilities for evil thus world. territory which the United States holds in involved are great, among them the question One more· final remark, Mr. Speaker, perpetuity under a treaty signed with of tol~s and the cost o.f provisioning of vessels starting on November 14, as a result of Panama earlier in this century, Potter has at Canal Zone ports. been castigated in some of the leading news­ "It does seem that the State Department the attempted Panamanian mob invasion papers in Panama and in speeches made by of the Canal Zone, I made a series of before attempting to deal with this subject some public officials and others there. They should have conferred with congressional press releases dealing with various have asked that he be ousted from his vital leaders concerning the purpose and effect of aspects of the recent canal crises as they job as Governor of the Canal Zone and such policy. In the last analysis, the Con­ developed. The releases follow, together replaced by someone more to their liking. gress is the ultimate authority and as such with House Concurrent Resolution 33 When FLOOD got these reports from Pana­ enacted the 1950 legislation and thereby and House Concurrent Resolutions 445 ma, he immediately dispatched a letter to bound the executive to comply with its and 450, of the present Congress. Potter in which he expressed his support provisions. of Potter "100 percent" and told Potter not CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, "The consequences of the tragic failures to be unduly concerned by these "radical of the present administration since 1953 with COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, pronouncements" because ' "your friends, in HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, regard to Panama Canal sovereignty and and out of Congress, will stand behind you related questions reached a high point on Washington, Janttary 9, 1960. in your battle against these forces of evil." Hon. CHRISTIAN A. HERTER, November 3, 1959, in an attempted Panama­ "Now that the November 3 crisis has nian mob invasion .of the Canal Zone, un­ Secretary of State abated," FLOOD stated in his communica­ doubtedly of Communist inspiration, which Department of State, Washington, D.C. tion to Potter, "I wish to extend my hearti­ DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I have been informed was rightfully repelled by U.S. authorities. est commendation for the successful meet­ Instead of issuing a statement backing up that the question of permitting the Pana­ ing of what I consider the most serious manian flag to be flown in the Canal Zone, the Governor of the Canal Zone to the hilt challenge ever niade with respect to U.S. and warning agitators in Panama that fur­ and on ships transiting the canal, is cur­ control over the Panama Canal, and espe­ rently under consideration in the Depart­ ther efforts to invade the zone would also cially the effective manner in which the be repelled by force if Panamanian author­ ment of State, but that no decision has yet mob invasion was repelled: been made. · ities were unable or unwilling to hold radi­ "Let us hope that the precedent thus cals and their Communist sympathizers in The possibility of permi1~ting the Pana­ created may prove a turning point in our manian flag to be flown in this territory check, the administration sent to the relations not only with · Panama, but. also Isthmus a special diplomatic representative in which the United States possesses and with all Latin America in general for I be­ exercises, under treaty, the powers it would in an effort to appease those stirring up the lieve this to have been the first time in trouble. have if it were the sovereign of the terri­ many years that we have stood our ground tory-to .the entire exclusion of the exer­ "As a further act of appeasement, he made as we should." · cise by the Republic of Panama of any. such the public statement that Panama retains wwers or authority, is currently a matter FLooD warned, however, that even though 'titular sovereignty" Gver the Canal Zone of grave concern to many Members of the t}?.e more radical elements in Panama have whatever _thf\.t means. This statement wa~ House of Representatives, a number of been temporarily frustrated by U.S. action not satisfactory either to Panamanian or to whom have spoken to me on this subject. of November 3, "they can be expected to exert U.S. executive authorities. When the 1955 treaty was under con­ their efforts in other directions" to thwart "However, he made no public statement sideration in the United States Senate, the U.S. operations in the Canal Zone. commending the action of Governor Potter 1960 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- HOUSE 429 and zone military authorities in repelling "So far, it appears that the responsible appeal to President Eisenhower "to apply the the attempted November 3 invasion ot the U.S. authorities, in and -out of the Canal full force of your position toward safeguard­ · Canal Zone. Thus, the State Department Zone, including congressional leaders, have ing the U.S. interests in Panama-and, continues its long-established, weak, and not ha(l any voice in the attempted settle­ thereby, the entire world." fatuous policy in dealing with Panama Canal ment. of these grave questions. The State The Pennsylvania Congressman, who is problems. Department even fails and refuses to approve widely recognized as an outstanding spokes­ "The crisis at Panama-is focal and cannot the wise and courageous actions of Canal man for the full protection of American ·be ignored. The disorders there on Novem­ Zone civil and military authorities in repel- · rights in Panama, as guaranteed "in perpe­ ber 3, 1959, that required the use of. force · ling the reckless and communistically in­ tuity" in a treaty between the two nations, to protect U.S. interests also require that spired 'invasion' attempts on November 3 made the open letter appeal to President this incident· be thoroughly ~ooked into by and 28. Eisenhower, he stated, because of the views a full-fledged congressional investigation to "While the President exercises general au­ expressed by the Chief Executive at his press determine the facts and to place responsi­ thority in conducting our foreign relations, conference on last Thursday. bility for the long series of policy f~ilures he must act within the framework and pro­ Because of the imminent departure of the preceding it. Succumbing to blackmail can visions of the Constitution and laws of the President, FLooD had his communication on only lead to greater extortions. United States, including treaties duly rati­ the problem hand delivered to the White "For years the overall policy of our· State · fied by the Senate. Certainly, neither the House Thursday evening. FLooD wrote that Department has been appeasement;· appease- · State Department nor any of its underlings all the circumstances warranted, he felt, em­ ment here, appeasement there, and appease­ can bind our Government in contravention bracing his views in an open letter to the ment everywhere-with the result that the of express and important treaty provisions Chief Executive. most precious rights of our Nation are being and legislative enactments, well illustrated Remarking that "the Panam.a Qanal has liquidated everywhere while at the same time by recent ill-advised pronouncements that long been a prime target for Communist Communist aggression is permitted to can only serve to undermine both the 1903 political attack, dating back to the 1917 Rus­ fiourrsh." - treaty acquiring the Canal Zone and the act sian revolution," Congressman FLOOD cited of 1950 placing the Panama Canal enterprise the ."disturbing ·disorders" that have taken RELEASE OF TUESDAY, DECEMBER .1, 1959 on a business basis. Yet in the instant sit­ place in recent weeks in·Panama. Congressman DANIEL J. FLooD; of Pennsyl­ uation it appears that both such attempts "There has been a virtual blackout of im­ vania, today released the following statement are being made. portant news from the isthmus in the major concerning the policy of our State Depart­ ' "In dealing with Latin American affairs press of the United States in iine with the the State Department seems unable or un­ desire expressed by you soon after the event ment in dealing with ~anama Canal prob- lems: · ··willing to decide grave issues on the basis to minimize the significance of the incident "The significant disclosure in the press of of merit but only on considerations of ex­ 'as one episode in a long period of favorable Panama reporting Dr. Milton Eisenhower as pediency and appeasement. It is indeed relations.' -having stated to a high Panamanian official significant that Dr. Eisenhower, whose advice "As to this, Mr. President," FLooD wrote, and political leader that the United States on Latin American matters has been de­ "the Spanish language press of Panama has would recognize Panamanian sovereignty scribed in the press of Panama as of 'dubious not . missed the significance of these disor­ over the Canal Zone has jolted all patriotic value,' has been appointed as a member of ders. Neither h,ave residents in the Canal ·Americans and constrained the State Depart­ the newly created President's National Ad­ Zone nor thoughtful nonpolitical Panama­ ment to issue what has the appearance of a visory Committee on Inter-American Affairs. nians who witnessed the assaults endured formal denial. . "The constant acts of appeasement and by our Canal Zone police and Army units surrender through many years by our De­ in protecting U.S. interests." "The cleverly worded ~ssertion by the State Department that Dr. Eisenhower did partment of State, especially at Panama FLooD was frankly critical of the Eisenhow­ not make 'any statement which could be where our huge 'giveaway' program started er administration's handling of the violence­ construed to commit the U.S. Government to in 1936, well entitle that agency to be called marked situation which developed in the any course of action• is misleading. It is not the Department of Apveasement." wake of recent anti-American .demonstra­ a forthright denial of the statement attrib­ tions in the Canal Zone. uted to the brother of the President. RELEASE OF THURSDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1959 "Instead of a prompt and courageous an­ "The impression evidently intended was Congressman DANIEL J. FLooD, of Pennsyl­ nouncement backing up Canal Zone authori­ ~hat Dr. -Eisenhower's statement was being v~nia, today released the following statement ties, civil and military, to the hilt and warn­ denied. However, instead of making a clear­ concerning further threats of invasion of ing -that further efforts to inva~e . the zone cut denial of the alleged statement, the Panama: would be repelled by force if Panamanian State Department's press release only de­ "Recently reported preparations in Cuba authorities were unable or unwilling to hold clares that the United States is not bound for launching another invasion of the radicals and their Communist monitors in thereby. Naturally, the U.S. Government isthmus have caused Panama to ·make a check," FLooD wrote, "the administration cannot be bound by a statement of a private formal protest to the Government of Cuba sent a diplomatic emissary to appease those citizen even though he is the brother of the in an effort to ward off that danger. stirring up the trouble. The result was in­ President and his former special representa­ "The present Cuban Government over a evitable; a second attempt to invade the tive during a good will tour of Latin Amer­ period of months, by both actions and words, Canal Zone on ·November 28, with far greater ica in mld-1958. And neither, I may add, has revealed itself as an agent of Moscow­ numbers involved and renewed violence." can any official of our Government, whether directed international communism. Thus, The Pennsylvania legislator, who is direct­ in or out of the State Department, abrogate, any invasion of Panama by forces staged ly concerned with Panama affairs as a mem­ surrender, or annul the solemn obligations from Cuba would be an overt act in extension ber of the subcommittee of the House Ap­ of our treaties with other nations. Such of the communistic system in this hemi­ propriations Committee with responsibility action can only be taken by new treaty sphere and a matter of grave concern for the for supply purposes for Panama, then boldly provisions ratified by and with the advice peace and safety of all the Americas. charged the Eisenhower administration with and consent of the U.S. Senate. Chaos would "Moreover, it would not. only violate the a serious error of omissions, policywise. follow any other procedure. principle of nonintervention of the 1947 Rio "It is indeed regrettable that neither you "Moreover, the increasing of the muddle in Pact setting up the inter-American security nor any official in the State Department has Panama by controversy over what the Presi­ system, but also the Monroe Doctrine. publicly commended Canal Zone or U.S. Army dent's brother has said is adding fuel to the "Our neighbors to the south recognize the authorities for doing their duty. They have, fi:ames of an ugly situation. The relations dangers involved and look · to the United however, commended the National Guard of - between Panama and the United States con­ States to lead in defense against current Panama· and issued statements foretellfng ap­ stitute a serious part of our deplorable inter­ threats to the Western Hemisphere, with peasement to mobsters whose ultimate aim national relationships because it is being prompt announcement of the Monroe Doc­ is nationalization." used by forces alUed with Russian Commu­ trine as applying to any attempt from Cuba Continuing in this vein, FLOOD wrote: nists to create distrust and hatred between· to invade Panama or other Latin American "Not only ·have your statements; Mr: Presi­ the peoples of the two countries, the latest countries, especially those of the Caribbean dent, served to undermine important provi­ incident being a second attempted mob 'in­ area." · sions of the 1903 treaty acquiring the Canal vasion' of the Canal Zone on Saturday, No­ Zone and providing for the construction of vember 28, 1959, and requiring the second RELEASE OJ' SUNDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1959 the Panama Canal and its operation, but use of force to protect the zone. Congressman DANIEL J. FLooD, Democrat, of also to negate the 1950 act of Congress plac­ "At this stage of the Panama crisis noth­ Pennsylvania, in an open letter to President ing the canal enterprise on a self-sustaining ing short of an assumption of authority by Eisenhower on the eve of the latter's depar­ and businesslike basis. These are matters the Congress to control this matter will be ture on his worldwide "peace with justice" in which Congress has a prime interest and a safe course for the United States. Since mission, vigorously assailed the administra­ responsibillty." , the State Department has made such a com• tion's appeasement policy in connection with · FLOOD struck hard at the administration's plete fiasco in its handling of isthmian mat­ anti-American violence in the Panama Canal suggestion for admitting the display of the ters, this question 1s raised: What are the Zone. Panama flag in the Canal Zone, asserting it influences that have been controlling, and FLooD coupled his detailed and historically would be a "psychological Pearl Harbor." still seem to be controlling, the State De• backed condemnation ot the administra· Continuing, FLooD claimed: "Furthermore, if partment's actions? tion's soft Panama policy with a personal the Panama flag ever flies officially in the 430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 Canal Zone, this will open up a veritable to the entire exclusion of the e.xercise of any issued statements foretelling appeasement Pandora's box of controversy, conflict, and sovereign control by the Republic of Panama to mobsters whose ultimate aim is national­ chaos. The extremists who have been in­ were based on realistic considerations in­ ization. citing Panamanian mobs to violence and have volved in the conduct of a great project in an Nat only have your statements, Mr. Presi­ thus been establishing the foreign policy area of endemic revolution, and political dent, served to undermine important pro­ of Panama have as their immediate aim a instability. The perpetuity requirement is visions of the 1903 treaty acquiring the duality of control which the great leaders at based on 1902 recommendations of 'the Isth­ Canal Zone and providing for construction the start of the ceni;ury thought had been mian Canal Commission and the Spooner of the Panama Canal and its perpetual op­ forever prevented. The ultimate aim is Act. eration, ~ut also to negate the 1950 act of P anamanian nationalization." Congress placing the canal enterprise on a Earlier in the year, FLOOD charged the ef­ DECEMBER 3, 1959. self -sustaining and businesslike basis. forts of Panamanians to nationalize the Mr. PRESIDENT: The record of violence, These are matters in which the Congress canal, if successful, would "Berlinize the revolution, political intrigue, and instability has prime interest and responsibility. Canal Zone and thus be a dagger thrust at in Panama since 1904, culminating in the In this connection, please do not overlook the heart of America." attempted mob invasions of the Canal Zone that the Panama Canal has long been a In his letter to the President, FLOOD fur­ on November 3 and 28, 1959, are ample proof prime target for Communist political attack, of the wisdom and vision of those who dating back to the 1917 Russian revolution. ther stfl,ted: framed our historic policy of exclusive sov­ "The acquisition of the Canal Zone in 1904 As to the State Department's reputed and undertaking the Panama Canal enter­ ereign control, both Americans and Pana­ statement that the "admission of the Pana­ prise are highlights in American history, manians. Nothing could be more fatal to manian flag into the zone" would be of the welfare of Panama than for the Canal "immense psychological importance," that is always looked upon by President Theodore Zone or canal to become Panamanian po­ Roosevelt as comparable in importance to true. It would certainly be a psychological litical footballs. "Pearl Harbor" for the United States. Fur­ the Louisiana Purchase. The policies lead­ While it is true that the preamble of the ing up to them flowed from the minds of thermore, if the Panama flag ever flies of­ such eminent leaders as Secretary of. State 1903 treaty acquiring the grant of the Canal ficially in the Canal Zone, this will open Hay, Senator Spooner, John Bassett Moore, Zone in perpetuity describes "the sovereignty up a veritable Pandora's box of controversy, Elihu Roo.t, Adm. John G. Walker, John of such territory being actually vested in the conflict, and chaos. The extreinists who Republic of Panama," this statement was ob­ have been inciting Panamanian mobs to F. Stevens, and William H. Taft, as well as viously made to show the transfer of sov­ violence and have thus been ·establishing Roosevelt; and fully confirmed by Secretary ereignty over the area from Colombia to the foreign policy of Panama have as their of State Hughes. Panama as a result of the secession of Pana­ immediate aim a duality of control which "The treaty provisions for exclusive sover­ ma from Colombia. It was not for the the great leaders at the start of the century eign control of .the Canal Zone in perpetu­ purpose of establishing the sovereignty of thought had been forever prevented. The ity to the entire exclusion of the exercise Panama over the Canal Zone after ratifica­ ultimate aim is Panamanian nationaliza­ of any sovereign control by the Repub­ tion of the treaty. Thus, for you as Presi­ tion. lic of Panama were based on realistic con­ dent to state that the · United States "has Concession after concession in the nature siderations involved in the conduct of a recognized the titular sovereignty of Pan­ of important benefits has been made to great project in an area of endemic revolu­ ama" over the Canal Zone for more than 50 Panama by way of appeasement and the tion, and political instability. The perpetu­ years is not only inaccurate but definitely most solemn and paramount rights of the ity requirement is based on 1902 recommen­ misleading. In addition, for you also to sug­ United States surrendered without any bal­ dations of the Isthmian Canal Commission gest that there should be "visual evidence ancing considerations while your recent and the Spooner·Act." that Panama does have titular sovereignty statements on these matters have been made over the region" is incredible. It plays di­ in a further effort to appease-and doubt­ CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, rectly into the hands of those whose ultimate less from recommendations of underlings HoUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, aim is wresting control of the Panama Canal in the State Department or others not Washington, D.C., December 3, 1959. from the United States. grounded in the Panama situation-no ac­ The PRESIDENT, The only possible claim that Panama can tion has been required of Panama to make The White House. justly ~ake is one of reversionary char­ any withdrawal of its recent enactment seek­ DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: This letter is moti­ acter that can never be exercised so long as ing to extend its territorial waters around vated by the fact that I am a Representa­ the United States meets its treaty obliga­ the Canal Zone, thus making the canal an­ tive in the Congress from the great State of tions with respect to the canal. Therefore, other Berlin. In fact, all these concessions Pennsylvania and a member of the Subcom­ the Canal Zone is constitutionally acquired have produced an adverse effect so far as mittee of the House Committee on Appro­ domain of the United States subject only to the United States is concerned. priations charged with the duty of formu­ treaty provisions. The succession of surrenders over many lating supply bills for Panama Canal pur­ What has been most disturbing since the years of vastly important indispensable poses; and by the further fact that the dis­ disorders of November 3, 1959, has been the American rights to operate the Panama charge of the duties thus imposed has caused virtual blackout of important news from the Canal for the benefit of the world at large me to become a close student of canal prob­ isthmus in the major press of the United is a matter of the gravest concern. We lems. These are the reasons for thus ad­ States in line with the desire expressed by must stand by our treaty obligations and dressing you concerning your statements in you soon after that event to minimize the not permit this great interocean link to the Presidential news conference of DeceJU­ significance of the incident as "one episode become the victim of Panamanian or any ber 2, 1959, relative to Panama Canal in a long period of favorable relations." As other political maneuvering. matters. to this, Mr. President, the Spar.ish language My feeling in the present situation is one press of . Panama has not missed the sig­ DECEMBER 3, 1959. of the deepest concern, and therefore I nificance of those disorders. Neither have Mr. PRESIDENT: The flying in the Canal speak frankly, but, I assure you,. with the re­ residents 'in the Canal Zone nor thoughtful Zone of the Panamanian flag would symbol­ spect due your office and person. Also, be­ nonpolitical Panamanians who witnessed tl;le ize another striking instance of the liquida­ cause of the. circumstances and your absence assaults endured .PY our Canal Zone pollee tion of the Just authority of our Nation, from the country, I take the liberty of and Army units in protecting the United while Communist aggression so largely re­ making this an open letter for the reason States interests. sponsible for the liquidation has been .per­ that thereby-in some measure at least-­ 'Instead of a prompt and courageous an­ mitted to flourish in a manner far beyond the American people and the Congress may nouncement backing up Canal . Zone au­ any precedent of history. be warned of the dangers involved in the thorities, civil and military, to the hilt and . The tragic muddle at Panama, Mr. Presi­ current situation at Panama. I am in no­ warning that further efforts to; invade the dent, is conclusive evidence that you cannot wise an enemy of Panama or of any just zone would also be repelled by force if safely rely on those who since 1953 have Panamanian aspirations. Panamanian authorities were unable or un­ been advising you on Panama Canal sover­ The acquisition of the Canal Zone in 1904 willing to hold radicals and their Commu­ eignty and treaty questions. The whole and undertaking the Panama Canal enter­ nist monitors in check, the administra­ policy has been one of sheer appeasement, prise are highlights in American history, tion sent a diplomatic emissary to appease and evidently, against the views and recom­ always looked upon by President Theodore those stiri·ing up the trouble. The result was mendations of t~ose in immediate charge . Roosevelt as comparable in importance to inevitable: a second attempt to invade the of the operation, maintenance, and pro­ the Louisiana Purchase. The policies lead­ Canal Zone on November 28, with far great­ tection of the canal. However overgen.:. ing to them flowed from the minds of such er numbers involved and renewed violence. erous some of the recent concessions might eminent leaders as Secretary of State Hay, have been, they are far better than any Senator Spooner, John Bassett Moore, Elihu DEcEMBER 3, 1959. action which would impair or subtract from Root, Adm. John G. Walker, John F. Mr. PRESIDENT: It is indeed regrettable the full .authority of the United States over Stevens, a.nd William H. Taft, as well as that neither yourself nor any official in· the the Canal Zone. Without such authority Roosevelt; and fully confirmed by Secretary State Department has publicly commended this Nation could not discharge its obliga­ of State Hughes. Canal Zone or v.s. Army authorities for tions in operating the canal. The treaty provisions for exclusive sover­ · doing their duty. They have, however, com­ The official display of the Panamanian eign control of the Canal Zone in perpetuity mended the National Guard of Panama and flag in the Canal Zone as evidence of Pana- 1960 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE 431 manian jUrlsdiction is not an insignificant Such a display of the Panamanian· flag in the sovereignty and political independence gesture of good will. Instead, it will pave the Canal Zone, FLOOD continued, "would of all the Western Hemisphere nations; and the way for ever-increasing and impossible inevitably add to tasks in the operating and Whereas the · American continents, by the demands in behalf of Panama led by ex­ defense forces of the Panama Canal" and, free and independent position which they tremist radicals who under no circumstances he stated, "any person entertaining a con­ have assumed and maintained, are not sub­ will ever be friends of the United States trary view, in the light of isthmian history ject to colonization or domination by any regardless of what we may do. is absolutely naive." power; and . Finally, I can think of nothing that would In conclusion, FLooD said that he strongly Whereas the intervention of international have a stronger appeal to the people of our believed that a forthright statement by our, communism, directly or indirectly, or how­ country than for you to apply the full force Government on thi3 subject in harmony ever disguised, in any American state, con­ of your prestige toward safeguarding United with the enunciations of former Secretaries flicts with the established policy of the States interests in Panama-and, thereby, of State, including John Hay and Charles American Republics for the protection of the the entire world. If you should thus act, Evans Hughes, as well as President-elect sovereignty of the peoples of such states and our people will support you in the best William Howard Taft, to name a few, "would the political independence of their govern­ tradition. do much to clarify the situation and to re­ ments; and With best for yourself and the cause of strain communistic and radical elements in Whereas such a situation extended to any peace on the forthcoming trip to the Old Panama whose ultimate goal is nationaliza­ portions of the Western Hemisphere is dan­ World, I remain, tion at whatsoever cost." gerous to the peace and safety of the whole Sincerely yours, FLOOD also posed these questions to of it, including the United States: Now, DANIEL J. FLOOD, Herter: therefore, be it · Member of Congress. Why feed the dangerous flames of fanati­ Resolved by the House of Representatives cism with unwise appeasements, which in (the Senate concurring), (1) That any such RELEASE OF FRIDAY, JANUARY 8, 1960 the last analysis would be a vast disservice subversive domination or threat of it vio­ Congressman DANIEL J. FLOOD today called to both Panama and the United States? lates the principles of the Monroe Doctrine. upon Secretary of State Christian A. Herter Why should we fail to stand up for our and of collective security as set forth in the to make a forthright statement supporting just, legitimate, and indispensable · rights acts and resolutions heretofore adopted by . the sovereign position of the United States and authority in the Canal Zope? the American Republics; and in the Panama Canal Zone and in the opera­ ·FLOOD announced that he will make an­ (2) That in any such situation any one tion of the canal, both of which have been other in his long series of addresses on this or more of the high contracting parties to targets in recent months of radical elements subje_ct before the House of Representatives the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal As­ in Panama whose purpose is to oust the the week of January 11. sistance may, in the exercise of individual or United States from this part of the world or, The title of his address will be: "Panama collective self-defense, and in accordance at least, to make impossible demands upon Oanal: Symbol of Fourth Front." with the declarations and principles above this country with regard to annuity pay­ FLOOD's continuing interest in the U.S. stated, take steps to forestall or combat in­ ments and other matters. position at Panama is heightened by his tervention, domination, control, and coloni­ FLooD has contended for several years in membership on the House Appropriations zation in whatever. form, by the subversive speeches before the House that the United Committee and that committee's responsi­ forces known as international communism States will continue to face serious diffi­ bility in providing supply bills and other and its agencies in the Western Hemisphere. culties at Panama so long as an appeasement necessary funds for the operation and main­ policy is followed by those whose responsi­ tenance of the canal and the Canal Zone. HousE CoNCURRENT RESOLUTION 450 bility it is to establish poligy with regard Whereas the United States, under the Hay­ to United States-Panama relations in general HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 33 Bunau-Varllla Treaty of 1903 with Panama, and the Canal Zone in particular. Where.as there is now being strongly urged acquired complete and exclusive sovereignty Developments in recent months have in certain quarters of the world the surren­ over the Canal Zone in perpetuity for con­ borne out the Congressman's concern in this der, by the United States, without reimburse­ struction of the Panama Canal and its per- matter, with two outbreaks, led by revolu­ ment, of the Panama Canal, to the United . petual maintenance, operation, sanitation, tionary mobs, in November, and the prospect Nations or to some other international or­ and protection; and of further violence if these same groups do ganization for the ownership and operation Whereas all jurisdiction of the Republic of not obtain their ill-considered demands, in­ of the canal; and Panama over the Canal Zone ceased on ex­ cluding the flying of the Panamanian flag in Whereas the United States, at the expense change of ratifications of the 1903 treaty the Canal Zone, in the near future. of its taxpayers and under, and fully relying on February 26, 1904; and FLOOD stated in a communication with on, treaty agreements, constructed the canal, Whereas since that time the United States ·secretary Herter that titular sovereignty, and since its completion, at large expendi­ has continuously exercised exclusive sov­ does not mean joint or equal sovereignty by ture, has maintained and operated it and ereignty and control over the Canal Zone Panama over the Canal Zone nor does it ex­ provided for its protection and defense; and and Panama Canal; and press the precise situation involved, the Whereas the United States, following the Whereas where responsibility is imposed term "titular sovereignty" recently being construction of the canal, has since main­ there must be given for its effectuation ade­ enunciated at Panama by a U.S. State De­ tained, operated, and protected it in strict quate authority; and with respect to the partme::lt official following · the November conformity · with treaty requirements and Panama Canal the treaty of 1903 so pro- outbreaks and was his way of describing agreements, and has thus made it free, with­ vided; and · Panama's position vis-a-vis the United States out restriction or qualification, for the ship­ Whereas the United States has fully and in the Canal Zone. FLOOD said at the time ping of the entire world; and, in consequenc~ effectively discharged all its ·treaty obliga­ that this State Department official did not of which, with respect to the canal and the tions with respect to the Panama Canal and serve the best interests of the United States Canal Zone, every just and equitable con­ the only legitimate interest that Panama can in making such a characterization of Pana­ sideration favors the continuance of· the have in the sovereignty of the Canal Zone ma's position and the position, established United States in the exercise of all the rights is one of reversionary character that can by' a 1903 treaty, of the United States in the and authority by treaty provided, and in the never become. operative unless the United Canal Zone and in the operation of the discharge of the duties by treaty imposed: States should abandon the canal enterprise; canal. Now, therefore, be it and Conti"luing, FLooD told Herter that so long Resolved by the House of Representatives Whereas the policy of the United States as the United States maintains and operates (the Senate concurring), That ( 1) it is the since President Hayes' message to the Con­ the Panama Canal in accordance with its sense and judgment of the Congress that the gress on March 8, 1880, has been for an inter­ treaty obligations, Panama cannot rightfully United States should not, in any wise; sur­ oceanic canal "under American control," that exercise any kind of sovereignty over the render to any other government or authority is to say, under the control of the United Canal Zone. its jurisdiction over, and control of, the States; and On the flag matter, FLooD stated the official Canal Zone, and its ownership, control, man­ Whereas the grant by Panama to the display of the Panama flag over Canal Zone agement, maintenance, operation, and pro­ United States of exclusive sovereignty over territory as an evidence of any kind of tection of the Panama Canal, in accordance the Canal Zone for the aforesaid purposes Panamanian sovereignty, "would only com­ with existing treaty provisions; and that (2) was an absolute, indispensable condition plicate the situation and would be the basis it is to the best interests-not only of the precedent to the great task undertaken by for further and ever-increasing and impossi­ United States, but, as well, of all nations and the United States in the construction and ble demands on the part of Panama with re­ peoples-that all the powers, duties, author­ perpetual maintenance, operation, sanita­ spect to both the Canal Zone and the ity, and obligations of the United States in tion, and protection of the Panama Canal, Panama Canal." the premises be continued iii accordance with for the benefit of the entire world: Now, "The radical elements in Panama which, existing treaty provisions. therefore, be it in fact, formulate its foreign policy, would Resolved by the House of Representatives never rest with such display, whatever agree­ HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 445 (the Senate concurring), (1) That the ment might be formally reached between the Whereas the subversive forces known as United States, under treaty provisions, con­ United States and Panama on this subject," international communism, operating secretly stitutionally acquired, and holds, in per­ FLooD stated to Herter. and openly, directly and indirectly, threaten. petuity, ex;clusive sovereignty and control 432 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 over the Canal Zone for the construction ·of midst. It is a pleasure to· salute this uled to make a full report to ·the· other the Panama Canal and its perpetual main­ great American humanitarian on this, body, together with their recommenda­ tenance, operation, sanitation, and protec­ tion; and his 93d birthday. tions for appropriate corrective legisla- (2) That there can be no just claim by tion, on January 31. the Republic. of Panama for the exercise of It is not mY intention, Mr. Speaker, any sovereignty of whatever character over RELIEF OF UNEMPLOYMENT to try to jump the gun on the official the Canal Zone so long as the United States The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under report ·which will be submitted by discharges its duties and obligations with re­ previous order of the House, the gentlr the distinguished McCarthy committee. spect to the canal; and man from New York [Mr. STRATTON] is But last Friday this committee came into (3) That the formal display of any official flag over the Canal Zone other than that recognized for 1 hour. my own district in New York State and of the United States is violative of law, Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I can- into my own home city of Schenectady treat y, international usage, and the historic not think of a more difficult position for and held a day-long hearing there into canal policy of the United States as fully a Member of this House to be placed in the problem of unemployment in our upheld by its highest courts and admin­ than to have to follow the distinguished particular area. And on the b:;tsis of istrative officials; and would lead to con­ and able gentleman from Pennsylvania that hearing and the information de­ fusion and chaos in the administration of in the presentation of any point of view veloped there, Mr. Speaker, I would like the Panama Canal enterprise. on the floor of this House. to urge all of the Members of this body GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND Incidentally, the very able and distin- to join with me in insisting that the Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask guished gentleman from. Pennsylvania House of Representatives move quickly unanimous consent that all Members of who has just disclosed his broad knowl- to get action on the area redevelopment the House who wish to do so may ex­ edge and ability in the field of foreign bill so that we may demonstrate con­ tend their remarks on this subject at, the affairs as it relates to the Panama Canal elusively that this Congress has at least end of the other insertions made on the and the Republic of Panama, it also hap- as much concern for the problems of same subject. pens is one of the leading forces on the unemployed areas on this continent that The SPEAKER. Is there objection to subject on which I am about to talk to it has for unemployment areas and un­ the request of the gentleman from Penn­ you for a few moments; and I hope that derdeveloped areas thousands of miles sylvania? the gentleman from Pennsylvania may away on other continents. There was no objection. be here for at least part of this period I believe that the distressed areas bili so that we can have the advice and the is one of the most urgent pieces of legis­ recommendation which I know he is so lation that we could possibly adopt, and DR. TOWNSEND'S 93D BIRTHDAY well qualified to give. I believe that the information which was SCHENECTADY UNEMPLOYMENT HEARINGS DEM• developed at the hearing in Schenectady Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. Mr. ONSTRATE URGENT NEED FOR PASSING DIS• last Friday, WhiCh no dOUbt duplicateS Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to TREssED AREAs BILL in many ways information picked up in extend my remarks at this point in the Mr. Speaker, last September when the many other parts of the United States RECORD. 1st session of the 86th Congress ad- during the course of this committee's in­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection journed, one of the most important quiry, makes it clear why this legislation to the request of the gentleman from items of unfinished business left on our is so important. Pennsylvania? agenda was the so-called area redevelop- May I say, Mr. Speaker, that in Sche­ There was no objection. ment bill or the distressed areas bill, of nectady the committee went into one of Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. Mr. which I am proud to be a sponsor. This the old and established industrial sec­ Speaker, today marks the 93d birthday bill is designed to deal with the urgent tions of the United States. Schenectady anniversary of a distinguished American and pressing problem of chronic unem- itself is the home of one of America's who has for many years been in the fore­ ployment that has plagued so many sec- largest and most powerful corporations, front of the fight for economic ju.stice tions of our country even at a time when the General Electric Co. Within a few and security for the millions of senior we are being told as the President of miles is located .the great city of Amster­ citizens of this Nation. I refer to Dr. the United States said again in his state dam, the center for many years of the Francis E. Townsend, founder and . of the Union message, that the Nation is carpet industry in the United States, and president of the Townsend plan. experiencing the greatest prosperity in just to the north of Amsterdam lie the Dr. Townsend was born on January 13, its history. Mr. Speaker, for millions cities of Gloversville and Johnstown, the 1867, in Fairbury, Ill.; the son of George of people in many sections across the .center of the great glove-making indus­ Warren Townsend and Sarah Harper country, including my own congressional try in this country. Today, Mr. Speak­ Townsend. He graduated from Franklin, district in New York State, there is no er, throughout this area, the picture, as Nebr., Academy in 1893 and received his prosperity; there is instead the specter these hearings developed, is a bleak one. medical degree from Omaha Medical of unemployment, uncertainty, the loss ·Schenectady, this great home of one of College of the University of Nebraska in of jobs, and general economic demorali- America's greatest corporations, is suf­ 1903. zation. fering heavily from unemployment, al- He married the former Mrs. Minnie Although the area redeveiopm~nt bill though through a fluke in the statistical Bogue in 1906 and became the father of pased the other body in the last session reporting methods it has just been re­ three children, the eldest of whom is and also was ' favorably reported from - moved from the list of areas of most Robert, long associated with his father the Committee on Banking and Cur- serious unemployment. Believe me, as in Townsend plan activities and who now rency of this body, it has remained in the testimony developed at this hearing, serves as vice president and treasurer 'of the Committee on Rules without fur- the situation in Schenectady has not im­ the Townsend organization. ther action being taken. Fortunately, proved; only this morning in the Sche­ Dr. Townsend practiced medicine in just before the adjournment of Congress nectady Gazette I read a report that even South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana, last year the other body created a spe- more people are expected to be dropped also serving as a 1st lieutenant in the cial committee to look into the ·whole from the employment rolls at the Sche­ Medical Corps during World War I. Fol.:. subject of unemployment. That com- nectady plant of the Alco Products Co., lowing the war, he moved his practice to mittee was appointed under the chair- Inc. In fact, the situation is likely to get Long Beach, Calif. Here he served as manship of the distinguished Senator worse before it gets better. In addition, assistant health officer of the city of Long from Minnesota, a former Member of Amsterdam, Gloversville, and Johnstown Beach and devoted much of his time to this body, Senator EuGENE McCARTHY. are all currently listed as areas of caring for the indigent. For more than In the months that have passed since chronic unemployment. In fact, these a generation he has been a vigorous ad­ the first session of Congress ended, Sen- two areas are the two areas in New York vocate of the Townsend plan to provide ator McCARTHY ~d his colleagues have State which have the very dubious dis­ decent pensions to all persons at age 60. gone from one section of the country to tinction of being so designated. Throughout his life, Dr. Townsend has another examining the areas of unem- Now what is the cause of this situation been the champion of the sick, the dis­ ployment and of underemployment, and in Schenectady? Well, according to in­ abled, the underprivileged, and the eco­ under the terms of the resolution creat~ formation presented at the hearing by a nomically distressed persons in our ing their committee. they are now sched- representative of the General Electric 1960 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD --HOUSE 433 Co. our area is still suffering from a re­ ·to try again. I went to the Speaker and munitywide effort to attract new in­ cession. This recession was not referred asked his cooperation and help. He as­ dustry and to create the .conditions under to as in the past but actually in the pres­ sured me he wants this kind of a law which new industry can be brought into ent. In fact, based on the testimony and that he will help us in any way he the community and in which a greater presented to the committee, I gather can to have this law and that he will pro­ number of jobs can be found for existing that there is some question, at least, as gram: it immediately if and when it industry. This great community organ­ far as the whole electrical industry is reaches the fioor of the House from the ization, which has already received concerned, whether the recession of 1957 Committee on Rules. I know he wants nationwide attention, is known. rather and 1958 has even now come to an end. to help us, and I am sure that makes uniquely but succinctly, as GUTS. Certainly it has not come to an end in my friend who is speaking feel much, Inc. I am myself proud to be a our area, and the great manufacturing much better about that. I feel that we member of the GUTS organization; in plant of the General Electric Co. in have the votes in the House to pass this fact I am in charge of the sales organi­ Schenectady is today operating at some­ bill, and I believe we will pass the bill. zation designed to sell my home com­ thing between 40 and 60 percent of its The administration has a bill of its own. munity to prospective industrial appli­ normal productive capacity. In addi­ I do not say there is anything sacred cants, and I will be happy to meet at the tion, the situation has been· further about my bill. I will stand by, listening conclusion of these remarks with any complicated by the fact that the com­ to the rule of reason and compromise, be­ of you or any of your constituents who pany over the past few years has grad­ cause you know that settlement is bet­ may desire to move into our area. ually been .moving many of its opera­ ter than any lawsuit, anyhow. So, I con­ I am certain that this kind of action tions out of the established industrial gratulate you for taking this time. I is one of the first steps that is necessary area of New York State into the areas of see many friends here to help you, and I before a community can arrest the the South and the West. wish you would excuse me. downward trend. But I also feel that The committee was given these facts Mr. STRATTON. I thank the gentle­ we should not allow these local activities with regard to the resulting local em­ man from Pennsylvania for his com­ to blind us to the fact that what we are ployment situation. During the· past 5- ments and very generous remarks. As confronted with here is not just a local year period, while overall employment in is ever the case, the gentleman has been but a national problem and we cannot the United States was rising from 61.2 more tha:a generous in his words for. me. escape the responsibility for dealing million to 65.5 million, employment in Let me say that it has been a real priv­ with it as a national problem, too. the city of Schenectady dropped from ilege for me to be one of the many fol­ In the city of Amsterdam, once one of 46,192 to 23,520, or, in other words, a drop lowers of the gentleman from Pennsyl­ the textile centers of the Nation, there of 22,672, or nearly 50 percent of the vania in his very able :fight in this is the same basic problem. Some years working force. In fact, the committee regard. I am delighted to know that he ·ago the Bigelow Sanford Carpet Co., one was informed that it now takes almost . has had these assurances, and I feel cer­ of the -big employers in Amsterdam, 17 years of service in the General Elec­ tain on the basis of information devel­ moved to the South. As a result, textile tric Co. to qualify even for a sweeper's oped by the committee in the other body employment in Amsterdam, which stood job. The same kind of a shift has also that we will muster the votes needed to at 15,600 in 1951, is now down to 8,600, been taking place with regard to the put this bill across. I must also say that according to testimony presented to the other large industry in Schenectady, the I was pleased to read in the paper the committee. A former mayor of the city Alco Products Co. other day a report that I interpreted as of Amsterdam testified that this move These shifts have had a .devastating being a statement from the President of was undertaken because of low wages effect, as can be imagilied, on the com­ the United States that he was now pre­ and cheaper power in the Southern munity itself. As Rabbi. Solomon S. pared-to support some legislation of this States of our Nation and also because of Bernards put it in his testimony: type, although in his form rather than the difficulty which unions have found Imperceptible at first but traceable now, a our form, as the gentleman indicated. in organizing to protect the wages and spirit of demoralization began to set in in I think this is c~rtainly a significant ad­ working conditionS of their members in our community about 3 or, 4 years ago. vance and it makes me very optimistic that section of our country. Today Am­ about the future. And, I agree with the sterdam is listed as suffering from 13.5 Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Spe&.ker, will the gentleman that we certainly warit to percent of unemployment, and this in gentleman yield? get a bill out in one form or another and spite of the fact that this great commu­ Mr. STRATTON. I yield the gen­ to ~ will be prepared to make any reasonable nity has also mobilized. its resources in tleman from Pennsylvania. and proper compromise. I will go along an effort to attract new industry. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I want to with the gentleman's leadership on that. eomparatively speaking, this organi­ say that I have received great help from Mr. Speaker, in these Schenectady 'ZRtion, known as Industries for Amster­ Members on both sides of the aisle on this hearings, the mayor of the city of Sche­ dam, has been highly. successful, having area redevelopment plan. It, too, is com­ nectady joined in expressing regret for attracted some 19 new plants into the pletely nonpartisan. Men on both sides .· the effect which these movements of in­ city of Amsterdam in the past 6 or 7 of the aisle have worked for years to dustry have had on our city, particularly years. And yet, at best, r..s the testi­ make this law. I must say that the gen­ when they have come at a time when the mony demonstrated, this community tleman now speaking to us from the well country as a whole was experiencing a self-help effort had brought in less than joined this :fight the day he carne to the ,general economic drop. . half of the ·4,000 jobs that moved out of House. He has been at my right hand Two additional points: Testimony at the city of Amsterdam when the Bige.;, ever since. At all of our steering com­ the hearing developed the fact that for­ low Sanford plant went south. In spite mittee meetings, caucus meetings, and eign competition has been an increasing­ of the fact that this community self­ debate and what not he has been m~ ly severe factor to be reckoned with in help spirit in Amsterdam resulted, as the strong right arm. I am proud to report the electrical industry; and the vice present mayor of the city testified, in the that to the people of his district, which president of the Alco Products Co. raising of some $400,000 from its own is equally distressed economically as is further testified frankly that the only citizens to support this new industries' mine in the anthracite coalfields of way to improve the situation was to in­ drive and to construct needed industrial Pennsylvania. Now, I anticipate what crease productivity, which he acknowl­ plants, the problem has not been licked. my friend is going to say. I know he is edged would mean even fewer men re­ In fact, the community, as the mayor going to cover all of the problems that quired to build the same number of himself expressed it, needs outside help. have been discussed with my colleagues locomotives. He testified to the Senate committee both on the right and the left from In spite of these difficulties, Mr. that the city has industrial prospects States who have this same problem. I Speaker, the people of Schenectady are interested in moving in but help is am sorry I cannot remain here, because I making an almost superhuman effort to needed. to build plants to accommodate am an hour late for the Defense Appro­ help themselves. Within recent months these prospects. priation Subcommittee hearing. The there has been established a citywfde As the Amsterdam Recorder phrased Secretary is testifying. I think ·you organization, which has called upon it in an editorial: would like to know that I have talked leaders in every phase of community We need help. What we need is assistance about this matter with my friends on life, government, business, labor, the in making our community attractive to out• both sides of the aisle, and I am going church, and so on. to mount a com- side industry in search of new locations. CVI--28 '·

434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 Even more seriously hit is the glove the labor market in the next few years as hearing brought out, that they desper­ industry in Fulton County just to the a result of the so-called population ex­ ately need help from the outside. They north. For many years the glove in- plosion which we have been hearing so need help to · help themselves. They dustry has been affected by foreign much about? Are these people perma­ need help to attract new industries into competition. In the past 5 or 6 years nently to be derued employment? Are their area and to provide these new in­ this competition from abroad has we to close down areas of our own coun­ dustries with facilities that would make reached staggering and frightening try and mark them permanently as con­ their established community an indus­ proportions. Today Gloversville has taminated and unfit for human habita· trially attractive one. They need help 21.3 percent unemployment, with some tion and too hot to handle because of to counteract some of the concessions 5,000 of its 23,450 people unemployed. our inability to develop jobs in these that are being offered by local govern­ It -is listed as a chronic area of unem- locations? Are we to leave our country ments in other areas of the country. ployment, and one witness testified that splotched and blotted with ghost towns They need help to retrain workers from at best the workers in the glove industry from one end to the other in a time of skills that have been established over average only 7 or 8 months out of a national prosperity? , many years to new skills that would be year of employment. The . rest of the Mr. Speaker, this problem is not just needed for new industries, a job which time they subsist on unemployment in- a local problem. I submit that it is very few industrialists are prepared to surance. As the mayor of the city of clearly a national problem. President undertake and finance themselves. Gloversville testified, retail sales in this Eisenhower, in his state of the Union There are many other pieces of legis­ community have gone down 7 percent in message the other day, said that he lation that, in my judgment, are required the past year while retail sales in the would not recommend the expenditure to deal fully with this problem in all of rest of the Nation have been rising by of Federal funds for any local problems its aspects, including, as I have already 8 percent. This is what we mean, Mr. but only for those of national concern. indicated, legislation to meet the serious Speaker, by chronic unemployment. In Mr. Speaker, a cancer in one part of the problem of foreign trade and our un­ fact the size of this economic problem body can ultimately destroy all of the realistic tariff policy. But the first and of foreign competition can perhaps best body, and in my judgment the economic most important step in my judgment be appreciated by the testimony which cancer of unemployment in one area of would be the adoption of the bill which indicated that 70 percent of the knit the country can ultimately damage the already has passed the other body and glove manufacturing put onto the economic fabric of the country as a which has received the overwhelming American market today comes in from whole. This is a national problem, and support of the Committee on Banking Japan. As a result of this s.ituation the I believe that we must move swiftly and and Currency in this body, a bill, in fact, glove industry is scheduled to appear be- decisively to deal with it on a national which passed both Houses of Congress fore the Tariff Commission on Tuesday basis. we cannot possibly take pride in in the 85th Congress and then unfortu­ next t? appeal f?r substantial relief. As ouF prosperity as long as this level of nately was vetoed by the President of o~e w1t~~ss testified ~o the SeJ?-ate com- unemployment is allowed to exist in so the United States, the area redevelop­ m1ttee, The glove mdustry m Fulton . many parts of the Nation. ment bill. This bill would make funds County has come to the very last phase _ One of the most disturbing factors of available to communities like Schenec­ o.f it~ erosion, and now, unless the pra~- all about this situation is the comparison tady and Amsterdam and Gloversville t1.ce Is re~~rsed, th~ last remnants. WI~l between this country and countries and Johnstown which are already mov­ disappear. Referrmg to the NatiOns abroad which have been the beneficiaries ing to help themselves by establishing "unrealistic tariff policies," the execu- in the past few years of so much finan­ community industrial development or­ ~ve secretary of the National Associa- cial aid from the United states. As one ganizations. It would make funds avail­ ti~n of Leather Glove Manufacturers- of the members of the subcommittee able to retrain workers from one type of said bluntly: put it, there is a level of unemployment productive activity to another. It would The county of Fulton is powerless to re- in this country of 6 percent. One of the help to build the industrial buildings store healthy employment. witnesses testified that he would con- that the mayor of Amsterdam has said He added:· sider the reduction of this level to even his community needs if it is going to lick More than kind words are needed to help 3 percent as highly favorable. By com- its own chronic unemployment problem. the area. parison, the level of unemployment in countries of Western Europe, which I want to appeal to all of the Members This, Mr. Speaker, is the situation in have been heavy beneficiaries of Ameri­ of this body to join with me to get this one important area of this country. I can aid is well below 2 percent. Can we bill out of the Rules Committee and onto am sure that other Members of this body not do as well for our own people as we the floor of this House. I believe there could cite statistics and conditions to do for those abroad? - were indications at the end of the last demonstrate that it can be duplicated in The representative of the General Congress that a n~w effort would be many other parts of the country, and I Electric Co. for example, testifying be­ made early in this session to accomplish am sure that the report of the distin­ fore the committee, pointed out how just this objective. Now is the time to guished committee from the other body contracts in the heavy electrical goods act. And I was most encouraged, Mr. -will also demonstrate this fact clearly, industry awarded in just the past year Speaker, just the other day, to read a Unemployment is more than an eco­ to foreign firms had meant the loss of press account which indicated that even nomic problem, Mr. Speaker. As several over a thousand jobs for a full year in the President of the United States and witnesses indicated it is also a social and the city of Schenectady alone. In fact, the Vice President of the United States an educational problem. Desertion and this representative, Mr. A. C. Stevens, have expressed their desire to support marital discord are on the rise in areas was concerned not only with the prob­ this kind of distressed-areas legislation. of increasing unemployment. Young lem of foreign competition but the even There may be some quibbling over the men and women are in many cases drop­ more serious problem that to meet this amount of money, but I do not see how ping out of school early in order to try demand industry may gradually be there can be any quibble over the need to find a job to help the family tide over forced to move abroad in order to stay for action at the highest level of Gov­ their economic situation, and many competitive, thereby taking away even ernment to eliminate this economic can­ youngsters who have been educated at the small number ·of jobs that still re­ cer and to recognize our responsibility substantial cost by the community are main. Indeed this movement has al­ to restore the ·economic health of our leaving the community and moving else­ ready started in many of our industries own people, especially if we can so easily where, thus depriving the community of and especially in glove industry, and as provide billions of dollars . for unem­ the investment in their education and Mr. Stevens himself phrased it, there is ployed and underdeveloped countries development for which they had contrib­ substantial danger that this movement abroad. uted so heavily. Even more serious are may turn into a full-scale "stampede." If a visit to these foreign countries can the prospects for the future. Not only Mr. Speaker, this is the shape of the so move people that they recognize that are we unable to supply the jobs for the problem we face. Even though the peo­ the challenge of poverty and lack of op­ young people who are looking for them ple in my district are brave people and portunity is a titantic challenge, as the today, but what about the opportunities are deeply optimistic, and even though President of the United States indicated for those increased numbers of young. they have done everything possible to just the other day, then I think there is men and women who will be coming into assist themselves, it is clear, as this an equally titanic challenge for us to

- 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 435 meet in the problem of lost opportuni­ Korean war, 7 years ago, some 40,000 persons Now what are my recommendations to the ties, of failure to utilize our full re­ were employed at Schenectady General Elec­ committee for legislation to deal with this sources, of poverty and .economic stress tric. Today the employment figure is closer problem? in our own country. to 20,000. Alco Products Co., formerly the ( 1 j I believe there is a need for legisla~ American Locomotive Co., employed some tion to assist communities like Schenectady, "Look homeward, angel." Let us not 10,000 people back in 1951; today their em­ Amsterdam, Gloversville, and Johnstown lose sight of the -responsibilities and the ployment ·is in the neighborhood of 2,000. which are already seeking to help them­ needs in our own community and our The unemployment situation in Schenectady selves in bringing iii. new industry to fill in own Nation as we meet the needs of h as stemmed largely from thes<:l changes. the Job gap. The so-called distressed areas world leadership abroad. Let us not As far as General Electric is concerned, I bill, of which I am proud, incidentally, to sacrifice our own economic health in believe Schenectady has been part of an eco­ be a cosponsor, is legislation which would trying to restore the health of our nomic trend that is not perhaps unique in be extremely helpful in this direction. Am­ our city, namely, the gradual shift of indus­ sterdam has had substantial success in or­ friends abroad. Let us not take away try from established industrial areas of the ganizing a community undertaking of its our own jobs as we try to create jobs in Northeast irito the South and the West. The own to attract new industry; similar com­ other countries. company first announced plans for this shift munity endeavors are under way in Schenec­ I believe the area redevelopment bill back in 1953. They have been going on tady and in Fulton Counties. Yet it is not is · the first and necessary step in facing gradually since then, although the recession always possible for communities which are up to this serious and threatening prob­ of 1957 and 1958 made the situation even economically hard hit to find all of the lem of unemployment here at home, and more acute than the company had antici­ ready funds that might be needed to pur­ I hope those Members of this House on pated. chase industrial parks, erect industrial The situation with regard to Alco is some­ buildings, or do other things to bring in both sides of the aisle who worl~ed to­ what different. It stems largely from a de­ new industry. Likewise there is no fund gether in the last year under the leader­ cline in the railroad industry generally, plus readily available to help in the retraining ship of the distinguished gentleman some readjustment in production activities of personnel from one type of business to from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD], will of the company outside of Schenectady, · another, something that is often needed join together.again this year to produce though in this case not outside of New York before a new industry can be helpful. This a piece of legislation that will move to State. Local real estate taxes, by the way, the distressed areas bill would do. meet what in my judgment is the Na­ have added to Alco's difficulties-a situation (2) The committee should recommend that is not uncommon in other communities adoption of a bill which I introduced in the tion's gravest economic threat. hit by unemployment and cleclining popula­ last session of Congress, H.R. 5559, to pro­ Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent tions. vide a measure of Federal tax relief for busi­ to include following these remarks testi­ I believe the committee may want to ex­ nesses which move into an unemployment mony which I presented before the Spe­ plore somewhat further the reasons for these area or which expand· in such an area. With cial Committee on Unemployment Prob­ shifts. No doubt there is a general desire such legislation on the books areas like our lems of the other body, and also to in­ today on the part of many companies to de­ own would be in a better position to com­ clude following that an extension of re­ centralize operations, with· not so much pete with some of the concessions now being marks of the gentleman from Michigan volume of production in a larger number of given by areas in States which do nort have cities, rather than a higher volume in a few the same progressive level of legislation we [Mr. RABAUT] who has asked that his cities in which the company is the over­ have in New York. Such a bill would help remarks on this subject be included in whel:ming sole employer. Perhaps there is us keep the industry we already have, which the RECORD following my own. also a desire to move out of established is just as impo-rtant as bringing in ~ew The SPEAKER pro tempore

Our millions who have exhausted un­ first-hand piGture of wh.at th~se condj­ ous consideration of that-legislation by employment compensation benefits, and tions .are. His ·visit abroad was a very the Banking and Currency Committee. drag out a bare existence with the help of dramatic· thing and it did a great deal of That committee, however, has seen fit to surplus agriGul_tural commoditi~s, are go9d in inspiri~g the people abroad. But report to the Rules Committee S. 722. still with us. There is no significant I think also we should look homeward. Whether that legislation in itself is. go­ decline in their numbers. I would like to issue an invitation to ing to be the answer to all of our prob­ Anyone who read the press repQrts of President Eisenhower to visit West Vir­ lems, .that is those of us who have a the President's reply to an inquiry by ginia, and I am sure the Representatives serious depressed area problem, I cannot Senator CooPER, regarding administra­ of other States would like to have him say. I can say, however, that the part tion plans for the distressed areas can come and see conditions in their States of West Virginia I have the privilege to only conclude that from past perform­ so that some action may be taken on this represent is not touched by this legis­ ances we cannot expect help from the long overdue area redevelopment bill. lation now pending. ·seventeen counties . White House. Indeed, on the basis of In West Virginia ·conditions have not in our State would receive benefits under attitudes expressed recently it is doubtful improved very much. In some sections this legislation now pending before the that we can even expect comprehension the situation is worse than in the darkest Rules Committee. However, as a West of the problem at 1600 Pennsylvania days of the depression of the 1930's. Virginian •. as a Representative from a Avenue. Recently the Unemployment Subcom­ State that has a severe problem in the . If the regular course of.legislative ac­ mittee held hearings in Welch, Beckley, field of depressed areas and in .the field tivity, bearing on a grievous national Fayetteville, and Wheeling. The hear­ of unemployment I feel it is my duty as problem.. is to be stymied bY ordinary ings were chaired by my able and hard- a Representative here in the Congress to human whims, unsupported by constitu­ . working colleague from the other body, add my voice to that of my fellow West tional authority, perhaps a flair for Senator JENNINGS RANDOLPH. I testified Virginians, and the gentleman from drama will support the cause. Perhaps a before that committee, as did Mr. :MooRE, Pennsylvania, and the gentleman from caravan of ragged .children from de~ my colleague, who I understand made a · New York, -to do all that I possibly can pressed mining districts should be pa­ special trip back from Denver to testify, to bring to the floor of this House s. 722 raded before the doors of the committee because of the urgency of the situation. in order that the House may work its room. Perhaps our spokesmen for food­ My other . colleagues, Messrs. SLACK, will. - · for-peace programs should be required BAILEY,' and STAGGERS, and Mrs. KEE also I . certainly want to compliment the to travel through depressed portions of · testified. Many people have exhausted gentleman for taking the time here this the United States as a preface to any their unemployment benefits. The aftemoqn to spell out the need for the consideration of the needs of the Asiatic younger people are leaving the State,in legislation which has been so dramati­ and African peoples. . great numbers. cally over the years brought to the atten­ . There is no hope for assistance for We need action, Mr. Speaker. The bni tion of the House, but apparently not these unemployed and their families out­ is confined to that great gas chamber with such force or vigor as to convince side this Chamber. If we do not act, no which is the Committee on Rules. Why those who occupy positions on the Rules orie else will. The language of s. 722 does do we stand by and wait while the gas Committee that we ou.ght to have a not make the bill a cure-all, but it offers chamber, like the crematories of Buchen­ chance to work our will. a first step in an inevitable program .to wald silently dispose of the bill in the So I want to join the gentleman from place the power and· prestige of. this nether regions of the Capitol, while we, . New York and my colleagues·from West Government behind corrective action for its friends and relatives, weep over the Virginia iii bringiiig to the attention of the benefit. of its most sorely tfied citi­ starving people of our States. We need the House this afternoon the condition. zens. action on this bilL that exists and, the status of the-- de­ We have the right to listen and debate. Mr. STRATTON. I thank the gentle­ pressed areas legislation. I say that, in this instance, any of-us who man for his helpful remarks. He has Mr. STRATTON. I .want to express "Jay claims to Christian convictions and certainly painted the picture in dramatic. my appreciation to the gentleman from conduct must rise up to demand that terms. West Virginia for his very generous re- right. I now yield to the gentleman from -marks. His comments bear out what ·. Mr. STRATTON. I would like to West Virginia [Mr. MooRE]. the gentleman ·from Pennsylvania said thank the gentleman from West ·vir­ Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I want ·to a moment ago. We have a genuine ginia [Mr. SLACK] for his-statement. I problem to solve. This is not a matter compliment the gentleman from New of party, it is a matter of recognizing a may say I agree ·with him that we have York for the manner in which he has to continue the :fight he has suggested in developed the story concerning-the de­ problem that cuts across party lines~ order to make sure that this bill comes pressed areas legislation. and I sincerely hope we will be able to out of committee in spite of the reassur­ meet it with suitable legislation. ing words of the gentleman from Penn­ I join him in another regard, Mr. I would agree with the gentleman that sylvania. I may say in connection with Speaker, that is, the attitude that he no one bill is probably going to provide the gentleman's reference to· the Presi­ has developed since coming here to the the complete answer .to this problem. dent of the United States that the press Congress concerning the tariff laws and There will have to be other pieces of references that I saw were a littie am­ policies of this country of ours. For a legislation. biguous and there is some doubt as to long time past I have been a strong advo­ With respect to the . Tariff Commis­ whether the President is behind this bill cate of a change in the tariff policies of sion, as the gentleman well knows, you or not. I took the report in its best light, the country. I am hopeful that his go to the Tariff·Commission and even if but .it may well be that the gentleman's. constituents who are going to the Tariff you are fortunate enough to get a favor­ interpretation is closer to the facts, Commission next week to lay before that able decision, there is still a possibility However, in any event, I am sure there Commission the facts that their indus­ of a veto by the State Department for will have to be ample adjustment before try is being seriously depressed as a re­ international reasons. I have joined we can Gount on getting the bill approved sult of importation of foreign goods, with other Members of this body, and I at the other end of the avenue. that they will receive a unanimous re­ think the .gentleman from West Virginia Mr. HECHLER. Mr. Speaker, will the port from the Commission favorable to has too, in introducing legislation that gentleman yield? their industry. Further that it will be would remove' that power so that when Mr. STRATTON. I yield to the very the decision of the State Department and you cross the first hurdle and get a able gentleman from West Virginia. · the President to accept that decision recognition by those who are particu­ Mr. HECHLER. I wish to commend graciously. This has not been the case, larly qualified to judge on this matter the gentleman from New York [Mr. Mr. Speaker, in so many of the instances of whether or not domestic industry is STRATTON] for opening up this issue. which have been presented on behalf of being hurt, their findings based on the With reference to the remarks the American indl.lstry in the past before the realities of the situation cannot then be gentleman just made about the Presi­ Tariff Commission. vitiated by someone else who is not dent, I would think that all of us should With respect to the depressed area so familiar with the economic problem. join in an invitation to :EJresident Eisen­ legislation, I ·have previously introduced ; Mr. MOORE. . Mr. Speak~r, will the hower to visit some of the distressed a bill. which is· the ~inistration bill gentleman yield? areas of the ~ountr~ in order to get a iJ:?. _this regard;. ~nd I haq)lop~d for seri- Mr. STRATTON. I yield. 438 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD ·- HOUSE January 13 Mr. MOORE. :tt certainly seems silly · Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker; I rise in the money' bet with them. (They also get to me to appoiht six individuals to the this haaowed spot to ·present to the a' cut of any lucky client's payoff.) They are paid by the controller, out ef his 35 Tariff Commission and pay each of them American _people the continued and percent of · the take. · The remaining 65 $20,000 per year for the specific purpose shocking disregard of law and order in percent goes to the banker, who puts up th~ of sitting and listening to evidence pre,­ my city, unfortunately, and -in my dis- capital for the operation and takes .care of sented by American industry on unfair trict in particular. · the g:t;'aft payments. In addition to the field competition they are encountering in i include as a preface to my remarks men, the policy-ring personnel includes the tariff field from foreign goods, have an article which appeared in the New clerks and bookkeepers who work in the these members of the Commission adopt York Times of January 10, 1960, written bank tallying the bets and payoffs. There are also security members o;f the ring whose a report unanimously finding that the by Emanuel Perlmutter: main job is to circulate in the vicinity of American industry is entitled to some NEW YORK NUMBERS RACKET Is BIG BUSINESs­ controllers' branches and the banks on the relief, and then have the executive CRACKDOWN FOLLOWS POWELL CHARGE OF lookout for the police. . BIAS AGAINST NEGRO OPERATORS branch of the Government utterly dis­ PLAINCLOTHES FORCE regard in so many instances that unani­ (By Emanuel Perlmutter) · mous finding of the Commission. It Gambling and vice investigations in New Representative.ADAM CLAYTON POWELL, JR., York City are handled solely by plainclothes just does riot make sense to me. · stirred up his Harlem district last week by policemen. There are 457 of the depart­ Mr. STRATTON. I agree emphati­ · charging that white racketeers have driven ment's 23,897 policemen assigned to this cally with the gentleman and I thank Negroes from control of policy, or numbers, work. Because of the graft temptations to him for his statement. gambling in that area. He accused the po­ which the plainclothes men are exposed, they lice of permitting the white syndicate forces are subjected to periodic shakeups. Such Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance to operate while arresting Negroes. of my time. a wholesale housecleaning took place in 1958, Police Commissioner Stephen B. Kennedy when the entire Harlem plainclothes divi­ denied the charge and his men followed up sion was transferred as a result of bribery by staging large-scale roundups in which disclosures. niE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY they arrested more than 150 persons in Har­ ARE INVOLVED IN · STRIKE Despite the strict disciplinary regulations lem, mainly low-echelon policy employees. imposed by Police Commissioner Kennedy, SETrLEMENT The race of those arrested was not disclosed. policy gambling continues to increase. This The charge made by Representative is indtc'ated by arrest figures. There were The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under PoWELL that more Negroes than white men previous order of the House, the gentle­ have been arrested in Harlem is true. But 9,459 policy arrests in 1956; 11,206 in 1957, man from Michigan [Mr. HoFFMAN] is and 13,252 in 1958. For the first 11 months this is explained by the police as follows: of 1959, the total. was 12,870. A projection recognized. Eighty-two percent of those arrested on indicates that last year's gambling arrests Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. numbers gambling charges in Harlem last were higher than those in 1958 or any other Speaker, it is evident there must be an year were Negroes. This approximates the previous year. These figures are construed end to strikes that not only tie up pro­ Negro percentage of Harlem's population. by most observers as reflecting increases in duction in a basic industry like steel, but However, it is also true that the Negro gambling rather than improved police work. bankers who once controlled numbers gam­ shut down other factories which cannot bling there have either been driven out by I must commend the Journal-Ameri­ operate while a strike continues. the white racketeers or are now working can for· their series which is continuing, If one group :;tfter another, as is now for them. edited by three outstanding reporters, threatened, can create a situation as did The policy game is the simplest and most one of whom, Dom Frasca, wrote a most the steelworkers-see the President's popular form of gambling in New York City. aut:p.oritative book on the ma:ffia. It is the most difficult for the police to con­ statement and the Supreme Court's deci­ Several months ago a former police sion-United Steelworkers ot America v. trol, as well as the one offering the most op­ portunity for police graft. sergeant by the name of Luberda was United States ot America s who were forced to Then comes. Wiz, 142~ ~nd 8th Aven-qe. · of moral weakness on my part; and, also, Jack Berger, 2020 Seventh Avenue. · ·· for me to withdraw would · mean that this resign because at some time they had been community _is so morally decadent and de­ arrested for' the misdemeanor of being Manny, 126th Street and-it looks like connected with the numbers. Madison Avenue. · generate that it would be hopeless for me to pursue this matter. I have stood in this SECTION III. WHAT SHALL WE DO? Robbie, 150th and 8th Avenue. community for 30 years as a leader. I need Bobby Lloyd, 111 East 125th Street. In the first place, I warn the police depart­ nothing more and if what I am going to do ment and alert the citizens that there shall I have just received an anonymous is going to hurt me personally, I welcome the not be a reign of terror in this community. phone call which gives me another op­ consequences. It ls possible that some members of the police eration in upper Harlem, not in my dis­ I am not afraid of the Mama, the syndicate, department who may have been on the pay­ trict. The bankers in charge of this the gangsters and hoodlums. I have specifi­ roll of the policy barons out of sheer des­ operation are Nick Angelo and Louie B. cally asked the police department not to pro- peration and anger will resort to brutaiity, They hang out in the Riverview Res­ vide me with any bodyguards. · illegal entry of homes, and unlawful arrests. taurant and Bar at 3543 Broadway. I would like to emphatically state once I strongly condemn the police department Then comes another banker, Tony and for all, including my assistant ministers, now for their failure to arrest whites this that no one at any time, in any way repre­ past Tuesday, January 5, for their failure to D'Amato, 509, 522, and 526 West 147th sents me. I understand that there have been carry out similar numbers raids in lower Street. efforts made by the underworld to reach me East Harlem, and the Bronx, and Brooklyn; Tony Plait at 529 and 531 West 151st through some of my self-called associates. they knew the places and tl;le individuals. f;)treet. These name~ have been phoned I ·:q.ave no associates in this endeavor. If I strongly condemn Police Comniissioner · in to me. other individuals want to help, it is up to KennedY- now for his failure to have at the Mr. Speaker, at this point I ask unani­ them. But nothing that anyone does can top in police headquarters, a Negro and re­ mous consent to have incorporated in in any way, directly or indirectly, be attrib­ mind him that I not only asked that if one utable to me. And, furthermore, if any of the police commissioner deputyships could the RECORD a sermon delivered by me individual in any way ciaims they represent this past Sunday at both of the services not be a Negro that a Negro be named secre­ me and are ~rying to intercede in tills issue tary of the police department. This he has · of our church, as· reported by the press, I will be the first one to agree with the press refused to do and the position is still vacant. to 6,000 people: · that they are liars as far as I am concerned. The mayor should intercede now and demand' The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there The police department of this town needs that qualified Negroes be appointed at objection to the request of the gentle­ a citizen who can speak from this pulpit command levels. man from New York? and the pulpit of Congress; who is not afraid In the second place, I call on the mayor of There was no objection. and who can lay before the American public the city of New York to appoint a special this continued anci' shocking :fiaunting of commission with supena power to investi­ SERMON BY ADAM C. POWELL, JANUARY 10, law and order. gate the numbers and everything with it 1960, 10 AND 12 NOON I am not charging anyone with anything, and I offer myself, even though I have more Since I spoke out against the numbers but I am stating one unchallengeable fact, than I can do now, to serve on this com­ 1 week ago today, the community of Har­ that the Mama and the syndicate are in com­ mission. lem has saved at least $1 million. The num­ plete control of Harlem and that Negroes are Third, I have this day sent a wire to the bers have only operated one day since then -the ones who are arrested while the whites Governor of New York State asking him to because on Tuesday morning the police of go free. May I point out here that Deputy institute a special invest·gation of numbers 440 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 in this city through State law enforcement all. They go free. They can track them · I have complete confidence in the .agencies, through a special commission, down as follows: mayor of our town, Mr. Wagner, as an through the State attorney general or The 13,000 who went before the gam­ individual. I have complete confidence through all three. in the police commissioner of our town, Fourth, I ask the Governor in this wire blers courts-both the magistrates and to call for legislation giving him the power special sessions.:._last year are repre­ Mr. Kennedy, as an individual. I have not just to pardon people because of felonies, sented all the time by virtually the same confidence in the five district attorneys which is now the law, but to be able to lawyers. Speaking only of the Borough as individuals, one of whom is our pardon people who have been convicted of of -Manhattan 90 percent of the 4,500 former- colleague, Representative Dol­ misdemeanors. I ask our local represent­ who were tried last year were represented Unger, now the ·district attorney of the atives ln Albany to introduce the appropriate by the same lawyers; one lawyer uptown Bronx. But I do not have confidence legislation immediately. and two or three downtown. One of in everyone underneath them. The SECTION IV. WHAT CAN WE DO AS INDIVIDUALS? these lawyers is a New York City offi­ events of the years showing that this In the first place there is a need for a cial and his name, as all the other names operation can go on and showing that, moral reawakening in this community. The of the lawyers, appears in the· records according to the authoritative book on playing of n~mbers is not due to any inher­ of the courts. When a defendant comes the mama, the numbers in New York is ent racial weakness, it is due to the fact that the backbone of the Maffia in this coun­ far too many do not receive wages sufficient before the court he must state the name for their needs and feel that through the easy and address of his counsel who is present. try, the fact that it can continue and way they can hit the numbers and provide These numbers people arrested do not these people go unarrested and these that margin now. This of course is factually pay their lawyers. The lawyers work places go unchallenged, means that impossible. A sucker never wins, only the for the combines, the syndicate and the someone somewhere down the line in a combine, syndicate, and mama. All this Maffia, and have a flat charge of $25 a responsible position must be taking big points up the need for moral reawakening. head. They are not paid by the per­ payoffs. Judge Mullen said this in sen­ It may take a little time but just think that tencing Sergeant Luberda. every day we keep the heat on the police son who is arrested. department and keep the heat on the bums So the first thing I am requesting is I would also like to take this oppor­ that infected this community. Every week that the proper authorities-county, tunity, and will follow it up with suit­ we do this we are saving a million dollars. city, State, or Federal-shall find out able correspondence today, to ask the Just think what $50 million in 1 year could from these lawyers whose names are a Department of Justice to investigate do for Harlem. · Think of the banks, housing; matter of record, who pays them. every name I have presented today and churches, private hospitals. · to see whether the gambling stamp tax In the second place, we need to realize · The second lead I would like to give is this: The bail bond business for these has been paid. The gambling stamp tax that we as a community are sick. Just as legislation was passed by this body and narcotics becomes habit forming for the in­ arrested people is almost totally in the dividual, so has the numbers become habit hands of ·one individual. They do not signed October 20, 1951 and became law forming for about 50,000 people in this area. pay for their bail bond. A $500 bond, November 1, 1951. I would like each We need to "kick the habit." under standard practice, costs $25 to ob­ name ch~cked for each year since, to see . Instead of the old symbols of "get rich tain. This is paid for them by the· if they have paid their gambling stamp quick," "do it the easy way," we need the mama or the syndicate or combine, tax. If they -have not, then the Federal new symbol of "stand together." Take these whichever group they are working for. Government has an opportunity to·move pennies, nickels, dollars that we have been into.. this problem. squandering, deposit them in our banks, Therefore, if the authorities are really pool our resources and let's lift ourselves up. interested in this, they can put under This· is just the beginning of man~ All of the heritage of the Negro people is oath this bail bondsman and find out such talks I will make, one a week, re­ now being aborted, squandered and dissi­ who pays him. vealing more names as they come to me, pated. Here we find our community lower I would like to say that everything I hoping that some agency of our Govern­ in income than nearly any other community am saying was backed up last Monday ment, local, State, or Federal will stop in New York and yet each year we are send­ by the meetings of the Interdenomina- . letting its hands be tied by these vicious ing out $50 million of our money to support gangsters, operating. not only in my anotber community. tiona! Ministers Conference of New York and the Baptist Ministers Conference of town but operating in nearly every Here we are face to face with a new birth major city in this country. Maybe what of equality in our educational system. New York before whom I appeared. Next month hundreds of Negro children are They are backing me unanimously, and I say here each week revealing the names moving out of Harlem gqing to a new represent some 514 churches in our and addresses will put enough heat· school in Yorkville. All the forces of society town: · under the proper city, county, State, are now moving · toward a better day for Why have I brought this before this and Federal authority, and put enough Negro people with better education. How heat under the lawless element itself, so can we be worthy of this new day? How body? Because of the fact that this t~at if can our children be respected and respect­ situation has been in existence in my we cannot drive out gambling we able as long as they come from these homes community and in New York for years can subdue it so it will not be as flagrant that have been pauperized and criminalized and continues to get worse. At a press as it is now. by the sickness of their parents? conference held last Tuesday, the deputy Naturally, I have received many And finally, I call for an individual chief inspector, Mr. Burns, in charge of threats over the phone and through the catharsis. We as individuals need to take my area, and his staff were present. In mails, but these do not interest me one a mighty force into ou~ own beings to purge us of the weaknesses and the accumulated front of the New York pr.ess I chal­ bit. I will be here, with God's help, sicknesses and to individually say that by lenged him. I said, "Every name and next week to put more names and more the grace of God, I am going to stand firm. every ad,dress that I have, you know." addresses into the CONGRESSIONAL I will not go back. I wm take my place as He knows 'them. The police department RECORD. a member of society. I refuse to allow - knows them. And the proof of it is that myself to be pauperized and criminalized by when I delivered this warning from the · the sick:Q·ess of gambling and the sinister pulpit at 5 o'clock on Sunday, January forces of the Maffia. I plead with the De­ 3, within 36 hours the police had closed THE LATE GOVERNOR CLINTON A. partment of Justice, the Governor, the mayor, CLAUSON, OF MAINE the five district attorneys to go to work and down many numbers places in my con­ clean up this festering cancer forced on us gressional district and had arrested 105 The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under by the outside elements. people. So they knew the names and previous order of the House, the gentle­ . . the places. But they only did it in my man from Maine [Mr. COFFIN] is recog­ Mr. POWELL. In this ser~on I gave congressional district, not touching an~i nized for 10 minutes. to the law enforcement agen~1es of New · in any other district. That. is why I am Mr. COFFIN. Mr. Speaker, today my · York two leads on how to discover the · bringing in the other names and places two colleagues from Maine, Mr. OLIVER mama and track them down. All the in the districts nearby. and Mr. Mo!NTIRE, and I wish to share arrests are of the petty numbers run- I am appealing from this pulpit here a loss which our State has suffered with ners and collectors, nearly all Negroes for some agency to really get to work this House. In so doing, we intend more and Puerto Ricans. Not a single banker on this problem that is pauperizing and than a formality. We speak out of deep has been arrested in New York City at criminali;i':ing the poor of New York. · sorrow, but also out of a sense of pride. 1960 CONGRESSION:AI; ·RECORD- HOUSE 441

On December 30, 19S9, our Governor, us a man-, who-in 1· year in ofii.ce had be­ . Mr. ·Esters wrote ·~ another column-in Clinton·A. Clauson, died. His death was come a familiar figure thrGughout the the same issue of the Houlton Pioneer ­ wholly unexpected and :Qas been deeply length and breadth of the State of Times which is of interest ·and follows: mourned by the entire State. The im- . Maine. Many persons, including myself, 'rHOUGHTS AND AFTERTHOUGHTS BY THE EDITOR pressive ceremonies attending the de­ were not extended the privilege of per­ I suppose, going back over Maine history, cease of a head of State are now history; sonal acquaintanceship until after his there may have been at some time a funeral the eulogies have been delivered; the ap­ election to the governorship. display of flowers equal to that which was preciative editorials have been written; I had occasion to meet him many made possible by the floral tributes that the wheels of government roll on; and times and to share speaking programs came from everywhere to grace the funeral the family and friends are left alone with with him. I knew him as a kindly man, services of the late Gov. Clinton A. Clauson. But I cannot remember just when that could their emptiness, which only memories one who was interested in the welfare have been. and time can banish. of his adopted State. The Augusta Armory in which the services It remains for us in both Chambers, The Houlton. Pioneer Times, of Houl­ were held is several times larger than the Maine's official family in WashingtQn, to ton, Maine, a community in the Third Houlton Armory. I would estimate the add our words of sorrow and of affection. Congressional District, makes an ap­ width to be at least 100 feet in addition to I said we speak today from a sense of praisal of the Governor in an editorial the huge stage which is recessed into the pride. In this combative era, where poli­ of its January 7, 1960, issue, and this north end. The entire width of the back tics and government are often char­ editorial follows: wall was almost obscured up to 10 feet by the three rows of flowers that stretched from acterized by high octane individuals and Gov. CLINTON A. CLAUSON one wall to the other. Added to this was a elaborate apparatus for public relations, In the sudden and untimely passing of like number of rows of wreaths, sprays, and our friend, Clinton A. Clauson, stood out Gov. Clinton A. Clauson, the St ate of Maine bouquets across the back of the stage and in refreshing contrast. He allowed him­ has become deprived of the unselfish service spectacular bla,nkets and other arrangements self to be himself. He required no ap­ of a dedicated public Eervant who h ad a sin­ that stood in easels on the floor of the stage. paratus other than his own hands,_ his cere devotion to his duty and a total disre­ But even this large area was not sufficient feet, and his ready smile. No one liked gard of any possible consequences of being to accommodate a profusion of flowers that people more, or was more liked by people. tirelessly on the job day and night. certainly dwarfed anything that I have ever Probably no Governor in Maine's history, seen before at such an occasion. At the His secret weapon, which enabled him certainly not in recent years, labored so dili­ back of the hall, opposite the stage and near to win the governorship against heavy gently and was so unceasingly· on the go all the doors entering the building, additional odds, and which helped him write an ex­ over Maine, as Governor Clauson was during bouquets and wreaths were scattered be­ cellent record of service during his year his first year in office. And this does not cause there was no room for them near the in office, was friendliness. It was not subtract one whit from the tremendous serv­ stage. It was no small task to arrange this the type of friendliness which was dis­ ice that his predecessors rendered to their floral exhibit and it was done with excellent pensed only to friends or to those who State while in office. taste. conceivably might become friends. It Many adjectives have been called into play The armory is supposed to seat 1,500 and it was equally generously bestowed on to apply to the late chief executive and all was packed to its capacity. I doubt if of them seem to be quite aptly descriptive of another person could have found a place to avowed foes. Because of this, the word the man. He was, above everything else, a sit down to listen to the hour-long services "foes" is really inappropriate; for Gov­ person of extreme kindness toward h is fellow as the State of Maine -paid its last respects ernor Clauson had no foes. Outsiders, men and was one of the easiest men to meet to its chief executive, the second Governor until they had become aware of the kind­ that one will encounter in many a day. of Maine to die in office in this century. ly character of Maine's late Governor, His manner was always affable, his de­ It probably has happened before to another could not understand why political dif­ meanor gracious and his personality charm­ State in the modern history of this country ferences were discussed in Maine with­ ing. He had a way of getting along with but one cannot help but wonder how many out generating more heat. p~ople of all ages and his easy handling of Commonwealths in this Nation of ours have the hordes of schoolchildren that were for­ been administered by four Governors in a We suspect that a source of solace to. ever pouring through the statehouse, was single year. When John H. Reed, of Fort a bereaved family lies not only in an en­ a delight to watch. One couldn't help but Fairfield, was sworn into offi.ce last Wednes­ viable record of achievement, but, even wonder how a man, subjected to such con­ day night he became the fourth Governor of more, in the knowledge that in the mem­ stant pressure, could maintain such an even Maine to serve the State during 1959. ory of the loved one there is a momen­ ·disposition and display a constant charm of When the then Governor Muskie resigned tum, a living infiuence, which will afi'ect manner while shaking hundreds of hands on January 3 of last year, Robert N. Haskell, during a busy business day. the course of the future. Such an in­ of Bangor, was sworn in to serve a short fluence is our legacy. It is not only a He has been called a humble man and this term of 5 days until the official inaugura­ legacy of the power of kindliness, but of he seems to have been to a considerable de-· gree. He had all of the characteristics of a tion of Governor Clauson. Governor Clau­ love of family, concern for the humblest person constantly conscious of the prestige son, of course, served until his death early of people, and integrity. of h is office but never, during 1959, was he Wednesday morning, December 30, and Gov­ Mr. Speaker, I yield tO' the gentleman ever noticed to use the weight of that offi.ce ernor Reed was sworn in as Maine's chief from Massachusetts .[Mr. McCoRMAcK]. in any other way than fairly and justly. executive the following day, still during 1959. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the He was intensely loyal to the . political B.E.E. late Governor Clinton A. Clauson, of party of which he had been a member all o! Citizens of the Third Congressional Maine, whose ·victory and election as his life. No fairmind.ed person can or should District of Maine join with Mrs. Mc­ chief executive of Maine, electrified the quarrel with such allegiance which is the country, had served his State and her private and personal privilege of every man, Intire and me in expressing deepest sym­ whether in public life or not. pathy to Mrs. Clauson and the family. people with great ability, distinction, By the same token, he had a deep devotion and courage. His untimely death is a The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under to his adopted State of Maine as his constant previous order of the House, the gentle­ source of great regret. His death takes labors in behalf of its welfare so emphatically from our midst a statesman and leader attested. As he contributed to the State o! man from Maine [Mr. OLIVER] is recog­ in public and governmental life that is Maine while on th.e job in Augusta, so, too, nized for 10 minutes. sadly needed. did he become an ambassador of good will Mr. OLIVER. Mr. Speaker, in the To Mrs. Clauson and her loved ones I while traveling beyond its borders. early hours of the morning of December Members of both poli~ical parties must extend .my profound sympathy in their agree that he graced the office he held, that 30, my friend, Clinton A. Clauson, Gov­ great loss and sorrow. he did credit to the State he served, and ernor of Maine, died. It was a sudden . The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under that his gracious an.d charming manner will and wholly unexpected death. The previous order of the House, the gentle­ be missed in the statehouse. shock was great and almost unbearable. man from Maine [Mr. MciNTIRE] is rec­ Mr. Bernard Esters, the editor of the His devoted wife, Ellen, discovered her ogilized for 10 minutes. aforementioned publication, is a mem­ faithful teammate of 40 years of wedded · Mr. MciNTIRE. Mr. Speaker, the ber of the all-Republican Governor's lif-e, breathing his last few unconscious . sudden passing of the Governor of Council, and he has; I believe, very well minutes of life, without any even remote Maine, the Honorable Clinton Clauson~ expressed the feelings of all citizens of chance of recovery. It was a tragic and on December 30 last, took from among Maine. . bitter experience. 442 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 It was even more tragic and bitter The SPEAKER. Is there objection faced" is contained in the Rockefeller Broth­ because of its impossibility of human to the request of the gentleman from ers Fund report, the conclusions of which explanation or understanding. West Virginia? are set forth below. 3. In the world of today, the inexorable Here was a man of apparent iron con­ There was no objection. trend is toward dominance in the world by stitution. His powers of endurance and Mr. DOOLEY. The provocative article a single power. Rival powers or rival group­ his stamina, tested to the utmost during entitled "Fight or Surrender?" which was ings of powers inevitably will develop antago­ 7 mo.nths of the most intensive political published in the December 21, 1959, issue nisms-military or economic-and those an­ campaigning during the primary and of the U.S. News & World Report pro­ tagonisms are likely, in the future as in the general election campaigns of 1958, ap­ vides several viewlJoints on the current past, to lead to a test of strength. Only peared to be limitless. I, personally, Mr. struggle for world, supremacy between through world dominance by a single power can assurance of safety from nuclear war be Speaker, have observed "Doc" Clauson, the United States and Russia. established. as our. people of Maine affectionately The comparative ease with which a 4. The United States, at the end of World called him, extend himself for hours and nation can be destroyed by means of War II, was in a position to assume world days, continuously, as he met and shook nuclear attack is frightening to contem­ domination. That opportunity was rejected. hands with thousands of Maine citizens plate, and there seems to be no· answer The United States, ever since, has been re­ during those grueling campaigns. It was to the dilemma in which nuclear armed treating gradually from one position after always with a smile of warmth and sin­ nations currently find themselves. The another. Soviet Russia, on the other hand, is demonstrating a determination to rule the cerity to which the people of every rank power to destroy is offset by the danger world. At the end of World War II, Russia and station of life responded spontane­ of being destroyed by the opposing was prostrate. Today-<>nly 15 years later­ ously. The political odds were against nation. she is able to challenge America. There is no my friend and he knew it. This only The article follows: record in history of such a reversal of posi­ made him the more determined to win. THE COMING CHOICE FOR UNITED STATES: tions between nations in so short a time. Hard work, long hours, and his friendly FIGHT OR SURRENDER?-8TORY OF THE BLACK• This Russian success breeds Russian confi­ personality overcame the odds. He was MAIL BEHIND THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR dence and strengthens Russian determina­ tion to push ahead. elected in spite of the odds. (Despite the talk of peace and disarma- 5. Soviet Russia, pushing out as United He entered upon his duties immedi­ ment, military experts, key officials are wor­ States draws back, is tilting the balance of ately after the election, even though his ried about the safety o{ this Nation; balance power steadily in her direction. When that responsibility of office did not officially of terror is seen as no longer an assurance tnt seems to her rulers to be decisive, she against a nuclear war; Russia-ahead on mis­ then will be tempted to offer the United start until January 7. The interim siles, gaining in power, dedicated to world months· were spent at budt;et hearings dominance--is in a position to blackmail the States the fat.eful choice: surrender or fight and in other wearisome details of mak­ a nuclear war. There may be much testing United States under threat of a nuclear of strength and many alarms before that ing himself familiar with his guberna­ attack; a new official report says the United showdown comes. torial responsibilities. He took no time States is vulnerable, 1f that attack comes; Said an official who sits in the top councils off to rest. "Doo" was the type of man here are the facts about the danger-from the of the U.S. Government: who never would shrink from duties and studies of experts and the analyses of men in "I hold the deepest pessimiSilll concerning a position to know.) this Nation's future. The American people obligations. At some point, not many years from now, Then,· after being sworn in as Gover­ appear to lack interest in the life-or-death the American people are likely to be offered problem they face, and appear to lack the nor, he continued conscientiously, as al­ this choice: Surrender or fight a nuclear will to make the sacrifices that their safety ways, to administer the affairs of Maine war. And, the way things are going, the calls for. The American Nation seems to lack and to deal with a legislature predomi­ United States· could lose that war. any tangible objective other than that of nantly controlled by the opposition These are the studied conclusions of some making life easier and more enjoyable. party. He made his opponents not only key officials in the innermost councils of the "The American Government, to hold · respect him but also like him. This, in U.S. Government. power, is forced to direct its effort toward Why? What accounts for this pessimistic satisfying the voters' desire for more and my opinion, Mr. Speaker, is one of the attitude at a time when opti.nlism is bursting greatest attributes of successful lead,er­ more of the good things of life instead of out on all sides and the world's leaders are toward assuring safety for the Nation ship. Governor "Clint" was just at the talking of peace and disarmament? through a dominant position in the world. start of a career of political leadership The answer, as given by Americans whose "Soviet Russia, by contrast, is hard. As a which would have entrenched in Maine lives are spent in assessing powerful forces nation, its objective is fixed. Every move, the two-party political system which is at work in the world, is complex. It is given every action, all the nation's power is di­ fundamentally necessary for good and in part by a study made for the Senate For­ rected toward reaching that objective of eign Relations Committee by a research world domination. Sometimes its progress is responsible government. group at Johns Hopkins University. This This phase of the late Governor's ca­ slow. Sometimes there are detours. But report was made public December 6. A sec­ always the objective is to tilt the world's pacity, Mr. Speaker, points up, as I see ond study, published by Stanford Research balance of power against the United States. it, the real public tragedy inherent in his Institute on December 8, gives another part. Today, Russia's challenge is reaching cau­ passing. Public affairs suffer real loss Yet another study came on December 7 from tiously into Latin America. It is beginning when men of such stature die. the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. to be felt in Africa. The tide keeps running." It will be most difficult to replace him Add to these reports the views of highly Leading where? As this man and other informed Government officials, and the full key thinkers on the power balance of .the in our governmental and political pic­ answer emerges. It is based upon' the follow­ ture. It is impossible to replace him ing conclusions: world see it, the answer is: Toward a time from the family standpoint. With Ellen, when the United States will be in a corner, 1. The United States. is now open and vul­ facing a choice of surrender or nuclear war. his wife, and with Anne and Neil, his nerable to a direct attack by nuclear mis­ daughter and son, and with his grand­ siles-and this country's vulnerability is THE SHIFT THAT KHRUSHCHEV BROUGHT children, we deeply sympathize. As a steadily increasing. This was the warning Soviet Russia, these men say, has rejected close political and personal friend, we contained in the December 6 report of the the doctrine that a nuclear war is too hor­ mourn over his decease. Our only com­ Johns Hopkins University research group, rible to contemplate, or that a balance of whose conclusions are presented later in this terror makes nuclear war too ·dangerous for fort and solace is to determine to carry text. either side to start. This rejection was made on in our feeble efforts to emulate him 2. There can be no guaranteed security in at the time Khrushchev took power. Soviet and to help do the job with which he the world when rival systems of government policy, as now being assessed, is based on the was struggling in order that Maine peo­ exist, each possessing the means of mass beliefs that nuclear war would not neces­ ple might prosper as "Doc" envisioned destruction. Nuclear weapons are a fact. sarily mean mutual annihilation, that one that they should. Nothing-no agreements, no treaties, no end nation could emerge as a real winner, and to tests-can wipe out that fact or can stop that the odds increasingly favor Russia ·as science. and the human mind from develop­ that winner. ing weapons of even greater destructiveness. A hard, factual appraisal of what nuclear FIGHT OR SURRENDER? Nuclear weapons, within a few years, will be war might mean, both for Russia and for the Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I ask possessed by many more nations than at United States, is given in the study published unanimous consent that the gentleman present. And the horror of nuclear war may by the Stanford Research Institute. Accord­ prove no det~rrent 1! a showdown comes. from New York [Mr. DooLEY] may ex­ ing to that study, it would be possible for This is brought out in the Stanford Research Russia, striking first, to weather a nuclear tend his remarks at this point in the Institute study of December 8. Another counterattack with no more damage than she REcORD and include an article. warning that "the possibility of war must be suffered in World War II. 1

.' 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 443 It is this analysis of Russia's nuclear phi­ Soviet Russia sees an advantage in it for morality of their acts or the attitudes of the losophy that underlies much of the pessi­ herself, or she would not be sponsoring this voters. m ism of American planners. deception." . "Can you imagine President Eisenhower But isn't disarmament now in the air? But isn't Russia behind the United States threatening to create a nuclear holocaust Haven't both United States and Russia in number and variety of atomic weapons? over Berlin or Formosa? Yet the Soviets did· stopped testing nuclear weapons? Isn't Would not this indicate that, from Russia's this over Suez, when Britain and France President · Eisenhower going to talk again viewpoint, it would be better for tests to attempted to move in there in 1956. And this with Nikita Khrushchev to help· ease tensions continue, so she could catch up? What is year they appeared to be doing it again over in t h e world? the advantage that Russia sees in agitating Berlin. Khrushchev, just a few days ago, The answer to these questions is: Yes. for an end to tests? Just what is the declared that Russia has enough n uclear­ But military men whose business . it is to Kremlin's game? armed rockets 't o raze to the ground all of d elve deeply into problems of n ational se­ Here is the answer given by one American our potential enemies.' " curity say this: Things are not what they analyst: On missiles, though, the United States is seem on the surface. No dictator with a goal "To anyone not blinded by wishful think­ considered to be behind, Russia is conceded and m aking progress toward that goal ever ing, the basic motives of current Russian a lead. Then why doesn't Russia agitate for h as given up his advantage-or ever will. tactics seem quite clear. They grow out of an end to missile tests, instead of an end to No agreement ever wlll l;>e made by a Soviet t he simple fact that all of the Soviets' ag­ nuclear tests, in order to freeze its missile dictator that does not involve a gain for him, . gressive aims could be achieved more easily · advantage and keep the Un ited States from or what he thinks is a gain for him. Only if they encountered no nuclear opposition . . catching up? the United States, among powers which have "The Soviets, therefore, h ave every reason In answer to thl:s question, you get from h ad the opportunity to accept world direc­ to stop all testing and development of nu­ some experts another question: t ion, has shrunk from that responsibility and clear weapons. Look what they could gain "Suppose Russia gets an agreement with drawn back, leaving the field to a dangerous thereby: the United States to halt nuclear tests and rival. "Flrst, halting t ests would slow or stop the then follows u p by proposing an end to development of nuclear weapons which could NO END IN SIGHT FOR THE NUCLEAR RACE missile tests. Would the United States be fn be used defensively by the United States a position to accept that challenge-and thus Even while disarmament t alk goes on, against . missile attack. This would insure accept a permanent disadvantage in mis­ alarms are being sou nded of arms d evelop­ the continued vulnerability of America to siles? Yet, if the United States refused, Rus­ ments to come that wlll add to war dangers nuclear attack. · sia would then have the same propaganda in the years ahead. "Second, by blocking the use of nuclear advantage on the missiles issue that it has Missiles of awesome power and accuracy weapons Russia would free its own superior had on the nuclear-test issue." are being perfected. France today is on the con ventional forces for blackmail or military Then there's this question: Can the de· verge of producing atomic weapons, prepar­ aggression. velopment of missiles really be stopped, any ing to test those weapons in the Sahara "Third, Russia would slow the spread of more than you can stop the development of Desert. West Germany now possesses the nuclear weapons to other nations on which nuclear weapons? know-how and probably the means to pro­ it has designs, and thus hamper their re­ Key an alysts say: "No. What you are really duce atomic weapons. In one way or an­ sistance to bullying tactics of aggression. up against is the impossibility of stopping other, the Germany of the near future is What if there had been a way· to· arm the human thought. seen as certain to possess all the modern Hungarians with nuclear weapons in their "Who is going to keep Communist China,· weapons of mass destruction. So, probably, revolt? as one example, from driving ahead to de­ will Japan ~ "Fourth, ending tests would stop our de­ velop these weapons? Who is able to police It is being predicted that Communist velopment of 'discriminate' nuclear weap­ China's vast territory to make sure that this China will join the circle of nuclear powers ons-clean ones which could be used in 'lim­ is not being done? If Communist China within 10 years. If Red China gets nuclear ited wars against minor Communist aggres­ . gets such weapons, is it likely that India weapons, then India wlll feel that she needs sions. them, too. · will be willing to overlook. the dangers in­ "Even if the United States remained tech­ volved?" An official, who is deeply versed in the nically ahead on nuclear weapons, such an whole subject, commented: edge would have no significance so long as This further point is made: John Foster Dulles, as Secretary of State, was guided "There is no way to stop men from think­ the Soviets gained tactical advantages of the kind just listed." by one simple conclusion-that the United ing. The knowledge needed to produce · States cannot be secure so long as a dictator nuclear weapons is widely held by scientists Assuming that the spread and d evelopment of nuclear weapons cannot be stopped, as rules a powerful nation, heavily armed and in nations large and small. In spite of any operating in secrecy behind an iron curtain. agreements or treaties, those weapons will these experts believe: Who suffers the most be devised and, if necessary, will be tested." thereby? It is reported that the late Senator Brian McMahon, who was chai.rman of the Joint This further statement was made by the H~re is one analyst's answer on that: "Of course, the spread of nuclear weapons Committee on Atomic Energy when Russia same official ·and supported by· others: acquired the atom bomb, wrote to the then "The talk of preventing nuclear war by to other powers has disadvantages for both Russia and the United States. But, on bal­ President Harry S. Truman, warning him banning tests of nuclear weapons is deceiv­ of the dangers that this development gen­ ing. Its effect is to lull the American peo­ ance, th~ Soviets have much more to lose thereby than we. The Soviets, in their ag­ erated. According to these reports, senator ple into a false sense of security. McMahon urged that the United States "The facts are simply these: The United gressions, would be forced to move much more cautiously in the face of possible oppo­ should tell Russia either to agree to an ef­ States and Soviet Russia both possess large fective plan for control of atomic weapons stockpiles of nuclear weapons. The stock­ sition by nuclear weapons. The United States, with no aggressive aims, would not or to expect attack. This suggestion was not pile of the United States at this time almost followed. surely is larger and more varied than that of have this problem. "If the spread of nuclear weapons is in­ Today, weapons are much more powerful Soviet Russia. But Russia's stockpile is than then, the abllity to develop these weap­ sufficient to destroy most of America's evitable, slowing it down is clearly to the Soviets' gain." ons is widely dispersed through the world,. biggest cities. A ban on tests will not de­ and no real chance is seen of stopping this stroy those stockpiles of nuclear weapons. WITH BE'I"l'ER MISSILES, MORE DANGER development. . "The means thus exists for each side to What about missiles? Then what is the answer? Is there any inflict tremendous damage on the other. A Most analysts agree with this man's alternatives to the prospect, for the United • stop to testing will not remove that fact. size-up: States, of surrendering or fighting a nuclear "Both sides, too, possess the means to "It is in mlsslles that the armament race war in which there is . grave· danger of de­ deliver those weapons on targets · in the really centers now. We already have the feat? other's territory. The United States holds nuclear warheads on hand. As you improve It is here that you run into a sharp dif­ an edge in delivery by manned aircraft. the means of delivering those warheads to ference in official views. The Soviets hold an edge in delivery by their targets, the danger of nuclear war in­ View 1: This is the present official view ballistic missiles. creases. of the White House and the Department of "If nuclear war is really to be curbed, the ••Also, with missiles, the potentialities of State. It is based on the concept that you only way that· it can be curbed in today's nuclear blackmail become enormous. A can do business with Soviet Russia, that it world is by destruction of every means of powerful nation can be held in terror of a is possible to reach agreements which . will delivering nuclear weapons. sudden surprise attack for which there is, permit a stopping of nuclear tests and then "Politicians are not even talking about so far, no defense--only retaliation. lead to gradual disarmament. destroying all aircraft and all missiles and .. When it comes to blackmail, the Rus­ It is in keeping with this view that the all other possible means of placing nuclear sians have a tremendous advantage over· the United States is now negotiating with So­ weapons on targets. United States. or any other free and demo­ viet Russia and Great Britain at Geneva., "Thus, this whole exercise of talks be­ cratic nation. Dictators are able to threaten seeking a formula for effective inspection tween United States and Soviet Russia and blackmail far more effectively because and enforcemen1; of an agreement to halt about ending nuclear tests is misleading. they don't have to be concerned about the bomb tests.

/ 444 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.-I-l0u.J.2 January 13

·n is recognized by the-U.S~ Government by -Mr. Kahn fn the Stanford Research In- ··"To indicate how this ·conclusion about that halting tests is of itself no disarma.- stitute Journal for the fourth quarter of the feasibility of thermonuclear war was ment move. But the hope is that an agree- 1959, released on December 8. That ~rticle reached, it is necessary to describe a thermo­ ment on tests will be a. first step, that, 1! summarizes a book by Mr. Kahn, 'Three nuclear war and the kinds of risks that can mutual confidence and cooperation can be Lectures on Thermonuclear War,' which is arise against which the decision makers established in this field, then further steps . to be published next spring by the Princeton must compare the alternatives of going to toward actual disarmament can follow. University Press.) war and not going to war. This is the real meaning of the Geneva talks. · . · "(By Herman Kahn) "What all-out war would be like View 2: This is largely a. military view. It rests upon evidence of rapid expansion of "We are now entering th~ 15th year of "Genetic effects: Many biologists and gen.- the soviets' missile capacity and recurring the nuclear era. We are becoming increas- eticists are worried about the genetic eff ects new evidence of the soviets' threatening ingly aware that much is still to be learned · of even the peacetime testing of n u clear policy of expansion. about the likely effects of a nuclear war weapons: some even . talk as if the future Said an _exponent of this view: and the conduct of international relations of the human race is being jeopardized by "The only solution, it seems to me, is for .in a world in which force is tending to be in- exploding a few bombs a year in the Paci:llc the United States to get· into this arms·race c.reasingly less usable. Basic foreign policies Ocean 0r the Soviet Arctic. It is certainly with· both feet and win it. And to tell the formulated earlier in the nuclear era require true that a lot of bombs exploded inside a Russians frankly what you are doing. Leave review anp. examination. , . c.ountry would be far more dangerous than a them in no doubt about your determination. . ':Fir!)t, and perhaps most ~mportant, d.oubt few . exploded farther .away. But would it "The main element in our weakness has has been cast recently on the widely ac- be cataclycmic? been t.he lack. of determin~tion-deter~ina- cepted . t.heory that existence of nuclear "Calculations in this field are inher.ent;ly tion to stand up to Khrushchev every' time· weapons has created a reliable balance of uncertain. In additic;m, .experimental ell'i­ he makes a threatening move. This is .not terror. The theory most commonly held in- dence is insufficient to· be .conclusive about advocating preventive war. It is· jU:st· acivo- .dicates .that a thermon1,1clear war would some of the important effects. One can, eating a realistic view of the world ·situation. mean certain and automatic annihilation· of however, make orienting st~die s. · One study It is facing up to the . fact that·,· the .way· both antf1; gonists, if not tlle end of civiliza-. indicated. that the survivors. of- the. war · things are going, the U.nited States some day tion. . . - , ~i gl)t avex:age al;lout 200. or. 30.0. roentgens. is likely to be faced with the .choice of "In many ways, this concept has been of radiation to their rep~oducti.ve organs be­ fighting or surrendering under threat of nu- comforting. It makes plausible that, as fore age 30. This is an ·enormous amount cle·ar destruction." · · · soon as. governments are informed of the of radiation. It is abo·ut 1,000 or 2,000 times Vi~w 3: This view is ·tending to grow ·terrible c0nsequences of a nuclear war, they as much as people in the United States among those in Government~both military -will realize that there could. be no victors would. receive as a byproduct of the test pro­ and civilian-who are closest to strategic ,and, therefore, no sense to such a war; gram. It is about 50 to 100 times as much problems. It is a pessimistic view.: That it therefore, no sane leader w0uld ever start as they · would normally get from natural is impossible for the United states to ov.er- one. · Hence the hope that the very violence· sources. It is a large and frightening dose. take. the soviet advantage i.n missiles with- of war would' deter it. It would result in much damage, but there out an all-out effort. But that, instead of "Many proponents of the mutual-annihila- is no evidence that it would be annihilating. making this·all-out effort, the Unitea States tion view believe that it is important to "If present beliefs are correct, the most is tending to restrict its arms effort in the emphasize the horror and impracticability of . serious genetic effect of this amount of radi­ interest of avoiding a rise in Government thermonuclear war in order to establish the ation would be to raise the number of spending and an increase in taxes. urgent necessity to settle our differences by children born seriously defective about 25 The position that soviet Russia holds in peaceful means and to remove temptation/ percent, or from the current 4 to a new·level the arms race is encouraging her to be bold from adventurers. . of 5 percent of the total. This is a large in her ma~1 euvers abroad. The policy of . "The success of such a program depends on penalty to pay for a war, and, more horrible deterrence by a "balance of terror" is seen the fears thus generated being mutual and. still, one might have to continue to pay a as losing its effectiveness as Russia's missile . reliable. • • • The mutual-annihilation similar though smaller price for 20 or 30 capabilities increase. . The possibilities for : t:P,eory can be successful in forestallirtg . an or 40 .generations, but. 'it is still far frem Russia to .impose its will upon the United all-out nuclear attack only if both sides com- annihilation. • • • States by nuclear blackmail are seen as grow- pletely accept it. "Medical problems: There, are medical ing enormously, in a situation where she "If only the West buys it and because of problems otper than the genetic ones . for holds an arsenal of missiles against which this drops it guard, the' negiigence can b'e 'example, the bone cancers and leuke;n,ias there is, so far, no real defense. incredibly dangerous. Even mutual belief that might be caused by strontium-90, and This warning is being heard with increas- · in -the automatic-annihilation theory can· the other life-shortening effects of the in­ ing frequency: If the United States fails still lead to trouble. It is an open invitation ternal and external radiation from fission to realize what is happening, and prefers to to blackmail of the Munich type. products. take the easy rpad, she may find the power "Therefore, to the extent that the theory "Here, again, examination indicates that balance tilting so far in Russia's direction may not be true-or the Communists think while the. problems are horrible, they may that it cannot be righted in time. It is then it isn't-we should not weaken ourselves to well be Wlthin ~he range we are accustomed that a. soviet dictator most probably would the point where we are courting either 'Pearl to. • • • issue his challenge. Harbors' or 'Munichs.' It is important to "The situation devolves to this: More and All this is why the optimism that is so understand this problem objectively even if closer bombs will cause more trouble than widespread with the American public ap- analyses aimed at doing so give an impres- fewer and further ones-but not necessarily pears not to be shared by many of those sion of callousness. that much more. If a country is hit hard­ whose business it is to assess the U.S ..fl.:ture. "The mutual-annihilation view is not hundreds· of bombs more or less on target- The two reports that follow, each made unique to the West. Malenkov [former but people take advantage of the moderate independently, bear on this whole problem: Soviet Premier Georgi M. Malenkov] intro- protection that is available in existing build­ •·wHY RUSSIA wouLD RISK NUCLEAR WAR ON duced it in the Soviet Union several years ings and take other simple measures-things ago. • • • A different view seems to have which the Russians, for example, seem to be UNITED STATES-WILL THE THREAT OF NU• been held by Khrushchev and the Soviet . doing or thinking of doing; today-then CLEAR RETALIATION BY UNITED STATES REALLY military. They agreed that War WOUld be both the long- and short-term effects of DETER RUSSIA FROM A SURPRISE ATTACK ON horrible, but argued that this was no reason fall-out are mitigated drastically. With THIS couNTRY?-~ STUDY OF NUCLEAR WAR for the Soviet Union to drop its guard-that, such preparations and some advance warn­ AND ITS PROBABLE ·EFFECTS SUGGESTS THAT with sufficient preparations, only the capi- ing (the more preparation the less warning RUSSIA WOULD BE WILLING TO RUN THE RISK talists would be destroyed. With some mod.. is needed) most people can survive the .. (Herman Kahn, an experienced analyst of ifications tb,eir views seem to have prevailed. short-term fallout effects. The long-term defense problems, warns that Russia may not "So much depends on this notion of the effects are less avoidable. The war might share the view that a nuclear war is too ·· balance of terror. Is it really true? Would result in a~ average life' shortening of less horrible to contemplate-or consider a. sur- only an insane man initiate a thermonuclear than 1 or 2 years, for those who were lucky prise attack on the United States as too war? Or, are there circumstances in which and 5 or .10 for those who were not. I~ . dangerous to attempt. Herman Kahn is a a. nation's leaders might rationally decide any case, life will go on. physicist. For 5 years, as an employee of the that a thermonuclear war would be the most "Economic recuperation also looks more Rand Corp., he has been making studies of preferable of the possible alternatives? feasible than is generally supposed. Most strategic systems of" defense, mostly for the "Perhaps, not surprisingly, one can con- people-laymen and some experts-looking U.S. Air Force. Mr. Kahn, 37, was educated elude on examination . that, with current at the highly integrated charll-Cter of a mod­ at the University of California. at Los An- tech~ology, there are plausib!e, even prob- ern economy, argue that a nation is like a geles and at California. Institute of Tech- able, circumstances in which the leaders of a body; destroy the heart or other vital organs nology. Mr. Kahn's views are based on in- country might decide that war was the best and the body dies. • • • ' tensive studies with the Rand Corp. and at alternative. · Equally unsurprising, many "This view is questionable. Suppose the the Center of International Studies at Prin- people get very annoyed or angry at anyone United states were divided into two coun­ ceton University. In these studies, Mr. Kahn making such a. statement, although recog-· tries-an A country with the largest 50 to has had access to much official information. nition of a situation is not necessarily en- . 100 cities, and a B country the remainder. The following excerpts are from an article dorsing it. The A country cannot survive without a B 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 445 country, but the B country, as far as we can "1. They could do nothing. This could 50 to 60 million. If these estimates are rele­ see, can survive without the A country. almost automatically mean a Polish and-East vant-which is .doubtful, since they gener­ Further, B . has the resources . and skills German revolt. Such a revolt would mean ally assume a Soviet Union surprise attack needed to rebuild A in, say, 10 years . . In serious polltical repercussions within Russia, on an unalert United States-then we are other words, a country should not be con­ which we know worries them. already deterred ' from living up to our alli­ sidered analogous to a body, but rather con­ 2. Secondly, they could fight a limited . ance obligations. If they are not relevant, sidered as two semi-independent p~eces that action. But that too, is risky. If we fight a t!J,en we ought· to make relevant estimates trade with each other. limited action with conventional high-exp19- for both now and the future. "Further, it ·is possible, by utilizing exist­ sive weapons, we would lose: jU:st by the sheer "The critical point is whether the Soviets ing construction and otherwise improvising weight of numbers. If we go to atomic believe we can keep our casualties to a level fallout protection to prepare the B country weapons, it is still doubtful that we would we would find.acceptable, whatever that level to receive evacuees frem the A country and win and even more doubtful that the war may _be. protect them reasonably satisfactorily. If would stay limited. In particular, the So­ "If so, they will be de-terred from very preparations have been made, then, for most viets might easily believe that we were quite provocative aggressions, such as a ground at­ of the year, either the Soviets or :the United capable of suddenly expanding the scope of tack on Europe,or evacuating their cities and States could improvise fallout protection on the war with a surprise attack at their present~ng us witP, an ultimatum. just days' or hours' notice. • • • strate~Zic forces. "But if they do not believe we can keep · "Current (1958) Russian civil defense "3. The third possibility might. appear c~ualties to an acceptable level, the Soviets manuals indicate that they are making such safer. Rather· than wait for the satellites to m_ay' _feel safe hi undertaking these ex­ preparations. In addition, the Russians revolt or for the limited war to erupt into tremely provocative military adventures. claim to have given every adult in Russia a general war at a time chosen by the Or at least the Europeans may ~eel that the something between 20 and 40 hours of in­ Americans, they might decide -to hit us right Soviets will feel safe, which creates an ex­ structions in civil defense followed by a com­ away. They could .argue that this guaran­ tremely dangerous pressure and bll,lckmail pulsory examination. Perhaps most impor­ teed them the all important first strike, at situation. tant of all, their program seems to include least if they hurried. "But what deters the Russians from a se­ preparations for evacuation to improvised "It is clearly possible that such poten­ ries of Koreas a.nd Indochinas? It is prob­ fallout protection. tially dangerous situations could arise again, ably less the fear of a direct U.S. attack with "How effective would such an evacuation and in some of them · we may be deeply, if our current forces than the probability­ be? involuntarily, involved. (Consider an East in response to such cr1ses-that the United "About 50 million Russians live in the larg­ German revolt in which a rearmed West States and its ailies will greatly increase both est 135 Soviet cities. If they evacuated, say, Germany felt obligated to intervene, or a their military strength and their resolve. 80 percent of these 50 million to their B United States-Chinese war which became all "The deterrent. effect of this possibility country and left the remainder to operate out.) can be increased by making explicit prep­ the cities, all essential functions would be "Our retaliatory capability must always be arations for a capability for increasing our maintained . while exposing only about 10 good enough that, even if the Soviets evacu­ strength very rapidly whenever the other million citizens. Also, having evacuated ate their cities, they will still feel that it is · side provokes us. For example, in June most of the urban population, it would be more risky to strike than to accept what­ 1950 the United States was engaged in a possible to evacuate those remaining com­ ever alternative seems in store. • • • great deb~te whether our defense budget paratively easily. "Even, or especially, if the 'balance of ter­ should be 14, 15, or 16 billion dollars. Along "As lo.ng as our ICBM (intercontinental ror' theory is correct and we don't have to came Korea. Congress quickly authorized ballistic missile) force is small they don't worry about a deliberate Soviet at~ack on the $60 billion, an increase by a factor of 4. even have to do the evacuation before they United States, we are still faced with impor­ "No matter what successes the Russians launch an attack·. They have time-to do so tant strategic problems. In 1914 and· 1939, had in Korea, that authorization represents before our retaliatory bomber force reaches it was the British who declared war., not the an enormous military defeat for them. the majority of these cities. - Germans. Such a circumstance might arise However, it was almost 3 years before that "Under these circumstances, 1! the Rus­ again, but, if the 'balance of terror' were authorization was fully translated into in­ sians strike first and are reasonably success­ correct, then .we are as likely to be deterred creased budgets and increased military ful, our attack should kill not more than as the Soviets; it is doubtful that the United power. It is very valuable to have a capa­ 5 or 10 niillion· Russians; probably much less, States would resort to an all-out attack on bility ·to increase .our defense expenditures, unless things go incredibly badly for them. the Soviets, even to correct or avenge major but this capability becomes many times Thus, they might lose only a fraction as Soviet aggression in Europe. more valuable if authorizations can be trans­ many people as they lost in World War II. "Consider a hypothetical situation in lated into military strength in a year or so. which American defenses were so weak and "If the Russians know that, 1f they allow "Calling a Soviet .bluff Soviet retaliatory forces so strong that, if internatio:p,al relations to deteriorate, we will "'In some tense situation the Soviets could the United . States responded to a · Soviet probably go into an effective crash program, 4eliberately evacuate th~ir A country in order ground attack on Europe, the Soviet counter­ then they .may be much less willing to let to put the pressure on us. By this they retaliation would kill all 177 million Ameri­ international' relations deteriorate. make it credible that they intend to go to cans. Suppose, also, that the Russians have "The problem. of course, is: 'Would we war unless we back down. While. this gives forced us to think for a day or so as to have the time to put in a useful program?' us a sort of warning, we may not act on the whether to start a thermonuclear war in For example, phe basic military posture--in­ warning. We may resolutely ·refuse to be co1d blood in the full consciousness that the . cluding installations-must. be of the proper "bluffed." In any case, unless we are williJilg Russian retaliatory blow will mean the anni­ sort if it is to be possible to expand it, within to accept a Soviet retaliatory blow, the only hilation of every American. a year or so, to the point where it is prepared practicable counteraction we may have might "Who, if he were President of the United to fight a war in addition to being able to well be to back down or · to put our SAC States, would initiate such a blow? Under deter one. Our current posture is probably (Strategic Air Command) on alert and to such conditions it would not be surprising far from optimum for doing this. evacuate our own cities-an action, inci­ if neither the Europeans nor the Soviets "Particularly if these preparations were at dentally, for 'which we have made almost found the U.S. promise to come to the aid of least moderately expensive and very explicit, no realistic preparations-in order to try to Europe credible. the Russians might find it credible that we make them back down. . The other possibil­ "If the Soviets and the Europeans would would initiate and carry through such a pro­ ity-to make the assumption that they d.on't not believe that we would honor our com­ gram if they were even provocative, say, on mean what they seem to mean-may be too mitments to our allies if it means 177 mil­ the scale of Korea or even less. The Rus­ risky. lion American deaths, what level of casual­ si~ns would then be presented with three "Such maneuvers are risky for the Soviets ties do they believe we would accept? How alternatives: because we may attack first. But the prob­ many, indeed, if the decision were -yours, "1. They could strike the United. States, ability of such an attack is small and they would you accept? One hundred million? before the buildup got very far. This might might be willing to face this prospect. If we Fifty million? Ten million? One million? look very unattractive, especially since the don't attack or back down, they may go to It's a hard question, bulldup would ~lmost certainly be accom­ war. In particular, the Soviets could start "I have discussed this question with some panied by an increased alert and other meas­ such a wax in any circumstances in whtch EuropeanG, asking them to guess how the ures to reduce the vUlnerability of SAC. the risks of not going to war appear larger American President would act. I have "2. They could try to match the U.S. pro­ to Khrushchev than going to war. found no European who believed we would gram. This would be very expensive. "Consider a very plausible circumstance, initiative a war if the casualties would be . "3. They could accept a position of in­ the Hungarian },"evolution, which the Rus­ niuch over 20 m1llion, and some believed we feriority. This would be serious, since we sians bloodily suppressed. Much pressure would be deterred at less than 2 million. would now have a 'fight the war' capability was applied to the United States to inter­ dne thoughtful critic thinks we would be as well as a 'deter the war• capability. vene. • • • deterred just at the prospect of the Russians "In all cases the cost and -risk of their "Assume that we had acced.ed to that pres­ destroying 5 or 10 empty cities. provocation would have been increased, and sure and intervened. The Russians would "Published unclassified estimates of the it is not at all unlikely that the Soviets would then ha;ve been faced with three fairly amoUnt o! damage that the United States take these extra costs and risks into ac­ serious choices·: . would suffer in a war generally run around count before they attempt provocation. If 446 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January ·t3 they were not deterred, then we could launch budget by a factor or two really -would mean "No matter how inimical the ·Soviets feel into the crash program ao that we would some sort of immediate bankruptcy or other toward us, they have common interests with be in a position to correct the results of their financial catastrophe, then the ·Russians can us in this· field. This does not mean that past provocation or at least. sl:> that they: present :us with alternatives which may in they will not try to use the common threat would be deterred, in ·the future, from ex­ the end result in their getting the diplo­ to obtain unilateral advantages: it · just ploiting these results. matic,· political, and foreign-pollcy victory. means that there is an important area for "'Nc :: d: 'Limited-war program' . It is important that we understand.our own bargaining here and one which we must fully strength. exploit. "It might be particularly valuable to have "Conclusions "As a prerequisite to exploiting it we must credible and explicit plans to institute an "Even if we have acquired the highest do our homework. We must know what we adequate civil-defense program and a quality deterrence capability, we must still are trying to achieve, the kind of concessions limited-war program. The institution of a have a capability for fighting and surviving that we can afford to give; the kind of con­ crash program would make it very credible wars as long as it is possible to have such a cessions that we insist on getting from the to the R~sians, our allies, and neutrals that capability. This is true not only because it Soviets. All of this will require, among we would go to war at an-appropriate level if is prudent to take out insurance against a other things, much-higher-quality prepara­ we were provoked again. war occurring unintentionally, but also be­ tions for . negotiations than ·have been "It is important to understand that we cause we must be able to stand up to the common. · · - have this asset, the ability to spend large sums of money rather rapidly. - · threat of fighting a war or even be able to "Aside from the ideOlOgical differences and credibly threaten to wage war ourself. We the problem of security itself, there does "Let us, for example, assume a new Berlin must have an "alternative to peace," as crisis • • • It would be most- improbable not !;leem to be any objective -quarrel be­ long as we don't have a world government tween the United State-s and Russia that that we would wage a war if the Russians and as .long as it is technologically and gradually put the squeeze on Berlin. Never­ justifies the risks and costs that we subject economically possible to have one. each other to. The big thing that the Soviet theless, in all likelihood State Department "Under current programs the United negotiators negotiating with the Russians Union and the United States have to fear States may not be willing in a few years to from each other is fear itself. • • • · will try to tell them that they couldn't afford accept a Soviet retaliatory blow, no matter to push us out of Berlin because in some what the provocation. The occurrence of "But, even if it were conceded that all we vague way we will do· .something· very vio­ such a situation is equivalent to breaking have to ~ear is fear itself, this would not lent; that we would use our military forces. our alliance obligations and signing a non­ . imply that the problem is simple or easy., But our negotiators would be afraid to spell aggression treaty with the Soviets-a non­ or even that it can be eliminated by any· our threat out, for nothing that they could aggression treaty ' with almost 200 mil­ kind of arrangements that are practical for spell out would be credible. lion American hostages to guarantee the next decade or so; it' is only to say that "Even today the Russians have told ·.ts performance. there dp not seem to be any fundamental that, if we send soldiers, they will kill them; "Since it now seems most unlikely that blocks ~o ~aking things more manageable that, if we send tanks, they will burn them, the Soviet menace will go away by itself and safer than is the current arrangement,. and that they can deter us from an all-out and since we have eschewed preventive war namely, an almost uncontrolled arms race war, because they · have rockets trained on as a possibility, we must seek the solution to ameliorated by some vague implicit· agree­ our cities. The Soviets are saying that, at our problems along the path of some degree ments and unilateral practices. any level of violence that we. care to use, of coexistence or collaboration. "Progress is so fast, the problems are so they can either meet that level on the spot "If we are to do this effectively, we must unprecedented and the lead times for cul­ or promise such a severe punishment that t.ural assimilation so long that it is difficult we wlll be deterred. The Russians have also appear extremely competent to the Soviet leaders. They must feel that we are putting to believe that muddling through will work. pointed out that Berlin is a chess game, We will need much better mechanisms for· not a poker game; that everybody can see adequate attention and resources into meet­ ing our military, political, and economic forward thinking, for imaginative research ~hat our position is. problems. This is not a question of at­ into problems of strategy and foreign policy, "If the Soviets are right, that our only for anticipating future developments and alternatives are violence or defeat--where tempting to bargain from strength, but one of looking so invulnerable to blackmail and for planning to meet them than we have defeat would be an acceptance of some new had. and unsatisfactory status of Berlin-then aggressive tactics that Soviet leaders will "These mechanisms can be made available~ the Soviets could probably be successful in feel it is worth while to make· agreements and foolish not to. · The tools actually or potentially available talking us into adopting a face-saving to the analyst, planner, and decision maker, method of losing Berlin, rather than one "How Russians see U.S. leaders both organizational and technical, are many which made it clear to all that we have suf­ "One _gets the impression that up to about . orders of magnitude better than anything fered a serious defeat. 1956 or 1957, the average senior Russian did we have had before; it is just barely possible "In actual fact,_we have some very strong have an enormous respect for U.S. 'planners that, with-a determined effort by large num-· cards to play, but if we do not know what and decision makers-a respect which they bers of responsible people, we can achieve these cards are we may be tricked out of have now begun to lose. Many of the com­ enough to make a significant difference.­ playing them. ments they make on remarks that some of The survival of out civilization may depend "If we refuse to accept a face-saving de­ our milltary and political leaders have made on this effort being made. Let us hope that feat and, in fact, force the Russians to rub are contemptuous--and, a sober examina­ it can be done." our noses in the dirt, then it would be clear tion indicates, properly contemptuous. In to all in NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Or­ the precarious present and the even more "UNITED STATES NOW FACING ITS GREAT DANGER­ ganization·] and the United States that un­ precarious future it would be well to go to THIS WARNING. IS CONTAINED IN A NEW OFFI• less we· do something spectacular to re~over some trouble not only to be competent as ClAL REPORT: THE UNITED STATES IS NOW OPEN the situation, the NATO nations can no an antagonist to the Russians, but to look TO A DEVASTATING NUCLEAR ATTACK-RUSSIA'S longer rely on us for any kind of protection. competent. LEAD IN MISSILES IS SEEN AS CONFRONTING "Under these circumstances the U.S. Gov­ "Ideally, winning the cold war would mean THE UNITED STATES WITH THE GREATEST DAN• ernment would have to go into enormous GER J:~ ITS HISTOR~ defense budgets, probably close tO at least _the establishment of peaceful democratic and pro~perous nations everywhere and the "(Here is an official report on the peril that $100 billion a year level. These defenSe complete elimination of all international menaces this Nation in this age of missiles budgets would be d~signed not only to im­ confilcts of greater significance than those and nuclear bombs. It was made for the plement our . current forces but also to buy that, for example, occasionally plague United Senate Foreign Relations Con;unittee by the large limited-war forces, and to buy things Washington Center of Foreign Policy Re­ like civil defense and the corresponding mil­ States-British relations. "No sober student of the international search of Johns Hopkins University. Re­ itary forces that would give us a credible searchers at Johns Hopkins have been making capab1lity for initiating a war if a hum111at­ scene visualizes anything of this sort occur­ ring. Even a more limited. objective, .the studies of military problems for the U.S. Gov­ ing crisis should be repeated. ernment for many years. Following are ex­ "There will also, under these circum­ attainment of a physical security that is independent of Soviet good will, is probably cerpts from the report, released by the stances, be enormous pressure on the NATO Senate committee on December 6, 1959:) nations to combine into an even tighter alli­ unattainable. • • • But the situation is worse than 'this. It "The military position of the United States ance and to mol:>1lize their resources for has declined in the short span of 15 years their defense also. This would mean that._ is most -unlikely that the world can live with an uncon¥"olled arms race lasting for several from one of WlChallenged security to that of as in Korea, even 1f we lost Berlin in the a nation both open and vulnerable to direct military sense, the Russians would have lost decades. It is not that we could not match . and devastating attack. this particular campaign. While Berlin is Soviet expenditures; it is simply that, as important both · ethically, . politically and technology advances, as weapons become "This decl~ne coincides with the rising even resourcewise, its loss would not com­ more powerful and more diverse, it is most military power of the Soviet Union, but the pare to the greatly increased power on the . likely that there -will have to be at least Soviet challenge could not have been made side of the West, . . . . . i:tp.plicit agFeements on their use, distribu­ with such swiftness and _success were it not "This is the threat we .have against the . tion and character if we are not to run un­ for developments in mil1tary technology· en­ Russians. If we don't know that we have acceptably high risks of unauthorized or abling that nation to threaten the security this threat, if we believe that increasing the irresponsible behavior. of the continental United Statts.

. - 1960 CONGRESSIONA-L RECORD- HOUSE 447

·"The advent of the nuclear-missile weap­ "These agents pr~sent ancillary civil and "Maximum disarmament, down to the ons.generation, heralded by the Soviet ICBM mUitary defense problems, and ~y add to level of national pollee forces, is not synony­ (intercon tinen tal balllstlc missile] test of the difficulties of arms control, but their mous with maximum stab1lity and may in August 1957 brought a drastic compression present m1litary utility has been exaggerated. fact be inconsistent with it. of the time required for the delivery of "What United States can gain in space "In a - totally <:lisarmed world, even a nuclear explosives at intercontinental ranges small num·ber of secreted or clandestinely and a corresponding reduction in the attack "Operational satellite and satelloid space manufactured nucle!l-r weapons could dis­ warning time available to the victim of systems promise to become ava~lable in con­ rupt the international order .and allow one strategic aggression. siderable numbers and sophistication during power to dominate its more trusting adver­ "These effects, added to the fact that there the next decade. saries. is as yet no active defense whatsoever against "Their military employment for reconnais-. "It is doubtful that any devisable, much an intercontinental ballistic missile in flight, sance missions, attack warning, and the fa­ less agreeable, inspection system could dis­ have gravely increased the temptations to cilitation of communications, navigation and close such violations with a sufficient degree strike first in a nuclear war. · weather prediction wm be of relative advan­ of certainty. "They have also made an opponent's tage to the United States in view of its exist­ "International disputes over vital political ing needs for intelligence of the Soviet Union and economic issues would, in any event, be manned-bomber force highly vulnerable to and the management of globally deployed surprise attack by the side that first achieves likely to lead to the resumption of a hectic forces. arms race and, in the final analysis, military a comprehensive strategic missile arm. "Their use for these missions will, however, "Should the Soviets be the first to do so­ power and technology would still decide the sharpen existing tensions between the Uni1jed outcome. · · and this now appears likely'-the marked States and the Soviet Union and provide first-strike advantage now attributed to our "It is highly unlikely that · any foolproof fruitful sources of new ones. arms-control and inspection system can be Strategic Air Command would transfer to "It appears highly unlikely that these prob­ them. devised or that absolute stability is attain­ lems can be avoided, or solved, by a distinc­ able by the most strenuous of efforts in this· "It is this possibility that disturbs those tion between mUitary and peaceful uses of who see in the missile gap of the early 1960's direction. But there are sound reasons for space. . believing that it is in the interest of the the greatest danger to its security that the. "The employment of manned orbiting United States h,as ever faced. United States, the Soviet Union, and other vehicles, and of such maneuverable space- · members of the world community to achieve "It is unlikely that the United States could craft as may be developed in this period, ap­ close the anticipated missile gap, or appre­ as high a degree of nuclear stabllity as pos­ pears capable of radically altering the pres­ sible in the next decade. ciably shorten this dangerous transitional ent strategic balance only under conditions period, merely by accelerating the produc­ which do not, as yet, appear probable. "As Russia's strength grows tion of our present strategic weapons. "The unprecedented level of destruction "Increasing Soviet strategic capabilities "Progress in military technology will con­ that even the aggressor must expect to suffer are reducing the deterrent value of U.S. tinue at an accelerating rate during the next in a thermonuclear exchange is the princi­ strategic nuclear power. decade, increasing both the performance of pal stabilizing factor in the strategic equa­ "The possibility of a Soviet surprise attack individual weapons systems and the number tion today, and is likely to remain so for on the United States cannot be ruled out of systems that it becomes feasible to de- the decade ahead. There may remain great as long as the American retaliatory force, velop. · military advantages in striking first, but, composed predominantly of. manned bomb­ "The arms race is likely to be of such while the aggressor must accurately dellver ers" on unhardened, immobile, and uncon­ scope and intensity as to provide each of a large number of weapons on military tar­ cealed bases, remains extremely vulnerable the two great adversaries with repeated gets to triumph, a much smaller number C?f to a missile attack. chances to seize an important lead in areas weapons landing on his industrial and "While the Soviets .may never achieve an to which they assign priority. civilian complexes may rob him of the fruits assured ability to knock out SAC [Strategic "It does not now appear possible to de­ of victory. Air Command], conceivably they might pre­ velop active or passive defense systems ca­ "Opposing this s.tabilizing influence, how­ fer someday to risk the damage a crippled pable· of fully protecting large areas from ever, are structural instabilities stemming SAC could inflict on them rather · than to nuclear attack, or even to provide those from the characteristics and interaction of risk the dangers of not striking first at the point targets whose locations are known to modern weapons systems, instabilities aris­ American strategic force. the enemy with invulnerability to multi­ ing from differences of timing in the devel­ "Even during the period of its great vul­ megaton weapons. opment or deployment of weapons, policy nerability, American retallatory power re­ "A high degree of national security is instabilities r~sulting from the use of war tains considerable deterrent value because of therefore likely to remain a goal unobtain­ threats. by powerful adversaries, and insta­ the uncertai:tlties discouraging a Soviet first - • able by military means alone during the · bilities inherent in the spread of strategic strike. next decade. The protection of retaliatory nuclear weapons to a growing number of "However, American security must remain power will continue to depend heavily on the nation-states. · precarious unless SAC's present vulnerabil­ multiplication, dispersal and, later, the mo­ "Characteristics of today's strategic-weap­ ity is remedied within a short period of bilizing of strategic-weapons systems. ons systems which tend toward instability time." "To assume that the level of mutual de­ include their vulnerability to surprise at­ struction now possible from a total nuclear tack, the relatively low effectiveness of active RoCKEFELLER STUDY-"POSSIBILITY OF WAR war, or the magnitude and intensity of the defense systems, and the hair trigger MUST BE FACED" accompanying radioactive fallout, is suffi­ characteristics of warning and reaction sys­ The danger of Soviet superiority in arms ciently· high to make nuclear war suicidal--­ tems that make possible a war by accident is discussed in a report on "The Mid-Century and therefore impossible--is but to evade the or miscalculation. Challenge to U.S. Foreign Policy," publlshed most serious military problem that this "Differences between adversaries in the December 7 by the Rockefeller · ·Brothers Nation has ever faced. time-phasing of weapons systems may tempt Fund, Inc. It is based on a study by a panel "The initiation. of total ·war may be made an aggressive power to exploit a temporary headed by Dean Rusk, former Assistant Sec­ increasingly hazardous for the potential ag­ but powerful mUitary advantage before it retary of State. Excerpts.follow: gressor, but it will remain a course open to evaporates or transfers to his enemy. "A foreign policy which devoted itself ex­ him for at least the next decade. "The fact that modern strategic-weapons clusively to avoiding war would neglect the "The United States, as the potential victim systems take many years to develop and de­ . constructive aspects out of which a. true . of ·such an attack, should have the ability to ploy in adequate :numbers makes it difficult peace must develop. A free . nation ·which fight such a war in ·a ratimial manner and to avoid such instabilities through prompt sought nothing but peace would gain peace should give the most serious consideration compensatory action. only at the price of its freedom. • • • to those civil-defense measures requisite to ·"The United States could do. much to "The possibility of war must be faced. the protection and recovery of its population. achieve a substantial degree of nuclear sta­ • • • The nature of the present situation "Foreseeable progress in nuclear engineer­ bility in the decade ahead regardless of what offers no escape. · ing wm· make possible a reduction in the the Soviet Union does, or does not, agree "The possibility cannot be ruled out that costs, and consequent increase in the avail­ to do. the Soviet leadership, if it secures a clear abUity, of fissile materials. "Means appropriate to this objective would superiority in the arms race, will use this "Such achievements can be expected to include the variegation, dispersal and pro­ advantage .to blackmail or to attack its major facilitate the nuclearizing of small wars, the tection of United States retallatory weapons opponent without warning. That possibility nuclear arming of allies, and the spread of to reduce the Soviet temptations to strike must at all costs be forestalled. nuclear power to additional countries. first; mechanical safeguards to moderate the "Under present conditions, and for as long "It seems unlikely, however, that these dangers of accidental war, and changes as necessary, the strength of the Western effects will be significantly asymmetrical in in our policies and military capabilities that deterrent mus'; be maintained, with clear their impact on the U.S.-U.S.S.R. power lessen the free world's present dependence realization that this cannot be done · easily equation. on nuclear threats for its security. or once and for all. "Progress in chemical and biol~gical "Proposals for total disarmament, such as "The abolition of arms has been once more weaponry is still far from the point where those recently made by the Soviet Union, · proposed by . the Soviet Government. toxicological warfare could be considered of should be approached in this regard with Whether the proposal is serious is open to strategic decisiveness. caution. doubt. • * • 448 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOUSE January 13

•"Negotiatiolls ttlust test whether there are attitudes taken, · the opinions held, . the : Were ther,e time I co~ld __ cite a great mant sufficiently significant changes hi the Rus.;; courses of action proposed in 1959. · _ : instances in" which distinguished citizens ~ian posi.tion to make it possible: to move to-· ·. There IS risk ln )this apprbach for we ftnd, with doctor of philosophy degrees earned in ward a mutually acceptable plan for dis· ourselves balancing precariously on the nar­ some:of America's foremost universities have armament. • • •. : row line ·between: a maze of legal technica1i· been denied the right to regis,ter and to vote "Persistent and unremitting efforts to ties on the one ·hand, and a mass of general­ on the flimsiest of excuses, the actual reason achieve step-by-step control and reduction 1ties o~ the o~her. being that they are Negroes. of arms should ·not blind the United States. · We learned of· doctors, lawyers, school­ 1 to the really fundamental issues. involved. • THE COMMISSION ON cxvn. RIGHTS . teac.hers, . r~gi~ter_ed .nurses, and successful If the control of arms becomes effective on. The establishment of the· Commission on businessmen being denied the right to reg-: a broad scale, it will almost certainly be b'e- Civil Rights is of itself of real significanc~ ister an~ to vote, simply because they are cause international institutions will have de-· rn history inasmuch as the act creating it Negroes. · veloped greatly .in scope and authority over approved by the Congress in 1957 was the - We learned of courageous young men who the coming years. · first national civil rights bill passed since h,ave fought in our country's defense, and "This underlying, basic soviet danger [of 1875. The act, while much compromised who will carry crippling battle scars all of expanding . Communist power and isolation during the enactment process, does repre-: their lives, who are being denied the right tO Qf the J]I).ited States] has not been as· well sent a determination to come to grips with vote, just because their skins are black. understood in the ·united States as lt should a thorny problem that has been with us for· It should shock you to learn that today, iri be. Certa.lnly . the situation .will · not be more than 300 years. Dooember 1959, there are at least 16 counties changed by a lull in the crises which. · There is cause to wo"nder why 82 years in the United States in which one-third or have served to keep ·the United States snould pass after 1875 before we again turned i:nore of the population is nonwhite in which awake. • • • · : our attention as a nation to this vexsome hot a single nonwhite is perm1tted·to registet "In any case, the. free world, as a basic issue, for the matter of civil rights concerns· to vote . . In a . fa,r larger num~r of counties tenet of policy, must not permit the Com- the fundamental precepts and principles up­ With very substantial numbers of Negro citi· munist states to extend their rule. on which our democratic system is being, zens, only a token-and ~ very small token-. "The United States cannot accept, under painfully built, day after day and year after number are permitted to vote . the guise of compromise or the easing of year. Until these issues are finally r_esolved,. . These nonwhite citizens live useful lives; tensions, measures which would abandon we cannot truthfully claim that our ideal­ pay taxes, serve in our .military forces, and. West Berlin to ·communist rule, dissolve istic, courageous experiment in self-govern-­ Y,et they are denied the right to any voice in, NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- ment has been wholly successful, nor predict the conduct of a Government they .support tion], allow West Germfl-ny to fall within the that the American dream will ever be fully with their taxes and are willing to defend Soviet orbit, or otherwise undermine the free realized. Perhaps the very complexity of the with their lives if need be. · · states of Europe. • • • , issues, or their emotional overtones, have · This is indefensible. The-record is clear. "Possibillties must be kept open, but the made us reluctant to face up to the fact that. The facts are undisputed .. The case has been West cannot afford to accept illusory there has indeed been a serious hiatus be­ made. It remains to be seen whether we will agreements." . tween promise and performance ln our have the courage and good sense to do some- democracy. . thing about it: · · · However that may be, the Congress did Early in its work, the Commission. deCided ClVIL RiqHTS take a meaningful if tentative step forward to concentrate upon two other areas in.wliich­ in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1957. there wa.a subs.tantial reason to believe· that. Mr. MOORE. Mr-. Speaker, I ask And, as if anticipating that subsequent de-· equal protection of the law was not being unanimous consent that the gentleman bate might grow too violent without the extended to all citi2;ens equally. These were from Michigan [Mr.' BENTLEY] may ex­ restraining force of fact, it created the Coni-' education and 'housing. ' · . tend his remarks ·at this point in the mission on Civil Rights as a fact-finding , · This decision was taken deliberately in full RECORD and include an address. 'Qody with authority and responsibillty to r~alization that there were many other areas The SPEAKER. :i:s there objection inquire and to report, but without authority worthy of attention, including the use of· to the reqQest of the gentleman from : to take corrective or enforcement action. public accommodations, the administration· ~ealization that the Commission is thus re­ of justice, the content of school curriculums. YV est Virginia? stricted in its activities is essential to any in· which civil rights are stuc;lied, employment_ There was no objection. fair appraisal of its work to date. It has no practices, discrimination in transportation Mr. BENTLEY. Mr. Speaker, I am other answer to those who are critical be­ and in labor union membership, to name a . including in my remarks an address cause it has not done something to amelio­ f~w. - given on December 6, 1959, in New York rate the situation. , But the lifetime of the Commission then . City by Dr. John A. Hannah, ·president ';rhe Congress specifically directed the b.eing Umited to some 1~ monthS,-it was de­ of Michigan State University and Chair­ Commission to make inquiry into repeated . cided to undertake· extensive investigation · allegations that some citizens were being into voting as spelled out by the· 9ongres- : man of· the- Commission on Civil Rights. deprived of their right to register, vote, and · sional eaict and two other .areas of education Dr. Hannah's address was the first in have their votes counted by reason of their and housing only. The Commission felt that . the series of .Jacob M. Alson Lectures · color, race, religion, or national origin, and these were key areas_ sponsored by the Anti-Defamation to make appropriate recommendations for Now that the life of the Commission has . League and is indeed an ·excellent and action if these allegations were found to be been extended for another 2 years, it pro- ., comprehensive speech on the problem of justified by fact. ppses to venture into some other areas but . civil rights; . · By this directive, the Congress indicated Will continue to place. its first emphasis on The address follows: · that voting is a key issue. If government vothig,· education, and "housing.' derives its just powers· from the consent of · How shocking the situation is in one of the .ADDRESS BY JOHN A. HANNAH, PRESIDENT, . the governed, and votes are the accepted ex- areas to which the Commission proposes to · ' MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, AND CHAIR- _ presslons Of the people's Wlll, then dental Of address its attention-the adm1n1strat1on or MAN, COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS, ALSON the right to vote constitutes an intolerable justice-was vividly portrayed recently when LECTURESHIP, ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, subversion of national self-interest. tbe Attorney General of the United States NEW YORK CITY, DECEMBER 6, 1959 There is no need to labor this point. All reported an exhaustive investigation into a . It is a great honor to pe permitted to in- intelligent, objective Americans will sub- murder of a Negro in a State in which the augurate the Jacob M. Alson Lectures, and scribe to this philosophy, for they appreciate grand jury failed to take any action despite this, the first in the series, is presented in how precious the right to vote is to them. the fact that all the evidence necessary to the hope that it will contribute to a better I believe that most of us understand, even indict the participants in this revolting crime understanding of the whole complex problem though dimly at times, that when one man's had been submitted to local authorities. of civil rights, and help to justify the found- right to vote is denied,. every man's right to The Commission turned its attention to · er's belief that wisdom will grow out of vote is thereby jeopar.dized. education for a number of pressing reasons. 1 understanding. Suffice it for our purposes today to · say The first was that great public interest had Your officers were generous in their that on the basis of affidavfts, investigation, . been aroused.by. the Supreme Court's.declsion demarcation of the area for discussion. They and hearings, the Commission found and against school segregation; and in matters reflected the broad interests of this organi- reported to the President and the Con­ of public policy, public interest is an essen­ zation, which has stood for so long in the gress that qualified Americans-and many, tiil1 to informed public action. The second forefront of the struggle to free men's minds many thousands of them-are in fact being was because, in the words of the report, "The of the intolerance and prejudice which are denied the right to vote because they are American system of public education must at the root of our civil rights problems. members of the Negro race, and for no other · be preserved without impairment be<:ause an This lecture will be in two parts. The reason. This deprivation is being accom­ educated cit izenry is the mainstay of the first will deal briefly with the Commission pUshed through the creation of legal im-:­ ' Republic . and. fllll educational opportunity on Civil Rights; The second will be an pediments, administrative obstacles, and for each and every citizen is America's major attempt to give historical perspective to to- sometimes through positive discouragement defense against the world threat to freedom." day's situation. Some knowledge of history engendered by fears ' of economic reprisal The 'third, unexpressed but none the less makes . it easter to account for some of the and physical harm. ' compelling, was that traditionally we have 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 449 looked to education. to free men's minds of · would be an ·efftont '00 human dignity for ship are not raised, new neighborhoods wlll intolerance and pre.judlce, and we must. lookr any- one group of Americans to be restricted degenerate into slums. to education. to work its slow but certain to wearing only hand-me-down clotblng, or . Let Us turn now to a consideration of a miracles in the whole broad area of civil to .eating the leftovers of other's food. Like few of the historical facts without which rights if we are to make substantial progress. food .and Clothing, housing is ·an essential we cannot hope to understand the true na­ toward achievement of our national ideals. of life; yet most nonwhite American families ture of the situation in which we find our­ The fourth was because the Commission felt · have ilo choice but secondhand homes in selyes as we approach the close of our that it could make a valuable contribution the most congested and least desirable sec­ second century of existence as a Nation, by identifying the factors and influences that . tions of our cities. The results can be seen born in revolution and dedicated to the resulted in public acceptance of school de­ in high rates of disease, fire, juvenile delin­ e~olutlonary process as a political philosophy. segregation in some communities and com­ q-uency, crime, and social demoralization · motion and chaos in others. among those forced to live in such condi­ n. CIVIL RIGHTS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Here, too, the Commission made findings tions. A nation dedicated to respect for the An enlightened audience such as this must of the fact and submitted recommenda­ human dignity of every individual should be presumed to have familiarity with the tions to the President and the Congress. not permit such conditions to continue. great · basic documents of American history, The report states that "the problem is how · In making its preliminary recommenda­ but at times great public debates over issues to- comply with the Supreme Court decision tions for corre.ction of abuses in the field of of general concern drive us back to our books while preserving and even improving public­ housing, the Commission was encouraged to refresh our memories and to adjust our education. The ultimate choice of each by its observations of what has been ac­ perspectives. Such is the case today when State (and community) is between finding complished in some places, including here the American people are coming to grips reasonable ways of ending compulsory seg­ in New York and in Atlanta. There are high again with the matter of hqw to make prac­ regation in its schools or abandoning its walls of racial and religious bigotry still tice fit theory in the field of civil rights. system of free public education." to be torn down, but this is one area in What, they properly ask, is our funda­ Events and developments of recent months which we can justifiably hope for substantial mental philosophy in this matter? What do have verified the validity of that analysis. improvement in: the years immediately the documents s~y? What does the record Let us turn quickly now to a brief com­ ahead. show? ment on the housing problem, the third area One basis for this justification is that · Basic to a11 our political thinking is the of major concern to the Commission in the · the Federal, State, and municipal govern­ Declaration of Independence, the revolu-· early months of its operations. Voting ments are so intimately and actively con­ tionary manifesto that still amazes us by its rights and schoo.l segregation have long been cerned through slum-clearance and rehabill­ daring, its eloquence, its timelessness. recognized as issues of paramount impor­ tation programs of such size as to be heavily You will recall that the Declaration opens tance, but it was not until comparatively lnfiuential. We have recognized slums as an with what the leaders of the revolution recently that we recogniZed that how men intolerable social disgrace, and we are setting against kingly tyranny considered to be a live is affected to a great degree by the ex­ about eliminating them. Machinery already catalog of fundamental human liberties as tent to which equal protection of the law is in motion and likely to be put in motion bid they understood them to be after years of extend..ed to them. Our concern is. height­ fair to bring about a great improvement in s'tudying the writings of the social philoso­ ened by the evidence coming in day after· the housing situation in the foreseeable fu­ phers who gave to those times the name of day as to the effect of poor housing on ture. Another reason for optimism results the Age of Enlightenment. They asserted juvenile delinquency, crime rates, and other from the fact that the Federal Government flatly and unequivocably their fundamental social 1lls. is so heavily committed in the financing and belief in one Creator who had endowed His' Housing conditions 'and practices are o~ mortgage guaranteeing of such a .Substan­ human creatures equally. They declared particular importance because abuses here· tial proportion of all new housing-and cer­ . that from this endowed equality there fiowed do not tend to be concentrated in one sec­ tainly there is no justification for our Gov­ political rights to life, liberty, and the pur­ tion of the country, but are plainly evident ernment itself practicing or encouraging suit of happiness. They espoused the theory in most of our large ci"!;ies everyw:p.ere. Hous­ housing discrimination. that governments have no inherent powers, ing is no se<:tional problem; ~t is one with In the few busy months of its existence, but derive them from the consent of the which all of us are immediately and un­ the Civil Rights Commission has learned governed. comfortably concerned. I say "uncomfort­ that the basic problem is one of securing· · The second great controlling document is, ably" because as Julius Pringle of South .. the full rights of American citizenship to of course, our Constitution. Its preamble Carolina said to his northern countrymen those being denied in any degree "that vital' ·dedicates the Constitution to the establish-· in the days just before the Civil War: recognition of human dignity, the equal ment of justice in the new nation, and to "To preach distant reform is very cheap protection of the laws." It has learned that, securing the blessings of hard-won political· philanthropy-the cheaper in proportion to by and large, the problem is a racial prob­ liberty to the people of the new country. the distance. The feeling of self-satisfaction l'em. The children and grandchildren of the These had been cataloged in general terms exists without the necessity of personal waves of immigrants from the nations of in the Declaration of Independence. sacrifice." · Europe; reared a1;1d educated as Americans, ' The great American experiment in demo­ All of us know how much easier it is to have dispersed and strengthened our com-­ cratic sel!-government has always had a. say "they should do something about it" munities everywhere. Discrimination, once fascinating attraction for political scientists than to admit "we should do something widespread and ·victimizing ·Americans for and social philosophers in other lands. We about it." In housing, all Americans have reasons of race, religion, national origin, and have attracted many foreign observers to the problem on their doorsteps or in their economies, is now largely concentrated upon QUr shores, and we have found our full share ·front yards, and here more than Negroes are our 18 million Negro citizens. of critics among thenr. Some of the ob­ involved. Her·e in New York, for example, .. It is not surprising that· this is so, for &ervers-notably the Frenchman de Tocque­ you have the matter of the Puerto Ricans many social philosophers have pointed out vllle and the Englishman Lord Bryce--have as well as of the Negroes in your midst, and. over the years that the existence of a sizable themselves contributed to our store of members of this organi~ation certainly know Negro minority has been "the acid test of knowledge about ourselves, and their works well that rellglous as well as racial discrim-· American democracy." have in time become listed among our basic !nation may play a forceful role in deciding · In part this is the old problem of the. American documents. · who shall live whete. Chicago, as an ex­ vicious circle. Slavery, economic dlscrimina-· More recently, a renowned Swedish social ample, has its problems with more .than 1· tlon, and second-class citizenship have de-' scientist, Gunnar Myrdal, has contributed to million Negroes living within its city limits, moralized a considerable portion of those foreign observation of the American scene. Including a very large number who have fled suffering these injustices, and the consequent His study of the Negro in American society, the discrimination of the South to find little demoralization has 'then been seen by others' sponsored by the Carnegie corporation and improvement in the North. The west coast, as an excuse for continuing some o! the very published in 1944 under the title of "An where our Commission will hold hearings conditions that cause the · demoralization. American Dilemma," bears the significant late next month, wrestles with the additional . The fundamental interrelationships among subtitle, "The Negro Problem and Modern troublesome task of dealing equitably with the subjects of voting, education, and hous­ Democracy." This is a monumental work large numbers of Mexican-Americans and.. ing make it impossible for the problem to wen worth reading. Its opening chapters Americans of oriental descent. Some com­ be solved by the improvement of any one bear especially on the matter of . historical munities find themselves troubled by the factor alone. If the right to vote is secured backgrounds of social conditions as he found records of their treatment of American In­ but there is not equal opportunity in educa­ tion and housing, the value of that right will them to be in the course of his scholarly dians. Housing is a problem of greater di­ study. Myrdalis important to us because his versity and range tllan perhaps any other ~ be discounted by apathy and ignorance. If is the most recent comprehensive study by a thip whole civil rights area. ~ompulsory discrimination is ended in pub­ The problem is epitomized in one passage lic education, but children continue to be competent foreign observer of one facet of from the Commission's report that I would brought up in slums and restricted areas. the question with which we are dealing like to call to your attention. of racial concentration, the con'ditions for today. Housing, tt is pointed out, seems to be good education and good citizenship will He is another of those who sees the Negro the one commodity, in the American mar­ still not obtain. If decent housing is made problem as central to the whole issue of the ltet .that is not freely available . on equal available to nonwhites on equal terms eventual success Qf our democratic experi­ terms to ·everyone who. can a1Iord to pay. It but their edu~ation and habits of c~tizen- ment. In his words "the Negro problem in CVI--29 450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 America represents a moral lag in the devel­ pensity to self-criticism, which sometimes the statute books, the rights Of free men opment of the Nation, and a study of it amazes and pains our friends and gives aid were in -jeopardy." Zealousness t() protect must record nearly everything which is bad and comfort to our enemies, as today when those rights earned converts to the anti­ and wrong in America." Because of the re­ world communism capitalizes upon our slavery cause, and events rushed on to the cency of his study, and because the disin· struggles with our own racial problems. ultimate disaster of war. . terested though friendly analysis he makes But viewed in retrospect, our history is one One might apologize for injecting·so much is so appropriate, I will draw heavily upon of great overall progress toward the ideal­ history into this discussion were it not that his report. istic goals which we hold constantly before the problems of today are inextricably tied Myrdal pays his sincere tri'bute to what. our eyes. into events and developments of the past. he terms the American Creed which, he says, Take as one example the extension pf the Indeed, we need look back to ancient Greece is so generally approved and applauded by voting franchise. At the end of the Revolu­ for some of our references, for it was Aris­ all citizens that it explains the periods of tion we were a nation of approximately totle who proclaimed that some men were torment through which we pass periodically 3,250,000. More than 1 million were not natural slaves, fit for no other role in ·life. as we try our honest best to make reality free-they were slaves or bondsmen. Of the His ideal State was ruled by an elite leisure out of idealistic theory. "America," he 2 million free citizens, not more than 120,000 class of ·small size, its wants and necessities writes, "is continuously .struggling for its were allowed to vote. The others were dis­ supplied by slaves and a middle class of arti.. soul." enfranchised becaues they were women, or sans skilled in their crafts but not in poli• He says later that "for practical purposes did not own property of sufficient value, or tics. the main norms of the American Cre~d as for other reasons. The influence of Aristotle's thinking was usually ·pronounced are centered in the be· Today, the right to vote in most of America enormous. This philosophy was such oon:. lief in equality and in the rights to liberty" is almost universal. Property qualifications venient comfort to those who wanted to ra­ as expo~ded in the Declaration, in the Con­ have been eliminated save for token poll tionalize conquest, plunder, and empire­ stitution, and in the Bill of Rights. Our taxes, and women have won the right to th~ building. blueprint for national existence was, he de­ ballot. Indeed, the lag in Negro voting in We are told by Lewis Hanke in ·his new clares, the most liberal and enlightened some sections of the South is almost the sole book, "Aristotle and the American Indians," charter yet devised. · remaining disfiguring blot on a record of how a great debate was staged in Spain in Lawyers often appeal to the Constitution which to be proud. By this margin do we the middle of the 16th century in an in their contests in the modern day, but in still fall short of our goal. attempt to reconcile divergent views towards the courts of public opinion the appeal is We could cite many other significant ad­ treatment of the Indians being encountered more often to the principles of the Declara­ vances in social reforms: child labor laws, by soldiers of the Spanish King in their con­ tion and even beyond to what for want of a the abolition of flogging in the military serv­ quests in the. New World .. Was it right to better term has often been cited as "the ices, our changed penological practices, our make war upon and enslave the he.athen In­ higher law." The Declaration itself ap­ more humane treatment of the insane, pro- . dians? Some said it was, and cited Aris­ pealed to "the· laws of Nature and of Na­ visions for care of the indigent at public totle as the great authority. Others dis­ ture's God" and "to the Supreme God of the cost, social security laws, labor legislation, puted this view on grounds of humanitari­ World for the rectitude of our intentions·." public support of educa,tion and scholarly anism, some even daring to claim that the Looking at these living documents in research, and many others. It is a record Indians had a respectable . culture and reli­ retrospect, we of this day can clearly see justifying both pride in what we have done gion of their own, and were responsible that what the founders of our Nation did as a people, and hope that we will continue human beings deserving to be treated as was to set up for their new country a set of to make steady progress toward our lofty such. standards-of ideals-so lofty as to be al­ goals. Quite incidentally, we. find something of most beyond attainment but so attractive One of Professor Myrdal's most penetrating Aristotle's view coloring today the arguments that they would serve as a constant chal­ observations is that as a people, we are of those who seem to be otherwise intelli­ lenge to men of good will, so promising that marked by a high degree of disrespect for gent Americans who would have us educate. they would inspire heroic efforts. to achieve the law. He points out that when we as only an intellectual elite and who · would them, so closely in harmony with that which individuals think a law is wrong, oppressive have us set up an intellectual aristocracy on is divine in thinking man that any discord· or unjust, we tend to disobey it, and feel no · the questionable theory that only the bril· ant notes would leave him unhappily dis­ particular twinges of conscience, justifying liant should inherit the earth. . satisfied and discontented until he had our behavior on a sort of built-in system of But enough of history. It is hoped that found a way to silence them forever. appeals to a higher unwritten law. these sketchy references will sumce to prove The Founding Fathers were not content We need look no farther back in our his­ that we are n.ot dealing with new problems with voicing lofty idealism. Being eminently tory than to the 18th amendment for the and hence are not curseq by fate beyond all practical men who had risked .their lives in classic illustration. That was added to our previous generations. We are instead in the revolution against a power.ful king · and Constitution in perfectly proper legal form, stream of history in this .as in all other growing empire, they installed the basic ele­ and prohibition became the law of the land. human affairs, and shall have to make our ments of a political system by which these But many people thought the law was wrong way as best we can, given the benefit of the ideals might be achieved in time. They be· and proceeded to disobey it .willfully. Such experience of those who have gone before us lieved in the perfectability of man, and so corruption of society developed that in time and who have contributed their full share belleving, they trusted those who would come· it was repealed. In this instance, we proved to the solution of. mankin~'s besetting after them to work out the differences, resolve that our political machinery for social re­ problems. , the confiicts, settle the issues that were form could work in either direction. Your officers have been so kind as to sug­ bound to arise in a new and expanding But it is of more significance to look to gest that an attempt to look to the future country. the record of the North's reaction in the would be in order. This i~ risky business Both their idealism and the practicality days before the Civil War to the Fugitive_ at best when we are dealing with what are were put to the test at the outset. Slavery Slave Laws and the Dred Scott decision of essentially human relations, which are gov­ was an established institution, and slavery the Supreme Court. erned by so many emotional and cultural in­ was inconsistent with their ideals of human , The abolitionists were outraged, and those fluences which laws cannot easily control. freedom and dignity. Being practical men, who did not then share their violent senti­ But reading of history, and observation of they arrived at a compromise, which was to ments were aroused by appeals beyond the the current scene, lead to the inescapable forbid importation of slaves after a specific courts and the Constitution to "the higher conclusion that our great ideals still stand future date in the hope and belief that with law." before us as bright and shining as ever, and the supply of human chattels cut off, the Dwight Lowell Dumond, in his "Antislav­ that they may be seen even more clearly to­ institution itself would eventually wither ery Origins of the Civil war," gives us a day because as a people we have moved much away in the heat and light of public dis­ succinct account of the reaction of the closer to them than our fathers were. More­ cussion. Northern States. Some of the actions and over, the machinery of free public discussion That they were wrong we know now; the language seem strangely familiar today. For and decision, on which the founders placed political machine broke down when it was example, laws were passed by many North­ their hopes, is not only unimpaired, it is called upon to deal with this issue, and our ern States clearly intended to nullify Fed­ much improved over the first machinery they country resorted to war to settle it, perhaps eral law; ''interposition" was proposed and first designed. needlessly. advocated widely; the use of State and In the current controversy and debate, we All this serves to emphasize the fact that county jails for the detention of fugitive have the advantage of more widespread edu­ the Negro problem has been with us from slaves was prohibited. cation and better media for the transmittal the beginning of our country, and that our One provision of the Fugitive Slave Laws of information than ever before. For this success or failure in dealing with it has is conceded to have stirred much of the we may well be thankful. always been and continues to be the measure opposition in the North. It specifically for­ D\lmond is of the opinion that the fact of our success or failure in making practical bade testimony by those alleged to be fugi­ that the Deep South of prior 'to the Civil reality fit our theoretical idealism. ·tive slaves, and hence the free Negro was War was sealed almost hermetically against All of our history, speaking generally, is a practicalJy defenseless against plain kidnap­ the intrusion of North~n thought and opin­ reflection of our constant concern that we ing, even in Northern States. The North ion led almost inescapably to the test of have not as yet achieved the ideals to which was beginning to learn the lesson of the arms. He contends that had ideas been left we officially and traditionally aspire. This indivisi'bility of freedom. As Dumond re­ free to compete, the decision might have accounts, as Myrdal points out, for our pro- m arks, "so long as these acts remained on evolved less painfully. 1960 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ~HOUSE 451 To those who are impatient with the slow­ Pleasure, with pain for leaven; nomenon-it has driven short-term in­ ness of progress, we can point to the lesson' Summer, with flowers that fell; ­ terest rates up above long-term interest of history that great social changes do not Remembrance fallen from heaven, come overnight or totally; they come as the And madness risen from hell; rates. result of the interworking of many forces, . Strength without hands to smite: The topic of immediate interest yes- · among which one of the most powerful is the Love that endures for a breath; terday involved a question of what the inherent desire of i:nost people to be decent.- Night, the shadow of light, interest rate would be on a new issue of Dumond, in an enlightening paragraph on And Ufe, the shadow of death.'' 1-year bills on which the Treasury was this general topic, says: ''We are accustomed Nothing gives me greater hope than the taking bids yesterday. The financial to speak of public opinion as influencing our very experience of being here today and the press was stating in authoritative tones legislative bodies, our executive officers, and freedom I, as a Protestant Christian, have to that the rate would .top 5 percent, and even our judiciary. It is only a partially cor­ bring to you who are of the Jewish faith, the rect observation. Changes in the basic phi­ might possibly go as high as 5% percent. message of a great American Catholic as a. The financial press was calling the new losophy of a people are as imperceptible but fitting conclusion. - fully as irresistible as the ebb and flow of the predicted rate on these bills the "biggest tides. Institutional changes-constitutions Father Theodore Hesburgh, the president bargain in history." As I pointed out, and constitutional interpretations, religious of the University of Notre Dame, appended these eloquent words to the report of the the financial community was advertising doctrines, political alinements, .and govern­ the bargain in advance. Congress was mental policies-follow with equal certainty Commission on Civil Rights, of which he is a and precision. Public opinion rises, falls, member who has served superbly well. Let being blamed for the giveaway of the and changes in course with the fl tfulness of them serve as a summing up and, if you will, taxpayers' money, and apparently all the winds, ever sensitive to fortuitous cir­ a. clarion call to duty for those who truly concerned wanted the public to know cumstances and the vagaries of the hour. believe in the essential dignity of all indi­ this. It is indicative of the direction, though not viduals. Furthermore, the predictions of yes­ of the degree, of a changing philosophy, and "No one who really believes in full­ fledged citizenship for all Americans should terday turned out to ,be highly accurate, the intellectual ferment produced by its the price at which the Treasury sold tornadic disturbances leaves an indelible im­ delude himself today regarding the true per­ pression upon that philosophy. The lag sonal price involved in achieving it. The these bills gives a yield of 5.05 percent, gives stability to our institutions, and pain price will be nothing short of heroism in on the basis of the way the Treasury to our reformers." certain areas. Because of the deep emotional computes the yield on bills. Actually Most of all, I find comfort and hope in our overtones of the problem, and its existence the interest yield is much higher for two lively national conscience, which leads us to in every phase of American life, no Ameri­ reasons: First, the bills are discounted engage in wars for the freedom of mankind, can can escape taking a stand on civil in advance; and, second, the yield is give and lend billions to nations less well rights. • • • Each of us must choose to deepen the anguish of the problem, by silence computed on the basis of a year of 360 endowed or more unfortunate than our own, days. The real interest yield on the contribute hundreds of millions to private and passivity, if nothing more, or must charity, and in the face of the free world's take a forthright stand on principles that bills sold· yesterday is equivalent to an applause for the humanitarianism of our ac­ give some hope of eventual solution." - interest yield of 5.36 percent on a Treas­ tions, still leads us to undertake another The lines are forming all over America; ury bond. searching inquiry into why we have not done on which side shall we stand 'l It should not be necessary to elaborate­ better by some of our people here at home. on my remarks of yesterday concerning It the Commission on Civil Rights does the phony arguments which are being nothing more. than to prick that national HIGH INTEREST NOW THE AD­ used to try to justify removing the 4~~ conscience until it will give us no rest as a. MINISTRATION'S TOP PRIORITY people so long as some human wrongs go percent ceiling. Certainly two things unrighted, then it will have justified its PROGRAM-BIG BANKERS HELP ~re clear: First, if the ceiling is removed, existence. · TO PLAN NATIONAL HOUSE-TO­ all interest rates will be boosted, and the We see many signs of this stirring of HOUSE DRIVE TO LAUNCH average interest rate which the Govern­ conscience. We find great newspapers and "CITIZENS' CAMPAIGN AGAINST ment will have to pay will be boosted; national leaders preaching the inescapable INFLATION"-PRESIDENT EISEN­ second, the propaganda slogans which truth that when the rights of one are threat­ are to the effect that issuing short-term ened, the rights of none are safe. In time, HOWER SUGGESTS MILLIONS OF debt is "more inflationary" than issuing our people will come to believe as one that_ LETTERS, TELEGRAMS, AND long-term .debt do not have a factual leg when a synagogue is bombed, no Christian PHONE CALLS TO MEMBERS OF church is safe; that when one public school to stand on. is bombed, no school is steady on its founda­ CONGRESS Today I should like to call attention to tions; that when one man is lynched, the Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, Presi­ some of the other aspects of the or­ security of each of us is diminished by so dent Eisenhower's first special message ganized squeeze play which has been much; that when one man is denied the right to this session of Congress, which we re­ planned for this session of Congress. to vote, our own freedom of decision is com­ ceived yesterday, renews the administra­ • SMALL CONTRIBUTORS ASKED TO HELP PAT promised. ADVERTISING COSTS 'l;'he indivisibility of freedom is the shield tion's plea for removing the 42-year-old of all other liberties. Our political system ceiling on interest rates which the Last November the heads of many big is still capable of repairing the errors in the Treasury can pay to issue bonds. Of all financial, banking, and insurance organ­ social order that deny us that indivisibility. the vital issues facing this Nation, in­ izations met with the President and Vice In that knowledge lies our principal hope. cluding those on which our national sur­ President here in Washington and laid Judge Harold R. Medina, himself the vic­ vival .may hinge, the administration has plans for a renewed driv~ in support of tim of cruel persecution, had this to say given top priority to its ambitions to what is called the President's "campaign recently: achieve further increases in interest against inflation." The renewed crusade "Freedom is the study of a lifetime. Our Bill of Rights, which looks so simple when rates. The Wall Street Journal this planned at that time, according to news we first read it in school, is a dynamic, flex­ morning put it this way: · reports, was to include a national house­ ible, ever-expanding and growing definition Eisenhower puts priority on end of bond to-house drive and a solicitation of of our fundamental rights. Like the search rate limit. funds in small amounts of $1 to $10 from for truth, the ultimate in freedom ir. always millions of American families, to help Yesterday I discussed some aspects of pay for leaflets, billboard advertising, just over the horizon or just beyond our the organized squeeze play which is be­ grasp. The trick is not to lose it, or any part and so forth, calling for support of the of it, but rather to get as much more of it ing put on Congress in an effort to ob­ administration's "fight against infla­ as we can properly assimilate.'' · tain a further boost in interest rates. tion." This national house-to-house Finally, we must remember that we are The most obvious part of the squeeze drive was to begin shortly after the first dealing with human_ beings and their emo- · play has been the part played by the of this year. tions, and we must be patient in that knowl­ Federal Reserve. There is a loophole in The dignitaries who helped launch the edge, for man is fearfully and wonderfully the interest-rate law. The law men­ new crusade include the heads of such made. Swinburne suggested something of tions only marketable bonds and -says organizations as the New York Stock the complexity of man when he wrote: nothing about a ceiling for Treasury Exchange, the Investment Bankers As­ .. Before the beginning of years bills, certificates, and other forms of sociation, the American Bankers Associ­ There came to the-making of man short-term borrowing. This has pro­ ation, the National Association of Time, with the gift of tears: · vided the Federal Reserve a means of Manufacturers, the U.S. Chamber of Grief, with a glass than ran; bringing about a most unusual phe- Commerce, and others. I 452 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE January 13 In his address to this assemblage, Harschel D. Newsom, master of the National NIXON, i:n a luncheon address, emphasized President Eisenhower suggested that: · Grange; John D. Randall, p!fesident of the that "unlike the few ln the Soviet who make American Bar AsSociation; Martin B. Mc­ the decisions, ours is a nation where millions "I for one hope that you will not for­ Kenally, national commander of the Amer­ of individuals work together ln drafting de­ get what telegrams, letters and p:J:lone ican Legion; Dr. Louis M. Orr, president f)f cisions." calls coming in -by the millions can do the American Medical Association; Erwin. Thus, he added, it's necessary to mobilize to help the congress, and the President D. Canham, president of the United States public opinion in .support of Government and the entire organization he heads, in Chamber of Commerce; John C. Hagan Jr., fiscal policies to combat inflation. doing the right thing. This, I would president of the Investment Bankers Associa­ ROBERTSON'S VIEWS tion of America, and Kenneth R. Miller, gen­ feel would be one of the great services Senator RoBERTSON told the conference you'can now ac~omplish for the United eral manager of the National Association of Manufacturers. that the Federal budget must be · kept bal­ States." anced even if it means additional taxes. He ·We all know of course that the great • . • . • • • . al~o said: "We should permit the Treasury crusade against inflation is not con--., In additiOn, the. group h.oped to form an Department to pay the going rate of -interest 0 1 fined to efforts to boost. interest which will enable it to manage the long-term r~tes. :~~~:-c ~;~~~Y ~~~~;;~ :c~;~:{s~; ¥. debt in the most eftlcient manner." · The crusade is directed at other thu?-gs Palmer ~aid. ' · ' such as appropriation measures which The President and Vice President endorsed the administration does not like. But the general principles of the campaign, SPECIAL ORDERS. GRANTED high· interest has beep an intimate part rather' than its specific deta:tls. of the crusade at all times, anQ. recently . Mr. Eisenhower assured the group of his :SY unanimous ~onsent, permission to . it has become the first and foremost "respect and admiration of what you are try- address the House, following the legisla­ b ·e tive of the crusade. ing to do." He suggested that they not forget tive program and any special orders 0 J c . . ht b f "what telegrams, · letters, telephone calls It· occurred to me that It mig e 0 coming in by the millions can do to help the heretofore entered, was granted to: interest. to Mem~ers, and perha~s . eve~ congress, and the President and the. entire Mr. BoLLING, fm; 1 hour, on Tuesday, helpful 111 analyz111g r:;ome of the1~ mall organization that he beads, in doing the Janua1:Y 26. problems, if they had a fresh rev1ew of right thing." Mr. CoFFIN, for 1 hour, on Tuesday, some of the newspaper reports written NIXoN urged the group to support a bal­ January 26. at the time the renewed and more 1n- anced budget, whenever this is appropriate, Mr. CoFFI!Il, for 10 minutes, today, and vigorated crusade was launched last No- llt;fld to support wise me,nagement of the na­ to revise and extend his remarks and in­ vember .. I invite the Members' attention t10nal debt. clude extraneous matter. o such reports· one from the St. Another speaker, Senator !s-· WILLIS to tw. . • . . RoBERTSON, Democrat, Virginia, chairman of Mr. MciNTIRE

marks in the RECORD and to include fiscal year .ended June SO, 1959 (H. Doc. No. . By Mr. KILGORE: extraneous matter:)· '295); to the Committee on Government op:.. H.R. 9579. A bill to exempt from taxation erations arid ordered to be printed. certain property of the National Guard As­ Mr. DULsKI. sociation of the United States in the Dis­ Mr. WOLF. trict of Columbia; to the Committee on .Mr. GALLAGHER. ·REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB­ the District of Columbia. LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS .By Mr. KNO~: . I H.R. 9580. A bill to amend the Tariff Act of ADJOURNMENT under. ciause 2 of nile :XID:, reports of 1930 to impose a duty upon the importation Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I committees were delivered to the Clerk of bread; to the Cqmmittee on Ways and move-that the House do now adjourn. for printing and reference to the proper Means. calendar, as follows: By Mr. McDOWELL: The motion was agreed to; accordingly H.R. 9581. A bill to incorporate the u.s. 111 to amend the Sugar Act Insular Affairs. · lia Sanderson; to the Committee on the Ju­ of 1948 with respect to the proration of By Mr. FRIEDEL! diciary. quotas ln the case. of Cuba; to the .Commit­ H. Co~. Res. 452. Concurrent -resolution ex­ By Mr. MORRIS of New Mexico: ~tee on Agriculture. pressing the indignation of Congress at the H.R. 9617. A blll for the relief of 1st Lt. .By .Mr. WHITENER: recent desecration of houses of worship; to Lester Lee Davis; to the Committee on the . H.R. 9596. A blll to amend title II of the the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Judiciary. Social Security Act to provide a more real­ By Mr. CLEM MILLER: By Mr. O'BRIEN of New York: istic definition of the term "disability" for H. Con. Res. 453. Concurrent resolution ex­ H.R. 9618. A bill for the relief of Miss purposes of entitlement to disability insur­ pressing the sense of the Congress with re­ Yoko Kaneda; to the Committee Qn the Ju­ ance benefits and the disability freeze; to spect to continuation of the U.S. moratorium diciary. the Committee on Ways and Means. on the t~sting of nuclear weapons; to the By Mr. RAINS: , By .Mr~ BARING; Committee ·on Foreign Affairs. H.R. 9619. A bill for the relief of James H.R. 9597. A bill to lessen the dependency E. Moree, Sr., and Ruby Hellen Moree; to of the United States upon foreign sources of the Committee on the Judiciary. minerals, and for other purposes; to the By Mr. "SCHERER: Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS H.R. 9620. A bill for the relief of Helen H.R. 9598. A bill to .secure the United States : Under clause 1 of rule ' XXII, private Tilford Lowery; to the Committee on the Ju­ trom losing essential mineral reserves and bills and resolutions were introduced and diciary. to preserve an adequate mineral reserve By Mr. ·SHELLEY: stabilization base for emergencies; to the severally referred as follows: H.R. 9621. A bill for the rellef of Ernest L. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. BARRETT: Crosley; to the Committee on the Judieiary. By Mr. RIVERS of Alaska: H.R. 9602. A bill for the relief of Jean By Mr. SISK: H.R. 9599. A bill to provide transportation Rogers Crestani; to the Committee on the H.R. 9622. A bill to authorize the Secre­ on Canadian vessels between ports in south­ Judiciary. . tary of the Interior to sell certain land in eastern Alaska, and between Hyder, Alaska., H .R. 9603. A bill for the reUef of Sarkis Madera County, Calif. to Mary Saunders and other points in southeastern Alaska, and ·Mansourzaidan Douaihy; to the Committee Moses; to the Committee on Interior and In­ between Hyder, Alaska, and other points in on the Judic~ary. sular Affairs. the United States outside Alaska, either By Mr. BURDICK: By Mrs. SULLIVAN! directly or via a foreign port, or for any part H .R. 9604. , A blll for the relief of Mary H.R. 9623. A bill providing for the award of the transportation; to the Committee on Palanuk; to the Committee on the Judiciary. of the Congressional Medal of Honor to Dr. Merchant Marine and Fisherie.s. H.R. 9605. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Thomas Dooley; to the Committee on Armed By Mr. SIKES: Frank McLaughlin Countryman; to the Services. H.R. 9600. A bill to authortze and direct Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. V~NIK: the transfer of certain personal property to By Mr. COHELAN: H.R. 9624. A bill for the relief of Guido State and county agencies engaged in co­ H .R. 9606. A bill for the relief of Agnes Guidi; to. the Committee on the Judiciary. ,operative agricultural extension work; to the Bchoberl; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. KASEM: Committee on Government Operations. By Mr. GUBSER: H.J. Res. 550. Joint resolution to author­ By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas: H.R. 9607. A bill for the relief of Meuton ize the U.S. Maritime Commission to loan H.R. 9601. A bill to extend the veterans• Sipin; to the Committee on the Judiciary. the Leilani, a passenger liner, or other suit­ home loan program to February 1, 1965; to H.R. 9608. A bill for the relief of Abramo able ships, to the University of the Seven provide for direct loans to veterans in areas Dalfior; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Seas, Inc., for educational purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ wh,ere housing credit 1s otherwise not gen­ By Mr. HAGEN: eries. erally available, and for other purposes; to H .R. 9609. A bill for the relief of Tomas the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Casarez Melendez; to the Com.nlittee on the By Mr. MONAGAN: Judiciary. PETITIONS, ETC. H.J. Res. 547. Joint resolution proposing . By Mr. HAYS: an amendment to the Constitution of the H.R. 9610. A bill for the relief of Sister Under clause 1 of rule XXII, United states relating to qualifications for Frances Cabrini (Virginia Bilbao); to the 311. The SPEAKER presented a petition election to the offices of President and Vice Committee on the Judiciary. of Clifford Crail, Cincinnati, Ohio, relative President of the United States; to the Com­ By Mr. HOFFMAN of Mtchigan: to grievances against Congressman GORDON mittee on the Judiciary. H.R. 9611. A blll for the relief of Halina H. ScHERER. of Ohio, the American Express By Mr. MOULDER: Leszczynska and her sister, Krystyna Co., and former Cabinet member Charles H.J. Res. 548. Joint resolution to help Leszczynska; to the Committee on the Sawyer, which was referred to the Commit­ make ·available to those children in our Judiciary. tee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSrONS OF REMARKS

The Federal Highway Program Secretary of Commerce,· the Honorable tlons to Congress immediately after it is con­ Frederick H. Mueller, and myself, in re- · vened in January 1961. This letter Is in anticipation of that re­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS gard to the Federal highway program.· port. My observations are based on long ex­ 01' There being no objection. the corre­ perience in positions closely connected with spondence was ordered to be p:dnted in the Federal highway program since its in­ HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD the RECORD, as follows: ception and 50 years of work for sound pro­ OF VIBGINU gressive highway systems. . 0cTOBD 21, 1959. IN THE SENATE OF 'rHE UNITED STATES I have operated toll rQads at a profit when Hon. FREDERICK H. MUELLER, tbat was not easy. As a Governer, I have Wednesday, January13,1960 Secretary of Commerce, planned public highway systems, financed Washington, D.a: Mr. BYRD of Virginia. . Mr. President. them and administered them. I have helped MY DEAR Ma. SEcRETARY: The la.w,requires leglsl:ate for them at ~ levels .of govern­ I ask unanimous consent to have printed you to make a new estimate of the Pederal ment-local, State, and Federal. fu the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ex­ l:Pghway program situation in all its aspects Congress 1n the recent ses51on enacted change of correspondence between the and report your findings and -recommenda- legislation increasing the· ··Federal gas 't8;x