408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 Richard L. Bowen, of South Dakota. Tucker P. E. Gougelmann, of New Yo:rk. The SPEAKER. Without objection, Thomas Gordon Brown, Jr., of New Mexico. Charles C. Hall, Jr.. of Virginia. the resignation is accepted. John Allen Buche, of Indiana. John.J. Hicks, of Virginia. There was no objection. John B. Connely, of Californ1&. Leo J. Horva.th, of Pennsylvania.. John P. Crawford, of Ohio. Boris nyin, of. Virginia. Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I offer a Douglas James Harwood, of Connecticut. George A. Ives, Jr., of North Carolina. privileged resolution
- ' 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 421 citizen-! refer not to myself but to one arm ·of this Government·asserts and es going there all my life; how long is none who has reserved the time, the gentle tablishes its equality as one of the three of your business, but it is a long time. man from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD]. branches of government, because, my So I am not a Johnny-come-lately. He is held in the highest regard by every friends, you are slipping fast. You do I love these people. These are won American citizen in Panama. I can state not look as good here as you did 50 years derful people, friendly, polite, warm and that ever word he utters upon this floor ago. Let us begin all over again. Report charming. There are no bad people goes over the wir~ to Panama at full out these resolutions. Pass this concur anywhere. People are not bad, Mr. . rate to six newspapers edited in the Re rent resolution. Speaker, it is governments and the na public of Panama. He is about the only Why a concurrent resolution? Why tions' leaders that are bad. There are American citizen who is fighting for the did I make it a concurrent resolution? no bad Chinese people, there are no bad preservation and defense of the Repub Because a concurrent resolution does not Russian people. The Ger1nan people lic of Panama. He has carried on this call for any executive fiat. I deplore the are not bad. The Japanese are not bad fight alone, and only the effects of the practice of chairmen of subcommittees people. It is in the leaders that evil last few weeks are bringing some of the and committees of this House who, when lies. These people are my friends. I rest of us to his defense and to his aid a Member introduces a resolution or a want ·to help them. and assistance. I can say that· we have concurrent resolution or a bill, write im Mr. SCHERER. · Mr. · Speaker, will a wonderful man in charge. mediately . to some Federal bureaucrat the gentleman yield for another I am . referring to General Potter. who writes back a letter and says, "I observation? . TQere was never a bett~r ma,n in charge don't like it," and that• is the' end of . Mr. FLOOD. I yield . of the Panama Canal. · He understands the bill or the resoluti9n. Let us put an Mr. SCHERER. . Is it not a fact that the situation -and all the ramifications of .end to that. . Let us stop that here. the politicians, the leaders of Panama, it. · I made this a, concurrent resolution have been derelict in -their duty to the Mr. FLOOD. Let ·me interrupt the because I could no.t .care less what the people of Panama of whom the gentle.;. gentleman to say this. I must compli Executive thinks about what my. concur man is talking? When they divert the ment the citizens of his great congres rent resolution says. I could not care attention of the people of Panama from sional district. If I were there I would less. And all praise to the gentleman their own shortcomings and their own certainly vote for him. Let me say that from Alabama [Mr. SELDEN], and his derelictions they use the United States I wish he, with his eloquence and his chairman, t.he gentleman from Pe:r;Insyl as a whipping boy. great knowledge of this problem, would vania [Mr. MoRGAN], who held these Mr. FLOOD. As Dean Pound of the join hands with other Members, such hearings without consulting the Execu Harvard Law School used to say to me as my distinguished·friend from this side tive on this important problem, in the when I answered a question for about 15 of the aisle who spoke a few minutes ago, best tradition of this great body of the minutes, "Mr. FLOOD, you have stated so that there may be a mass protest in Congress. l hope the precedent is fol the question." this RE·CORD of speeches and statements. lowed. Mr. SCHERER. The gentleman has I have a resolution before the Com-· Mr. Speaker, just to show you how stated what has .been happenillg. Has it mittee on Foreign Affairs. I have a res silly this question can get, the Republic not been that recently a few Communist olution before the· great Committee on of Panama by action of its General As agents have taken advantage of these Merchant Marine and Fisheries. And sembly unilaterally extended the 3-mile alleged grievances against the United my friend from Maine whom I see sit limit of its seacoast to 12 miles around States? ting here was in the Committee on For the Panama . Canal, making the canal Mr. FLOOD. Oh, sure. Get me right. eign Affairs yesterday when I testified another Berlin. I objected here on this Mr. SCHERER. They haye ;injected there. They are going to have a hear floor, you may remember, and demanded that my Government protest. Do you themselves into this situation. · ing on this as soon as the gentle lady Mr. FLOOD. I do not say the Reds . from Missouri · [Mrs. SuLLIVAN] regains know what happened the next night in Panama City? The Congress of Panama started this 'busiiless. They just moved her health, which I hope and pray will in when it got nice and hot. They al.. be soon. So I think we have lit a fire. . in its might and majesty upon a motion of its Foreign Minister declared the gen ways do that. They come in there with But let me say· again that I am con tleman from Pennsylvania Panama's the old stick and stir it up, if you know cerned with the Constitution and the public enemy No. 1. My, they play what I mean. Sure. My southern law. If the Congress of the United tough. I do not think. I have many friends know what I mean. That is all States in its wisdom and through the Panamanians in my district, anyway. they are doing. • propriety of its channels sees fit to Come to think of it, I never thought of Mr. SCHERER. The basic agitation amend the treaty with Panama as be that. arises from what the gentleman says is tween one sovereign nation and another, Mr. HAYS. lV.Lr. Speaker, will the gen not necessarily the Communists, but the and permit Panama to fly its flag or to tleman yield? Communists in the last few months have have the canal, or whatever Congress Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman taken over. wants to do, that is the way it must be from Ohio, of the great Committee on Mr. FLOOD. They have taken it over. done. No President, no Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Mr. SCHERER. Did they not direct State by administrative action can im Mr. HAYS. Did they give the gentle the techniques that were used in the re pinge upon the sanctity of a treaty or man a medal along with that? They cent invasion of the Canal Zone? upon the law of the land, which a treaty should have. That seems to be quite an Mr. FLOOD. Let me just read this is under that constitution. to you. I will skip about 25 pages here The President of the United States . honor on this, as far as I am concerned. had no right to send his brother, Milton, Mr. FLOOD. I understand Cuba and to read this. to hold conferences with officials of a my bewhiskered friend is about to' do In the Republic of Cuba while all this foreign state. These meetings took place the same thing, not that I can win was going on during the dates that I at Milton Eisenhower's residence in popularity here but I can sure win it stated just prior to our discussion, this Baltimore with the Finance Minister of down there. great island country which is on, the Parnama. He had no right to discuss sov Mr. HAYS. I would say that to be so northern flank of the Atlantic ap.. ereignty. The President, himself, has honored by the whiskered moron who is proaches to the canal, a revolution was no such right. That can be acted on presently the dictator of CUba should coming to an end. Its recognized gov .. only by tbe Congress of the United States enhance the gentleman's stature ernment was overthrown by a radical with the Senate as an arm of this body considerably. group headed by Fidel Castro. His ad.. Mr. FLOOD. I accept the amendment ministration now revealed as Communist by a ·two-thirds vo.te ratifying such a of the gentleman from Ohio. slanted-if I can be polite-is engaged change, or as the· supreme law of the Let me emphasize this: I am not the in , the process of liquidation by firing · land, through any bill of Congress ex enemy of the people of Panama. I am squads. Now international communism ecuting that treaty, must be acted upon not a damned Yankee. I was born and previously entrenched in Venezuela is by the Supreme Court of the United raised in St. Augustine, Fla., from on the southern flank of the Panama . States. Only the judicial and/or the the time I was 2 years old until I went Canal. Here you have· control by this legislative can act, never the executive. to college. I went to Panama with my foreign, alien ideology a.nd these revolu And it is about time that the legislative grandfather as a boy, and I have been tionary systems converging on both 422 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOU.SE January 13 flanlcs like pincers on the canal. I say vaders threw the political leaders of less skill of the trained leadership so foreign, alien ideology because I have a Panama into hysteria. Many of them· characteristic of the Red pattern. resolution before the Committee on For with their families ran across the Avenue . It is extremely pertinent, Mr. Speaker, eign Affairs in which I declare that of the Fourth of July. I see sitting here to state at this juncture· that had the under the Monroe Doctrine foreign ag a former Member of this body, and for United States in the 1936 treaty not grandizement or infiltration by vis-et mer distinguished Governor of the Canal abandoned its 1903 treaty obligations for .armis, as this is, calls for the Congress Zone, Hon. Maurice H. Thatcher of Ken the maintenance of public order in the of the United States to enunciate under tucky, who knows well of what I speak. cities of Panama and Colon, the May 2, · these facts and circumstances that this He has a right to sit here. He was a 1958, mob invasion would have been un- · constitutes and is thereby an extension great Member of this body. thinkable. As it was, the wolves of dis of the Monroe Doctrine to the Western Let me read to you what the President order had tasted blood . . Hemisphere in this case of foreign inter of Panama said that this invasion was. Subsequent to these grave disturb vention. In 1960 it does not have to be I read to you now the statement of Presi ances, Dr. Milton Eisenhower, brother of by vis-et-armis. And mark you, in this dent Ernesto de la Guardia of Panama. the President and president of Johns foreign intervention from Soviet Russia I quote: Hopkins University, visited the Isthmus and her trained allies into these endemic This was not just a group of adventurers as a special representative of the U.S. revolutionary and · politically disturbed from our country or even Cuba. These peo Government. What useful purpose his neighbors and friends of the South, we ple were mostly Cubans, but directed and visit served is not clear, but we shall must declare ourselves. led by militant Communists. Their ambi hear of him later. Mr. SCHERER. Mr. Spealter, will the tion is the long-stated one of taking over the Panama Canal. CONGRESS FAILS TO REASSERT U.S. ISTHMIAN· gentleman yield for another observation POLICY to support just what the gentleman from Nothing, Mr. Speaker, could be more Pennsylvania has said? positive and clear cut than this state The situation on the isthmus, mean Mr. FLOOD. I yield. ment by one in a position to know. How time, did not stabilize. In a Pana Mr. SCHERER. This assault upon the can I make this plainer? President de la manian enactment signed by President Caribbean is not only taking place in Guardia's opinion is supported by over Ernesto de la Guardia, Jr., on Decem Cuba and Panama, but in all Central whelming evidence. The formation of ber 18, 1958, Panama, by unilateral ac America and Puerto Rico; is that not Communist-oriented governments in the tion, attempted to extend its territorial correct? Caribbean on both flanks of the Panama boundaries by sea from the inter Mr. FLOOD. Yes. It takes in the Canal approaches and recent attempts nationally recognized 3-mile limit to a Caribbean, the whole area. to invade several isthmian countries 12-mile limit. This extended area com Mr. SCHERER. Yes; it has occurred constitute serious threats, not only to pletely encircled the Canal Zone and, in in the entire Caribbean. The Commit the United States but also to all the fact, was aimed at making the Panama tee on Un-American Activities sat just Americas. Canal another Berlin. Because I so de a month or so ago, or less than a month As such, they are clear violations of scribed it in an address to the House of ago, in Puerto Rico and we had a demon the Monroe Doctrine. Representatives of the United States, I stration again of the Communists inject Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, will the gen was formally declared by the National ing themselves into a local question. tleman yield? Assembly of Panama as "Panama's No. 1 Mr. FLOOD. I have the report on Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentle gratuitous enemy." that. I know what my friend is talking man from Ohio. Here I wish to assert again that I am about. Mr. HAYS. It has been my observa not ·an enemy of Panama and that, if Mr. SCHERER. The Nationalists want tion that had this succeeded, and had Panama has any enemy No. 1, he is indepence for Puerto Rico and, of course, . these people occupied the Canal Zone, among its own radicals, demagogues, have a basic disagreement with the in view of the way the State Department and revolutionaries who seem willing to United States, and again the Commu has handled the situation in Panama bring their country to the brink of ruin nists have injected themselves into that and Cuba thus far under the present in order to en'hance their own political question. protection of the Latin-American coun fortunes. Mr. FLOOD. This is a pattern. My tries, they would have said, "It belongs In a note to Panama, delivered on colleague knows, of course, that this is a to them. We had better let them have Janu·ary 7, 1959, the United States re pattern. He is not surprised at all by it." fused to recognize the Panamanian . any of this, of course. Mr. FLOOD. I am afraid you are claim for wider territorial seas. In ad Mr. SCHERER. I am just trying to right. I am sick at my stomach, but I dition to the technical objections raised • get it into the . RECORD. am afraid you are right. I believe you. by the State Department to the at Mr. FLOOD. I appreciate that very I do not know what is going on. tempted extension, I would say that it much and earnestly hope that my col Now, what was next? is a clear violation of the sovereignty league will put all of that information, Though this highly provocative inci provisions in Articles II and III of the or as much of it as he can, in ·the RECORD dent was witnessed by Panama Canal 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which so that all may read it. My colleague, I authorities, the trespassers were not in because of their basic importance I shall know, is very serious about these ques terfered with by Canal Zone police and quote in part for ready availability: tions and I thank him for the valuable were allowed to leave the Zone without ARTICLE n contribution he has made. I repeat, I obstruction. The Republic of Panama grants to the hope that my colleague can get all this This 1958 flag-planting mob invasion United States in perpetuity the use, occu information into the REcoRD. pation, and control of a zone of land and of the Canal Zone, Mr. Speaker, was not land under water for the construction, main Mr. SCHERER. I will try to do so. a simple student prank as some of our tenance, operation, sanitation, and protec Mr. FLOOD. Let me tell you. With officials tried to explain, but a calculated tion of said canal of the width of 10 miles reference to this Cuban business. What move in worldwide psychological war extending to the distance of 5 miles on each happened? I am giving you the chrono fare of Communist pattern against the side of the centerline of the route of the logical sequence of events and the hour United States. It received extensive canal to be con.Structed; the said zone be and day and month and year-from the coverage in Latin America, and also in ginning in the Caribbean Sea 3 marine miles from mean low water mark and ex beginning of 1902. On April 26, 1959, the Soviet press, further emboldening tending to and across the Isthmus of Pan armed mercenaries from Cuba in col Panamanian agitators to plan new ama into the Pacific Ocean to a distance of laboration with Red elements in Panama measures of mob violence. It is, indeed, 3 marine miles from mean low water with invaded the Republic of Panama. One significant that in this same month of the proviso that the cities of Panama and part of their avowed plan-and we have May 1958, that the Vice President of the Colon and . the harbors adjacent to said the documents from the captured priso United States, and his wife, during the cities • • • shall not be included Within ners, was to send their first bombing latter part of his visit of. good ~ill to this grant. • • • squads to the constitutional government Latin America, was subjected to the ARTICLE III and territory of the United States. Their grossest forms of indignity, also per· The Republic of Panama grants to the plan was to occupy the Canal Zone. Do petuated by students of Peruvian and United States all the rights, power, and au you know that? The plan of the in- Venezuelan universities, with the ruth- thority within the zone mentioned and de-
- ~-----~-- 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 423
.scribed in article II • • • which the United manians into hysteria and ~onfusion. occur, also again to notify proper execu~ States would possess and exercise if it were The man in the street became apprehen sovereign of the territory • • • to the en- tive authorities of the pending danger. . tire exclusion of the exercise by the Repub sive because of the obvious anxiety of Yet these various and most grave inci lic of Panama o:t any such .sovereign rights, government leaders. They would have dents and threats seem to have made no power. or authority. become far more deeply concerned had impact on the minds and consciences of they known that some top Panamanian those in position's of responsibility in the It is well here to point out that in 1903, government officials moved their families executive departments or even in the when the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty into the Canal Zone-an area that has was ratified by Panama, the limits of Congress itself. so often served as a political sanctuary NOVEMBER 3 AND 28, 1959 the territorial waters of the Republic in times of crises in the Republic. and the Canal Zone were coterminus. Fortunately, the attempted invasion Independence Day celebration in Pan No subsequent agreement has changed proved abortive, with the invaders sur ama started normally with President these limits. Any change in them rendering to Panamanian authorities de la Guardia~ the officers of his Gov would necessarily apply to the Canal after intervention by the Organization ernment, and the diplomatic corps at Zone as well as to the Republic. of American States and the United tending colorful ceremonies in and near The Department of State acted wisely States. But they were released with the historic Panama Cathedral. In the in refusing to recognize the Panamanian practically no punishment. Will there suburbs of the city all was quiet, but claim for which action it deserves to be be more invasions of the American alongside the Panama Canal Zone border commended. isthmus? The indications are that at the Pacific end of tlre canal radical On the same day on which the U.S. there will. demonstrators were gathering in de note was delivered to Panama, January Who were those invaders is a question fiance of what the Panamanian Govern 9, 1959, I again introduced a concurrent frequently asked. The best answer to ment had advised. resolution to reaffirm our Isthmian Canal that query was supplied by President de Canal Zone authorities had taken pre policy, House Concurrent Resolution 33, la Guardia himself, who, after the in C9.utions against the entrance of unruly 86th Congress. A concurrent resolution, vasion stated: groups into the Canal Zone, with police it should be stressed, does not require and firemen ready for eventualities. A That was not just a group of adventurers demonstrator made a grab for the pistol Executive approval but is an expression from our country or even from Cuba. These of the sense and judgment of the Con people were mostly Cubans, but directed and of a Canal Zone policeman who plucked gress. Despite this fact, the cognizant led by m ilitant Communists. Their ambi him from a marching group, and the committee referred it to the executive t-ion is the long-stated one of taking over the worst boundary violence in Isthmian his~ department for consideration and rec Panama Canal. tory was under way. ommendation. Of course, Mr. Speaker, Nothing, Mr. Speaker, could be more Pummeled with rocks and insulted under the prevailing attitude of appease positive and clear cut than this state with profane and obscene epithets, Canal ·ment here, appeasement there, and ap ment by one in a position to know. Zone police used remarkable restraint in peasement everywhere, the response was Moreover, President de la Guardia's repelling the assault. But they and the negative and the Congress was not opinion is supported by overwhelming firemen alone were not strong enough to given an opportunity to vote on a meas evidence. The formation of · Commu withstand the attack, which forced the ure to declare its own sense and judg nist-oriented governments in the Carib Governor of the. Canal Zone to call upon ment concerning this crucial question. bean· on both flanks of the Panama the U.S. Army to take over the task of Thus, radicals in Panama had the way Canal approaches and recent attempts to protection against the mob. cleared for further advancement of their invade several isthmian countries con Frustrated in their designs, the mob plans in a situation which could only stitutes serious threats, not only to the then turned upon American property. in end in tragedy for all concerned. United States, but also to all the Panama. They burned a Panama Rail road passenger car in the railroad ter PANAMA RADICALS CREATE SERIOUS INCIDENTS Americas. Unfortunately, the moves in the con minal, looted stores, and, with Aquilino Meanwhile, in the Republic of Cuba, Boyd among them, stormed the U.S. the great island country on the northern quest of Latin American countries through infiltration and subversion have Embassy, where they tore the American flank of the Atlantic approaches to the been made with such skillful secrecy as flag from the Embassy mast, ripped Panama Canal a revolution was nearing it to pieces, and instead, hoisted the the end. Its recognized government was to beguile our people with a false sense of security. But they should no longer be Panamanian .flag. Lesser disturbances overthrown by a radical group headed by taken by surprise by seemingly sudden occurred at the Atlantic end of the canal. Fidel Castro. His administration, now invasions, disorders, and extreme na- It is indeed regrettable that the revealed as Communist slanted, has en tionalistic agitations. · Panama National Guard did not make gaged in the process of liquidation of its timely attempts to maintain order on enemies by firing squads and extensive Mr. Allen W. Dulles, Director of Cen tral Intelligence, recently stated: that fateful day. It was later learned confiscation of American property by that it had received orders not to appear. expropriation. With international com "Nationalism," as a slogan for the break ing of the ties of friendship between·us and Further · details of these disorders are munism previously entrenched in Vene the countries of this hemisphere, was the not needed for presentation here, for zuela on the southern flank, tlie con line given the Latin American Communist they are covered comprehensively in the quest of Cuba through subversion saw leaders who attended the 21st Party Congress papers of Panama. They were generally both flanks of the Atlantic approaches in Moscow last February (1959). Details for ignored in the press of the United States, to the Panama area controlled by alien the execution of this policy were then out which has long maintained a near black revolutionary systems, which now are lined to these leaders and some of the fruits out of important news from the Isthmus. converging tqward the canal itself. of this plann ing can be seen today in Pana Did the U.S. administration issue a Thus, it is not strange, Mr. Speaker, ma, Cuba, and elsewhere in this hemisphere. prompt and courageous statement back that nearly a year after the 1958 Pana By the time the impact of the April ing up Canal Zone authorities to the hilt manian flag-planting mob invasion of 26, 1959, invasion · of Panama was over, and warning that further efforts to in tb.e Canal Zone, on April 26, 1959, armed the stage was being set for the next vade the Zone would be repelled by force mercenaries from Cuba, in collaboration move. This was to be a peaceful occu if Panamanian authorities were unable with radical elements in Panama, in pation of the Canal Zone on November 3, or unwilling to hold radicals and their vaded that Republic. One part of their 1959-the 56th anniversary of Panama's Communist monitors in check? It did plan was to make token occupation of independence from Colombia. not. . the Canal Zone; another, to overthrow The .leaders for this were Aquilino Instead, the President, at his news con~ the constitutional government of Presi Boyd, a former Minister of Foreign ference of November 4, minimized the dent de la Guardia. But underlying all Affairs of Panama and now a candidate disorders as "really only an incident'' was the ultimate objective of driving the for President, also Ernesto J. Castillero. and later sent a diplomatic emissary to United States from its control of . the They published their plans. Thus, it is Panama to appease those stirring up the Panama Canal. not remarkable that it was possible for trouble. Is there any wonder that the The landing of the invaders threw po me to address this body on July 29, 1959, Panama National Assembly, by resolu litical leaders and the upper class Pana- warning against exactly what was to tion on November 5, condemned Canal 424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January ~ 13 Zone authorities and vowed "not to rest we have plenty to do and·we have to rely have been· controlling, and still seem to until the Panama flag is raised ·on our on the gentleman and other Members to be controlling, the State Department's territory on the Canal Zone." tell us. actions? Regardless of what the inten Finally, on November 28, Panamanian Mr. FLOOD. That is right. tions may have been, they give aid and mobs attempted to invade the Canal Mr. HOFFMAN.of Michigan. Person- comfort to the avowed enemies of the Zone a second time. On this occasion, ally, I want to express my gratitude for United States, and, indeed, of the entire the U.S. Army initially repelled the in- the work the gentleman has done. It free world, at a most critical hour, and vaders until, at U.S. Army request, it was has been very, very helpful. · render our country's task of maintain joined in restoring order by the Panama Mr. FLOOD. I am very grateful to ing this great waterway for the shipping National Guard.· The Panamanian the old .warhorse from Michigan. He of all lands and the defense of each and forces won prompt public commendation has been my friend and I have admired every country of the Western Hemi from U.S. Government omcials who had him for a long time. Those are heart":" sphere more dimcult. not seen fit to comxp.end American au- warming things to hear. We have competent, courageous, and thoritieS. "TITULAR SOVEREIGNTY" AND THE PANAMA well-informed people on isthmian ques Now, Mr. Speaker, on the floor of the FLAG tions in this country. House of Representatives and speaking Meanwhile, amid a tremendous build- Why is it that these exceptional men from a knowledge gleaned from the press up in the Panama press, a State Depart and women are not being used for the of Panama, both English and Spanish, · excep'tional situations instead of relying as well as from an extensive correspond- ment emissary arrived on the isthmus for a series of conferences. What spe on routine underlings, totally anonymous ence with witnesses, I wish to express my cial qualifications he had for such a mis- advisers. I cannot find out about them, high admiration for the manner in which sion are not shown by his record. But and the ones I do find .out about nobody Canal Zone authorities, both civil and has ever heard of. These surrenders we military, stood their ground during these after 3 days of discussions, on Novem- are making on the advice of these incom crucial tests, especially the members of ber 24, he asserted that the United petents. These people in the State the canal zone Police and Fire Depart- States "reiterated U.S. recognition, Department, as far as I am concerned, ments and the soldiers of the Army. 'stated more than 50 years ago,' of Pana are just as good Americans as you or I. They fought with their backs to the wall rna's titular sovereignty over the Canal I do not believe all of this hogwash and and measured up to the highest tradi- Zone,'' which was not acceptable to Pan nonsense. They are good Americans. tions of patriotism and service, also with amanian demagogues. Canal Zone resi They are honest men, they mean well. the restraint and forbearance that comes dents were shocked by the implied sur- · with responsibility and power. render of American sovereign rights But they are stupid. They make mis I will say that, at least. Nobody else without the authorization of the Con- takes and they are wrong. But that is wants to. gress. And, I should add, this emissary something else again. I can remember that a few years ago I made a mistake. Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- was acting under orders of the Secretary So there you know it can happen. These tleman yield? of State. are not un-Americans. These are not Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Of special interest, Mr. Speaker, were evil people. They are not very bright, from Ohio. some unexpected revelations that events but you can do something about that. Mr. BOW. I am delighted to join with on the isthmus at this time were to stim These are simply history lessons. the gentleman in paying respects to the ulate. One was that on November 3, Governor of the Canal Zone, General 1959, Panama was expecting a declara Imagine, Mr. Speaker, the feeling of Potter. tion by the United States acknowledging. the residents in the Canal Zone when Mr. FLOOD. The gentleman from Panamanian sovereignty over the Canal they read about that meeting on Decem Ohio knows him long and well. Zone and that this expectation was based ber 21, 1959. Who advised the Presi Mr. BOW. For the excellent job he on conversations of the Minister of Fi dent of the United States, this great and has done. I join with the gentleman nance, Fernando Eleta, with Dr. Milton good man, and I think he is a great and in his praise of General PQtter. and the Eisenhower on September 13, 1958, at good man, the greatest general we ever others in the Panama canal Zone. Dr. Eisenhower's home in Baltimore. had or that any other nation ever had. Mr. FLOOD. I knew the gentleman So startling. was this disclosure that I knew him when he was a buck colonel. would, and I am delighted to have my the State Department was apparently I worked with him for years. Who told friend, who is a student of this problem, constrained to issue what seemed to be Ike this? He did not know it. How who I am proud to say sits alongside of a formal denial that Dr. Eisenhower could he know? Nobody but God Al me on the Panama Canal Subcommit- had made "any statement which could be mighty could do the job of President of tee, take this position. He knows little construed to commit the U.S. Govern the United States. No man can do it, Joe Potter. He is a great guy. We love ment to any course of action." no human being. He is doing the best him more, and I am grateful for those Such an assertion, Mr. Speaker, was· he can. ~ He did not know these things. words of the gentleman from Ohio. not a fortnright denial of the statement If he had he would never have said that I do not feel lost, Mr. Speaker. I will attributed to the brother of the Presi the United States of America will recog sleep happy tonight. I thought I was dent, but a cleverly worded phrasing that nize the titular sovereignty of Panama. alone. I knew this House would see the is definitely misleading. Of course, the That came from some striped-pants guy. light. This is not political. I have given United States cannot be lround by the He has to depend on people. you a recitation through five Presidents statement of a private citizen even Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, will the of all .parties. This is not partisan. though he is the brother of the Presi gentleman yield? That is why it is nice and warming to dent. Nor, may I say, can any omcial of Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman see this House exhibit itself at its best our Government abrogate surrender or from Ohio. when it knows the facts. The people of annul the solemn obligations of our Mr. HAYS. Of course, after the way this Nation have always, -when they know treaties with other nations. That, un we acted in the Suez crisis, somebody in the facts, done the right thing. They der our Constitution,. can be done only the State Department helped the take always have when they know. by means of new treaty provisions pro- over there, and probably they were just I am just a mouthpiece for you to tell mulgated by and with the advice and trying to be consistent in saying that if them, to tell you. Everybody cannot do consent of the U.S. Senate. Otherwise, the ·Panamanians want the canal, there all this work. You have your own things chaos would follow. is not much we can do but say, "It is to do. Thus, a controversy over what the yours." Mr. Speaker, this was an ugly situa- President's brother said has added so tion. · much fuel to the flames of the ugly situa- Mr. FLOOD. That is right. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. tion in Panama that nothing short of Mr. HAYS. Of course, we paid for it. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? , open declaration on the subject of sov- Mr. FLOOD. That is right. Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman ereignty will meet the situation pre- Mr. HAYS. We kept it up. They from Michigan. · sented. Because the State Department did not have a dime invested in it. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. In ref- has made such a complete fiasco over Mr. FLOOD. Oh, say, by the way, in erence to this statement that you cannot many years on this matter, this question . all these conversations, in all these do all our work. Many of -us find that is raised:- What are the influences that negotiations about what we should give 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 425. them, and ultimately give them the to the Hague tribunal upon a motion by of our 6uantanamo·Naval Base. "Yan canal, nobody talks about dough at all. Panama, and the recently appointed kee, get out of Guantanamo.'' You have We are not to be ·compensated if and member of the court at the Hague tri no worse or more bitter enemy· in the: when-God forbid that would ever hap bunal is a former Minister of Foreign world than Williams in Trinidad. "Get pen. You know that. Affairs of Panama. Happy New Year.· out of Chaguaramos.'' "Get out of Mr. HAYS. Do you think you or I Well, that is the way it is. Guantanamo." "Get out of the canal." could do this with the Riggs Bank, by Now, one thing more, Mr. Speaker. "Yankee, go home." This is Red patter. simply just going down and taking over? We have done a lot for these people, . This does not come from the hearts of Mr. FLOOD. I do not think they ever and we should. Much time has been· the Panamanians or the Cubans or the heard about the Riggs Bank. lost in our giving away this bargaiiiing nice People in Trinidad-no. I will Mr. HAYS. I am not sure they ever power. There have been · defaults on never believe that to my dying day, I heard about any one of us, but by the the part of the obligations by Panama. know them. same token, we could say "This belongs They did not maintain· order in Colon Prior to World War ll the great fear to us, and we are taking over.'' · and Panama as they are required by of the nations most likely to be involved. Mr. FLOOD. And the only thing I treaty. But, basic to the proper action was .that of a two-front war-East and know about the Riggs Bank is what I is an understanding of our mission in West. As to that danger, the United. read one day, that Daniel Webster had the · Panama Canal-just what I am States was protected by two ocean bar~ an account there. · talking about here. This is an inter~ riers, patrolled by the Atlantic· and Mr. HAYS. It is no more ridiculous oceanic public utility operated and Pacific fleets with provision for a quick in walking to the Riggs Bank and say maintained by the United States pur shifting of forces between the oceans by ing "We are taking over" than saying suant to treaty as a mandate for civi~ means of the Panama Canal. to the Legislature of Panama that it be~ lization and the world. And, it is part Since World War ll, Mr. Speaker, longs to them. of your coast line. That is what we are that strategic setup has changed radi Mr. FLOOD. That is classic logic for talking about. This is no game for cally, incident to the advent of power~ which the House recognizes the gentle~ boys. I am not talking about that ful aircraft, nuclear submarines, man from Ohio. Of course, that is lower 40. Panama Canal operations ballistic missiles, and other modern right. My trouble is, I cannot say the· must not be weakened and confused weapons. The protective barriers once things as aptly. It takes me two hours. through ill-advised policies of placating afforded by the vast expanses of the Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. these people. Our position is one re~ Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the icy Speaker, will the gentleman yield? quired by law and international law wastes of the Arctic have in substantial Mr. FLOOD. I yield. pursuant to the treaty to be so self~ degree been overcome, making them Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. One sustaining with tolls that are just and avenues for attacking the United States other trouble. you have, and that is in reasonable for the transit of vessels of from three directions. To provide de• knowing so much and telling us about it. aU nations at all times. · fenses on these three fronts the Con~ That must disturb some folks down the And I hope Nasser hears that. gress has appropriated billions. I just street. We are operating this canal under the came from a hearing of my Subcommit - Mr. FLOOD. Well, I do not know Concordat of Constantinople of 1888 un~ tee on Appropriations for the Depart-. about that. The gentleman has been der which the Suez Canal is supposed ment of Defense where the Joint Chiefs here much longer than I have. I have to be operated. We are abiding by that of Staff and Tom Gates, our new fine been here 15 years, and I think the last Concordat. We are not stopping any~ Secretary of Defense, from the great people before you were the Indians. So,· body's ships, even Jewish ships. Ah, he State of Pennsylvania, of course, were· I believe you. makes a point of that. giving us these new details in the new Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I have Now, these are the facts. We reor~ budget. . not learned anything since I have been ganized ·this management. This is a This is not Buck Rogers busines~. this here, but you have, and I certainly ap- successful, going business and a fair is not tomorrow, it is last ~ight, today. preciate what you said today. profit is being made. This is an arm While thus preoccupied what has hap Mr. FLOOD. Nobody works harder created by this Congress. This is a cor~ pened in our backyard to the south? In here than the gentleman from Michigan. poration created by Congress. You are the vital area of the Caribbean, the In all things he does a good job~ I do· on the board of directors. I do not think forces behind the world revolutionary not agree with him very often, but cer you will get very rich in it, but you are movement have focused on countries tainly I regard him highly. on the board here. You ought to know there with oft-repeated aim of bringing Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Well, what is going on. Your businesslike op about the destruction of the United if once in a while I get your recognition:. eration of the canal is one thing but, Mr. . States and our system of constitutional that is good enough. Speaker, relief for the Republic of Pan~ liberty. Encouraged by the formation Mr. FLOOD. I will settle for that. ama is something else. The two must of communistically oriented govern-. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. As long never be confused. The Panama Canal ments in Cuba and other Western as the voters return me. must never be allowed to degenerate into Hemisphere countries, these forces, Mr. FLOOD. That is right. a relief agency for the Republic of Pan~ recognizing the Panama Canal as the Now, nationalization is not the only ama. It was never intended that way. strategic center of the Americas, have issue here. There are strange vascular Nobody but the Congress of the United. concentrated on the Isthmus o{ · groups who want to internationalize: States can make it that way. You can Panama. You have to twist your face out of shape do anything you want with it; it is your In -this light, Mr. Speaker, the from now on and go from nationaliza baby-but only you. Panama Canal has become the princi~ tion to internationalization. This is a pal target and symbol of a fourth front .PANAMA CANAL: SYMBOL OF FOURTH FRONT new one. Somebody wants to inter~ in a situation comparable to that which, nationalize it. Then, do you know what We cannot view this as an isolated in 1823, was faced by President Monroe happened in the last couple of months? question separate and quarantined from when he proclaimed the Monroe Now somebody wants to regionalize the the world and everything else in it. Doctrine. The time has certainly come internationalization. And, you think This is related directly to events all over to extend that doctrine to guard you have gobbledly-gook in Washing~ the world as every action today on the against the intervention of international ton. Aye, aye, aye. Only these fellows face of this earth is interrelated and in- . communism by means of penetration are not fouling. You have a great sense terbalanced. There is no place to hide, · and subversion. To that end, the of humor here today; these fellows do not any more. United States, as the most powerful not have any. These are some of the For many months the nations of this leader among the nations of the free long-haired, fiat-heeled friends who hemisphere have watched the steadily world, should make clear to our friends dream up these things. They are do rising Red tide in various parts of Latin and enemies all over the world that, in gooders. They mean well, you know, America, especially among the countries the exercise of our inherent right of· but hold your watch. of the Caribbean. It is indeed sig self-defense and in the maintenance of Now, Fidel Castro and his agents sit nificant that there is a campaign of the Monroe Doctrine, we are determined upon these international boards. You the communistically controlled press in not to permit the intervention of inter internationalize this canal, and it goes CUba to end immediately the occupation national communism to endanger the 426 CONGRESSIONAl! RECORD- HOUSE i January 13 peace and safety of our Nation or of Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker, will named after the great William Jennings other countries of the Western the gentleman yield? Bryan, who, as Secretary of State, enun- Hemisphere. Mr. F'LOOD. I yield. ciated many of these things that I have Mr. Speaker, I submit that under no Mr. ANDREWS. I commend the gen- mentioned here today about the Panama circumstances at any time and for no tleman from Pennsylvania for making Canal. My friend was well named. reason must the ftag of the Republic of this fine address to the Members of the Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, will the Panama be permitted to be place9 by House. I hope those of the Members gentleman yield? the Republic of Panama over consti who were not able to hear the gentle- Mr. FLOOD. I yield. tutionally sovereign territory of the man's speech will read it. I express the Mr. CHELF. I, too, would like to join United States of America unless by con further hope that I will have the op- my colleagues in commending the gen stitutional action of the Congress of the portunity to support the gentleman's tleman from Pennsylvania · [Mr. FLOOD] United States. resolution wh~ch is now pending before: on his magnificent statement which has Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen the subcommittee-of the Committee on just been made on the state of the Union tleman yield? Foreign Affairs. as it appears and as it is in Panama. My Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Mr. FLOOD. May I say to my friend, friend has forgotten more accidentally from Ohio. the gentleman from Alabama, who sits than I will ever know on purpose with Mr. BOW. May I compliment the with me on the defense appropriations' · respect to this particular problem. But gentleman on his very excellent address, subcommittee, and we know the gentle- I can say this-and I know this for a sure which shows a great deal of study and man as an expert on naval affairs, I thing: I have always wanted to go to work. It is apparent that the gentle would like to see the gentleman use his Panama, but I have always been too man is a student of the sittiation not influence ~nd knowledge of the navy busy, as t~e gentleman pointed out when only in Panama but throughout the over a penod of so many years to reac- he said that we have been too busy to Caribbean.· ' tiva~e at a C~ribbean stat~on the c:>ld go south of the border, so to speak. But I am delighted that the gentleman in Caribbean urut-the Special Service I did take it upon myself this past Octo his address has made it amply clear that Squadron to show the ftag to our ber to go to Panama and see firsthand he is making no attack upon 'the people friends-and not as the grea~ Yankee just 'what is happening and what is going of Panama, that he is making nc;> attack from the north, but _as my fnend, the on down there. I can say this to you on the people· of Trinidad, and, of course, ge~tlem~n frc;>m Ohio, has stated to this afternoon: Every word that you not on the people·of Cuba .. bmld friendship and better understand- have uttered is the truth the whole I think the gentleman will join with ing between us. . truth, and nothing but the t~uth. I can me in the thought that the countries to Mr. DO~N of South Ca~olma. Mr. say that for the very simple reason that the south, in Latin America, whether in Speaker, Will the ge~tleman Yield? while I was there I could see this thing Central America, the Caribbean area, or Mr. FLOOD. I yield. . fomenting. It was going on at that time. South America itself, are a bulwark of Mr. DORN of South Carolma. I They were preparing for. a showdown if great strength for our Nation. There would like to add my commendation to you please, on November 3. I want' to are many, many people who love the that of my other colleagues for the great commend the g.entleman for the state United States and who would defend us contri~ution the gentleman from Penn- ment he has made with respect to Gen if the necessity came. sylvama has made here today to my per- eral Potter. I think the gentleman did I think it is imperative that we on the so:r:al. thinking, and I am sure to the a magnificent job-a beautiful job. I am :floor o{ the House confine ourselves to thinkmg of most of the Members of proud of him as an American. actions such as the gentleman has taken Congress a.nd the· thinking _of ~he people I think he ought to be promoted. It so that we recognize the people to the of the Uruted States. This IS a much is LPD. · south as our good · friends. I wish it greater danger than even many of .us Mr. FLOOD. I just promoted him an were in the power of many of us to be thought. We are grateful to the dis- hour ago able to travel in South and Central tingui~he~ gentleman from Pennsylvan~a . Mr. CHELF. I am for that. I am for America to learn the reai friendship and for brmgi_ng. th~se .facts out be.fore this promoting him again. · · the warmth of the hearts of those great deliberative body. I might add . people. When you hear people talk that while this last invasion of the sov- Mr. F~OOD. I agree With that. . Well, ereign territory of the United States, you are JUSt a?- old broken down World about anti-American feeling, I do not which links East and West and which is War hero, havmg had your stomach shot believe it is anti-American feeling. I think the feeling of those people some vitally needed not only fo~ the defense out: So I know how you feel. You are times is one of neglect, that we have of our Nation but for the defense of the tellmg the truth. . looked to the East and to the West. whole free world-while these plans Mr. CHELF. We Will rue the ~ay that We have given of our Treasury to the were being laid, Khrushchev was in this we let. them fty the Panamaman ftag East and West and we have neglected to country parading arounding accepting alongside of ours. look to the South where we have such a the hospitality Qf the people of this Mr. FLOOJ?. That is true. You are great potential of friendship. great country. I would like to point out made of the nght stuff. . Mr. FLOOD. I wish I had said that. today that these plans are continuing to Mr. ALFO:aD. Mr. Speaker, Will the My colleague has said it so well, I wish be laid even when we have summit con- gentleman ~Ield? I had said that. ferences at Camp David and other places Mr. FLOOD. I yield to the gentleman Mr. BOW. It seems to me, as we go to subvert the national defense of this from Arkansas. to the East and to the West in our great Nation and its leadership of the Mr. ALFORD. I would like to go on · troubles that we are looking back over free world that the gentleman from record, as all of my other distinguished Pennsylvania and the gentleman from colleagues, I think it is very significant our shoulders at history. But, when you Alabama and others are so ably working that from both sides of the aisle we have go to the South, where we have this on and trying to protect and defend. commendations for the distinguished great potential of friends, you are look Mr. FLOOD. Well when this fellow gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. ing forward to--the horizon of a possible Khrushchev came he~e I was not here. · FLOOD J ; this is no sectional or partisan new day of great strength in this hemi The Congress adjourned at 6:20a.m., and issue about which we are speaking. We sphere. I join with the gentleman from I left town at 6:21 a.m.-and I will give are all sincerely interested in the wei Pennsylva.nia in the hope that the De you five guesses why. Khrushchev came fare of this co~try. I _wi~h t~ asso?iate partment of State and the Congress and in at 10 o'clock. I do not think my col- my remarks w1th the distmgmshed gen our Executive will bend every effort to league from South Carolina was here tlemen who have spoken in commenda see that we tap this great reservoir of either. tion on this fine argumentation you friendship with the peoples of Latin Mr. DORN of South Carolina. I left, have presented, and in asking for fur- America. too. · ther study at all levels of government. Mr. FLOOD. Oh, how I join you in Mr. FLOOD. My friend and colleague It is a serious problem. I wish to go on that hope and how I thank you. the gentleman from South Carolina was record as opposing any recognition of
't 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 427
any Panamanian sovereignty over the ~ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there did Americans in the Canal Zone more than Canal Zone, titular, or otherwise~ Iil objection to the request of the gentle ever before. man from Kentucky? Mr. President, you and I, and the entire association with the ·distinguished gen · world for that matter, know that the United tleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] and There was no objection. States has been one of the best friends that as a former member of the Armed
434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 Even more seriously hit is the glove the labor market in the next few years as hearing brought out, that they desper industry in Fulton County just to the a result of the so-called population ex ately need help from the outside. They north. For many years the glove in- plosion which we have been hearing so need help to · help themselves. They dustry has been affected by foreign much about? Are these people perma need help to attract new industries into competition. In the past 5 or 6 years nently to be derued employment? Are their area and to provide these new in this competition from abroad has we to close down areas of our own coun dustries with facilities that would make reached staggering and frightening try and mark them permanently as con their established community an indus proportions. Today Gloversville has taminated and unfit for human habita· trially attractive one. They need help 21.3 percent unemployment, with some tion and too hot to handle because of to counteract some of the concessions 5,000 of its 23,450 people unemployed. our inability to develop jobs in these that are being offered by local govern It -is listed as a chronic area of unem- locations? Are we to leave our country ments in other areas of the country. ployment, and one witness testified that splotched and blotted with ghost towns They need help to retrain workers from at best the workers in the glove industry from one end to the other in a time of skills that have been established over average only 7 or 8 months out of a national prosperity? , many years to new skills that would be year of employment. The . rest of the Mr. Speaker, this problem is not just needed for new industries, a job which time they subsist on unemployment in- a local problem. I submit that it is very few industrialists are prepared to surance. As the mayor of the city of clearly a national problem. President undertake and finance themselves. Gloversville testified, retail sales in this Eisenhower, in his state of the Union There are many other pieces of legis community have gone down 7 percent in message the other day, said that he lation that, in my judgment, are required the past year while retail sales in the would not recommend the expenditure to deal fully with this problem in all of rest of the Nation have been rising by of Federal funds for any local problems its aspects, including, as I have already 8 percent. This is what we mean, Mr. but only for those of national concern. indicated, legislation to meet the serious Speaker, by chronic unemployment. In Mr. Speaker, a cancer in one part of the problem of foreign trade and our un fact the size of this economic problem body can ultimately destroy all of the realistic tariff policy. But the first and of foreign competition can perhaps best body, and in my judgment the economic most important step in my judgment be appreciated by the testimony which cancer of unemployment in one area of would be the adoption of the bill which indicated that 70 percent of the knit the country can ultimately damage the already has passed the other body and glove manufacturing put onto the economic fabric of the country as a which has received the overwhelming American market today comes in from whole. This is a national problem, and support of the Committee on Banking Japan. As a result of this s.ituation the I believe that we must move swiftly and and Currency in this body, a bill, in fact, glove industry is scheduled to appear be- decisively to deal with it on a national which passed both Houses of Congress fore the Tariff Commission on Tuesday basis. we cannot possibly take pride in in the 85th Congress and then unfortu next t? appeal f?r substantial relief. As ouF prosperity as long as this level of nately was vetoed by the President of o~e w1t~~ss testified ~o the SeJ?-ate com- unemployment is allowed to exist in so the United States, the area redevelop m1ttee, The glove mdustry m Fulton . many parts of the Nation. ment bill. This bill would make funds County has come to the very last phase _ One of the most disturbing factors of available to communities like Schenec o.f it~ erosion, and now, unless the pra~- all about this situation is the comparison tady and Amsterdam and Gloversville t1.ce Is re~~rsed, th~ last remnants. WI~l between this country and countries and Johnstown which are already mov disappear. Referrmg to the NatiOns abroad which have been the beneficiaries ing to help themselves by establishing "unrealistic tariff policies," the execu- in the past few years of so much finan community industrial development or ~ve secretary of the National Associa- cial aid from the United states. As one ganizations. It would make funds avail ti~n of Leather Glove Manufacturers- of the members of the subcommittee able to retrain workers from one type of said bluntly: put it, there is a level of unemployment productive activity to another. It would The county of Fulton is powerless to re- in this country of 6 percent. One of the help to build the industrial buildings store healthy employment. witnesses testified that he would con- that the mayor of Amsterdam has said He added:· sider the reduction of this level to even his community needs if it is going to lick More than kind words are needed to help 3 percent as highly favorable. By com- its own chronic unemployment problem. the area. parison, the level of unemployment in countries of Western Europe, which I want to appeal to all of the Members This, Mr. Speaker, is the situation in have been heavy beneficiaries of Ameri of this body to join with me to get this one important area of this country. I can aid is well below 2 percent. Can we bill out of the Rules Committee and onto am sure that other Members of this body not do as well for our own people as we the floor of this House. I believe there could cite statistics and conditions to do for those abroad? - were indications at the end of the last demonstrate that it can be duplicated in The representative of the General Congress that a n~w effort would be many other parts of the country, and I Electric Co. for example, testifying be made early in this session to accomplish am sure that the report of the distin fore the committee, pointed out how just this objective. Now is the time to guished committee from the other body contracts in the heavy electrical goods act. And I was most encouraged, Mr. -will also demonstrate this fact clearly, industry awarded in just the past year Speaker, just the other day, to read a Unemployment is more than an eco to foreign firms had meant the loss of press account which indicated that even nomic problem, Mr. Speaker. As several over a thousand jobs for a full year in the President of the United States and witnesses indicated it is also a social and the city of Schenectady alone. In fact, the Vice President of the United States an educational problem. Desertion and this representative, Mr. A. C. Stevens, have expressed their desire to support marital discord are on the rise in areas was concerned not only with the prob this kind of distressed-areas legislation. of increasing unemployment. Young lem of foreign competition but the even There may be some quibbling over the men and women are in many cases drop more serious problem that to meet this amount of money, but I do not see how ping out of school early in order to try demand industry may gradually be there can be any quibble over the need to find a job to help the family tide over forced to move abroad in order to stay for action at the highest level of Gov their economic situation, and many competitive, thereby taking away even ernment to eliminate this economic can youngsters who have been educated at the small number ·of jobs that still re cer and to recognize our responsibility substantial cost by the community are main. Indeed this movement has al to restore the ·economic health of our leaving the community and moving else ready started in many of our industries own people, especially if we can so easily where, thus depriving the community of and especially in glove industry, and as provide billions of dollars . for unem the investment in their education and Mr. Stevens himself phrased it, there is ployed and underdeveloped countries development for which they had contrib substantial danger that this movement abroad. uted so heavily. Even more serious are may turn into a full-scale "stampede." If a visit to these foreign countries can the prospects for the future. Not only Mr. Speaker, this is the shape of the so move people that they recognize that are we unable to supply the jobs for the problem we face. Even though the peo the challenge of poverty and lack of op young people who are looking for them ple in my district are brave people and portunity is a titantic challenge, as the today, but what about the opportunities are deeply optimistic, and even though President of the United States indicated for those increased numbers of young. they have done everything possible to just the other day, then I think there is men and women who will be coming into assist themselves, it is clear, as this an equally titanic challenge for us to
- 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 435 meet in the problem of lost opportuni Korean war, 7 years ago, some 40,000 persons Now what are my recommendations to the ties, of failure to utilize our full re were employed at Schenectady General Elec committee for legislation to deal with this sources, of poverty and .economic stress tric. Today the employment figure is closer problem? in our own country. to 20,000. Alco Products Co., formerly the ( 1 j I believe there is a need for legisla~ American Locomotive Co., employed some tion to assist communities like Schenectady, "Look homeward, angel." Let us not 10,000 people back in 1951; today their em Amsterdam, Gloversville, and Johnstown lose sight of the -responsibilities and the ployment ·is in the neighborhood of 2,000. which are already seeking to help them needs in our own community and our The unemployment situation in Schenectady selves in bringing iii. new industry to fill in own Nation as we meet the needs of h as stemmed largely from thes<:l changes. the Job gap. The so-called distressed areas world leadership abroad. Let us not As far as General Electric is concerned, I bill, of which I am proud, incidentally, to sacrifice our own economic health in believe Schenectady has been part of an eco be a cosponsor, is legislation which would trying to restore the health of our nomic trend that is not perhaps unique in be extremely helpful in this direction. Am our city, namely, the gradual shift of indus sterdam has had substantial success in or friends abroad. Let us not take away try from established industrial areas of the ganizing a community undertaking of its our own jobs as we try to create jobs in Northeast irito the South and the West. The own to attract new industry; similar com other countries. company first announced plans for this shift munity endeavors are under way in Schenec I believe the area redevelopment bill back in 1953. They have been going on tady and in Fulton Counties. Yet it is not is · the first and necessary step in facing gradually since then, although the recession always possible for communities which are up to this serious and threatening prob of 1957 and 1958 made the situation even economically hard hit to find all of the lem of unemployment here at home, and more acute than the company had antici ready funds that might be needed to pur I hope those Members of this House on pated. chase industrial parks, erect industrial The situation with regard to Alco is some buildings, or do other things to bring in both sides of the aisle who worl~ed to what different. It stems largely from a de new industry. Likewise there is no fund gether in the last year under the leader cline in the railroad industry generally, plus readily available to help in the retraining ship of the distinguished gentleman some readjustment in production activities of personnel from one type of business to from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD], will of the company outside of Schenectady, · another, something that is often needed join together.again this year to produce though in this case not outside of New York before a new industry can be helpful. This a piece of legislation that will move to State. Local real estate taxes, by the way, the distressed areas bill would do. meet what in my judgment is the Na have added to Alco's difficulties-a situation (2) The committee should recommend that is not uncommon in other communities adoption of a bill which I introduced in the tion's gravest economic threat. hit by unemployment and cleclining popula last session of Congress, H.R. 5559, to pro Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent tions. vide a measure of Federal tax relief for busi to include following these remarks testi I believe the committee may want to ex nesses which move into an unemployment mony which I presented before the Spe plore somewhat further the reasons for these area or which expand· in such an area. With cial Committee on Unemployment Prob shifts. No doubt there is a general desire such legislation on the books areas like our lems of the other body, and also to in today on the part of many companies to de own would be in a better position to com clude following that an extension of re centralize operations, with· not so much pete with some of the concessions now being marks of the gentleman from Michigan volume of production in a larger number of given by areas in States which do nort have cities, rather than a higher volume in a few the same progressive level of legislation we [Mr. RABAUT] who has asked that his cities in which the company is the over have in New York. Such a bill would help remarks on this subject be included in whel:ming sole employer. Perhaps there is us keep the industry we already have, which the RECORD following my own. also a desire to move out of established is just as impo-rtant as bringing in ~ew The SPEAKER pro tempore Our millions who have exhausted un first-hand piGture of wh.at th~se condj ous consideration of that-legislation by employment compensation benefits, and tions .are. His ·visit abroad was a very the Banking and Currency Committee. drag out a bare existence with the help of dramatic· thing and it did a great deal of That committee, however, has seen fit to surplus agriGul_tural commoditi~s, are go9d in inspiri~g the people abroad. But report to the Rules Committee S. 722. still with us. There is no significant I think also we should look homeward. Whether that legislation in itself is. go decline in their numbers. I would like to issue an invitation to ing to be the answer to all of our prob Anyone who read the press repQrts of President Eisenhower to visit West Vir lems, .that is those of us who have a the President's reply to an inquiry by ginia, and I am sure the Representatives serious depressed area problem, I cannot Senator CooPER, regarding administra of other States would like to have him say. I can say, however, that the part tion plans for the distressed areas can come and see conditions in their States of West Virginia I have the privilege to only conclude that from past perform so that some action may be taken on this represent is not touched by this legis ances we cannot expect help from the long overdue area redevelopment bill. lation now pending. ·seventeen counties . White House. Indeed, on the basis of In West Virginia ·conditions have not in our State would receive benefits under attitudes expressed recently it is doubtful improved very much. In some sections this legislation now pending before the that we can even expect comprehension the situation is worse than in the darkest Rules Committee. However, as a West of the problem at 1600 Pennsylvania days of the depression of the 1930's. Virginian •. as a Representative from a Avenue. Recently the Unemployment Subcom State that has a severe problem in the . If the regular course of.legislative ac mittee held hearings in Welch, Beckley, field of depressed areas and in .the field tivity, bearing on a grievous national Fayetteville, and Wheeling. The hear of unemployment I feel it is my duty as problem.. is to be stymied bY ordinary ings were chaired by my able and hard- a Representative here in the Congress to human whims, unsupported by constitu . working colleague from the other body, add my voice to that of my fellow West tional authority, perhaps a flair for Senator JENNINGS RANDOLPH. I testified Virginians, and the gentleman from drama will support the cause. Perhaps a before that committee, as did Mr. :MooRE, Pennsylvania, and the gentleman from caravan of ragged .children from de~ my colleague, who I understand made a · New York, -to do all that I possibly can pressed mining districts should be pa special trip back from Denver to testify, to bring to the floor of this House s. 722 raded before the doors of the committee because of the urgency of the situation. in order that the House may work its room. Perhaps our spokesmen for food My other . colleagues, Messrs. SLACK, will. - · for-peace programs should be required BAILEY,' and STAGGERS, and Mrs. KEE also I . certainly want to compliment the to travel through depressed portions of · testified. Many people have exhausted gentleman for taking the time here this the United States as a preface to any their unemployment benefits. The aftemoqn to spell out the need for the consideration of the needs of the Asiatic younger people are leaving the State,in legislation which has been so dramati and African peoples. . great numbers. cally over the years brought to the atten . There is no hope for assistance for We need action, Mr. Speaker. The bni tion of the House, but apparently not these unemployed and their families out is confined to that great gas chamber with such force or vigor as to convince side this Chamber. If we do not act, no which is the Committee on Rules. Why those who occupy positions on the Rules orie else will. The language of s. 722 does do we stand by and wait while the gas Committee that we ou.ght to have a not make the bill a cure-all, but it offers chamber, like the crematories of Buchen chance to work our will. a first step in an inevitable program .to wald silently dispose of the bill in the So I want to join the gentleman from place the power and· prestige of. this nether regions of the Capitol, while we, . New York and my colleagues·from West Government behind corrective action for its friends and relatives, weep over the Virginia iii bringiiig to the attention of the benefit. of its most sorely tfied citi starving people of our States. We need the House this afternoon the condition. zens. action on this bilL that exists and, the status of the-- de We have the right to listen and debate. Mr. STRATTON. I thank the gentle pressed areas legislation. I say that, in this instance, any of-us who man for his helpful remarks. He has Mr. STRATTON. I .want to express "Jay claims to Christian convictions and certainly painted the picture in dramatic. my appreciation to the gentleman from conduct must rise up to demand that terms. West Virginia for his very generous re- right. I now yield to the gentleman from -marks. His comments bear out what ·. Mr. STRATTON. I would like to West Virginia [Mr. MooRE]. the gentleman ·from Pennsylvania said thank the gentleman from West ·vir Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I want ·to a moment ago. We have a genuine ginia [Mr. SLACK] for his-statement. I problem to solve. This is not a matter compliment the gentleman from New of party, it is a matter of recognizing a may say I agree ·with him that we have York for the manner in which he has to continue the :fight he has suggested in developed the story concerning-the de problem that cuts across party lines~ order to make sure that this bill comes pressed areas legislation. and I sincerely hope we will be able to out of committee in spite of the reassur meet it with suitable legislation. ing words of the gentleman from Penn I join him in another regard, Mr. I would agree with the gentleman that sylvania. I may say in connection with Speaker, that is, the attitude that he no one bill is probably going to provide the gentleman's reference to· the Presi has developed since coming here to the the complete answer .to this problem. dent of the United States that the press Congress concerning the tariff laws and There will have to be other pieces of references that I saw were a littie am policies of this country of ours. For a legislation. biguous and there is some doubt as to long time past I have been a strong advo With respect to the . Tariff Commis whether the President is behind this bill cate of a change in the tariff policies of sion, as the gentleman well knows, you or not. I took the report in its best light, the country. I am hopeful that his go to the Tariff·Commission and even if but .it may well be that the gentleman's. constituents who are going to the Tariff you are fortunate enough to get a favor interpretation is closer to the facts, Commission next week to lay before that able decision, there is still a possibility However, in any event, I am sure there Commission the facts that their indus of a veto by the State Department for will have to be ample adjustment before try is being seriously depressed as a re international reasons. I have joined we can Gount on getting the bill approved sult of importation of foreign goods, with other Members of this body, and I at the other end of the avenue. that they will receive a unanimous re think the .gentleman from West Virginia Mr. HECHLER. Mr. Speaker, will the port from the Commission favorable to has too, in introducing legislation that gentleman yield? their industry. Further that it will be would remove' that power so that when Mr. STRATTON. I yield to the very the decision of the State Department and you cross the first hurdle and get a able gentleman from West Virginia. · the President to accept that decision recognition by those who are particu Mr. HECHLER. I wish to commend graciously. This has not been the case, larly qualified to judge on this matter the gentleman from New York [Mr. Mr. Speaker, in so many of the instances of whether or not domestic industry is STRATTON] for opening up this issue. which have been presented on behalf of being hurt, their findings based on the With reference to the remarks the American indl.lstry in the past before the realities of the situation cannot then be gentleman just made about the Presi Tariff Commission. vitiated by someone else who is not dent, I would think that all of us should With respect to the depressed area so familiar with the economic problem. join in an invitation to :EJresident Eisen legislation, I ·have previously introduced ; Mr. MOORE. . Mr. Speak~r, will the hower to visit some of the distressed a bill. which is· the ~inistration bill gentleman yield? areas of the ~ountr~ in order to get a iJ:?. _this regard;. ~nd I haq)lop~d for seri- Mr. STRATTON. I yield. 438 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD ·- HOUSE January 13 Mr. MOORE. :tt certainly seems silly · Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker; I rise in the money' bet with them. (They also get to me to appoiht six individuals to the this haaowed spot to ·present to the a' cut of any lucky client's payoff.) They are paid by the controller, out ef his 35 Tariff Commission and pay each of them American _people the continued and percent of · the take. · The remaining 65 $20,000 per year for the specific purpose shocking disregard of law and order in percent goes to the banker, who puts up th~ of sitting and listening to evidence pre, my city, unfortunately, and -in my dis- capital for the operation and takes .care of sented by American industry on unfair trict in particular. · the g:t;'aft payments. In addition to the field competition they are encountering in i include as a preface to my remarks men, the policy-ring personnel includes the tariff field from foreign goods, have an article which appeared in the New clerks and bookkeepers who work in the these members of the Commission adopt York Times of January 10, 1960, written bank tallying the bets and payoffs. There are also security members o;f the ring whose a report unanimously finding that the by Emanuel Perlmutter: main job is to circulate in the vicinity of American industry is entitled to some NEW YORK NUMBERS RACKET Is BIG BUSINESs controllers' branches and the banks on the relief, and then have the executive CRACKDOWN FOLLOWS POWELL CHARGE OF lookout for the police. . BIAS AGAINST NEGRO OPERATORS branch of the Government utterly dis PLAINCLOTHES FORCE regard in so many instances that unani (By Emanuel Perlmutter) · mous finding of the Commission. It Gambling and vice investigations in New Representative.ADAM CLAYTON POWELL, JR., York City are handled solely by plainclothes just does riot make sense to me. · stirred up his Harlem district last week by policemen. There are 457 of the depart Mr. STRATTON. I agree emphati · charging that white racketeers have driven ment's 23,897 policemen assigned to this cally with the gentleman and I thank Negroes from control of policy, or numbers, work. Because of the graft temptations to him for his statement. gambling in that area. He accused the po which the plainclothes men are exposed, they lice of permitting the white syndicate forces are subjected to periodic shakeups. Such Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance to operate while arresting Negroes. of my time. a wholesale housecleaning took place in 1958, Police Commissioner Stephen B. Kennedy when the entire Harlem plainclothes divi denied the charge and his men followed up sion was transferred as a result of bribery by staging large-scale roundups in which disclosures. niE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY they arrested more than 150 persons in Har ARE INVOLVED IN · STRIKE Despite the strict disciplinary regulations lem, mainly low-echelon policy employees. imposed by Police Commissioner Kennedy, SETrLEMENT The race of those arrested was not disclosed. policy gambling continues to increase. This The charge made by Representative is indtc'ated by arrest figures. There were The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under PoWELL that more Negroes than white men previous order of the House, the gentle have been arrested in Harlem is true. But 9,459 policy arrests in 1956; 11,206 in 1957, man from Michigan [Mr. HoFFMAN] is and 13,252 in 1958. For the first 11 months this is explained by the police as follows: of 1959, the total. was 12,870. A projection recognized. Eighty-two percent of those arrested on indicates that last year's gambling arrests Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. numbers gambling charges in Harlem last were higher than those in 1958 or any other Speaker, it is evident there must be an year were Negroes. This approximates the previous year. These figures are construed end to strikes that not only tie up pro Negro percentage of Harlem's population. by most observers as reflecting increases in duction in a basic industry like steel, but However, it is also true that the Negro gambling rather than improved police work. bankers who once controlled numbers gam shut down other factories which cannot bling there have either been driven out by I must commend the Journal-Ameri operate while a strike continues. the white racketeers or are now working can for· their series which is continuing, If one group :;tfter another, as is now for them. edited by three outstanding reporters, threatened, can create a situation as did The policy game is the simplest and most one of whom, Dom Frasca, wrote a most the steelworkers-see the President's popular form of gambling in New York City. aut:p.oritative book on the ma:ffia. It is the most difficult for the police to con statement and the Supreme Court's deci Several months ago a former police sion-United Steelworkers ot America v. trol, as well as the one offering the most op portunity for police graft. sergeant by the name of Luberda was United States ot America On December 30, 19S9, our Governor, us a man-, who-in 1· year in ofii.ce had be . Mr. ·Esters wrote ·~ another column-in Clinton·A. Clauson, died. His death was come a familiar figure thrGughout the the same issue of the Houlton Pioneer wholly unexpected and :Qas been deeply length and breadth of the State of Times which is of interest ·and follows: mourned by the entire State. The im- . Maine. Many persons, including myself, 'rHOUGHTS AND AFTERTHOUGHTS BY THE EDITOR pressive ceremonies attending the de were not extended the privilege of per I suppose, going back over Maine history, cease of a head of State are now history; sonal acquaintanceship until after his there may have been at some time a funeral the eulogies have been delivered; the ap election to the governorship. display of flowers equal to that which was preciative editorials have been written; I had occasion to meet him many made possible by the floral tributes that the wheels of government roll on; and times and to share speaking programs came from everywhere to grace the funeral the family and friends are left alone with with him. I knew him as a kindly man, services of the late Gov. Clinton A. Clauson. But I cannot remember just when that could their emptiness, which only memories one who was interested in the welfare have been. and time can banish. of his adopted State. The Augusta Armory in which the services It remains for us in both Chambers, The Houlton. Pioneer Times, of Houl were held is several times larger than the Maine's official family in WashingtQn, to ton, Maine, a community in the Third Houlton Armory. I would estimate the add our words of sorrow and of affection. Congressional District, makes an ap width to be at least 100 feet in addition to I said we speak today from a sense of praisal of the Governor in an editorial the huge stage which is recessed into the pride. In this combative era, where poli of its January 7, 1960, issue, and this north end. The entire width of the back tics and government are often char editorial follows: wall was almost obscured up to 10 feet by the three rows of flowers that stretched from acterized by high octane individuals and Gov. CLINTON A. CLAUSON one wall to the other. Added to this was a elaborate apparatus for public relations, In the sudden and untimely passing of like number of rows of wreaths, sprays, and our friend, Clinton A. Clauson, stood out Gov. Clinton A. Clauson, the St ate of Maine bouquets across the back of the stage and in refreshing contrast. He allowed him has become deprived of the unselfish service spectacular bla,nkets and other arrangements self to be himself. He required no ap of a dedicated public Eervant who h ad a sin that stood in easels on the floor of the stage. paratus other than his own hands,_ his cere devotion to his duty and a total disre But even this large area was not sufficient feet, and his ready smile. No one liked gard of any possible consequences of being to accommodate a profusion of flowers that people more, or was more liked by people. tirelessly on the job day and night. certainly dwarfed anything that I have ever Probably no Governor in Maine's history, seen before at such an occasion. At the His secret weapon, which enabled him certainly not in recent years, labored so dili back of the hall, opposite the stage and near to win the governorship against heavy gently and was so unceasingly· on the go all the doors entering the building, additional odds, and which helped him write an ex over Maine, as Governor Clauson was during bouquets and wreaths were scattered be cellent record of service during his year his first year in office. And this does not cause there was no room for them near the in office, was friendliness. It was not subtract one whit from the tremendous serv stage. It was no small task to arrange this the type of friendliness which was dis ice that his predecessors rendered to their floral exhibit and it was done with excellent pensed only to friends or to those who State while in office. taste. conceivably might become friends. It Many adjectives have been called into play The armory is supposed to seat 1,500 and it was equally generously bestowed on to apply to the late chief executive and all was packed to its capacity. I doubt if of them seem to be quite aptly descriptive of another person could have found a place to avowed foes. Because of this, the word the man. He was, above everything else, a sit down to listen to the hour-long services "foes" is really inappropriate; for Gov person of extreme kindness toward h is fellow as the State of Maine -paid its last respects ernor Clauson had no foes. Outsiders, men and was one of the easiest men to meet to its chief executive, the second Governor until they had become aware of the kind that one will encounter in many a day. of Maine to die in office in this century. ly character of Maine's late Governor, His manner was always affable, his de It probably has happened before to another could not understand why political dif meanor gracious and his personality charm State in the modern history of this country ferences were discussed in Maine with ing. He had a way of getting along with but one cannot help but wonder how many out generating more heat. p~ople of all ages and his easy handling of Commonwealths in this Nation of ours have the hordes of schoolchildren that were for been administered by four Governors in a We suspect that a source of solace to. ever pouring through the statehouse, was single year. When John H. Reed, of Fort a bereaved family lies not only in an en a delight to watch. One couldn't help but Fairfield, was sworn into offi.ce last Wednes viable record of achievement, but, even wonder how a man, subjected to such con day night he became the fourth Governor of more, in the knowledge that in the mem stant pressure, could maintain such an even Maine to serve the State during 1959. ory of the loved one there is a momen ·disposition and display a constant charm of When the then Governor Muskie resigned tum, a living infiuence, which will afi'ect manner while shaking hundreds of hands on January 3 of last year, Robert N. Haskell, during a busy business day. the course of the future. Such an in of Bangor, was sworn in to serve a short fluence is our legacy. It is not only a He has been called a humble man and this term of 5 days until the official inaugura legacy of the power of kindliness, but of he seems to have been to a considerable de-· gree. He had all of the characteristics of a tion of Governor Clauson. Governor Clau love of family, concern for the humblest person constantly conscious of the prestige son, of course, served until his death early of people, and integrity. of h is office but never, during 1959, was he Wednesday morning, December 30, and Gov Mr. Speaker, I yield tO' the gentleman ever noticed to use the weight of that offi.ce ernor Reed was sworn in as Maine's chief from Massachusetts .[Mr. McCoRMAcK]. in any other way than fairly and justly. executive the following day, still during 1959. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the He was intensely loyal to the . political B.E.E. late Governor Clinton A. Clauson, of party of which he had been a member all o! Citizens of the Third Congressional Maine, whose ·victory and election as his life. No fairmind.ed person can or should District of Maine join with Mrs. Mc chief executive of Maine, electrified the quarrel with such allegiance which is the country, had served his State and her private and personal privilege of every man, Intire and me in expressing deepest sym whether in public life or not. pathy to Mrs. Clauson and the family. people with great ability, distinction, By the same token, he had a deep devotion and courage. His untimely death is a The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under to his adopted State of Maine as his constant previous order of the House, the gentle source of great regret. His death takes labors in behalf of its welfare so emphatically from our midst a statesman and leader attested. As he contributed to the State o! man from Maine [Mr. OLIVER] is recog in public and governmental life that is Maine while on th.e job in Augusta, so, too, nized for 10 minutes. sadly needed. did he become an ambassador of good will Mr. OLIVER. Mr. Speaker, in the To Mrs. Clauson and her loved ones I while traveling beyond its borders. early hours of the morning of December Members of both poli~ical parties must extend .my profound sympathy in their agree that he graced the office he held, that 30, my friend, Clinton A. Clauson, Gov great loss and sorrow. he did credit to the State he served, and ernor of Maine, died. It was a sudden . The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under that his gracious an.d charming manner will and wholly unexpected death. The previous order of the House, the gentle be missed in the statehouse. shock was great and almost unbearable. man from Maine [Mr. MciNTIRE] is rec Mr. Bernard Esters, the editor of the His devoted wife, Ellen, discovered her ogilized for 10 minutes. aforementioned publication, is a mem faithful teammate of 40 years of wedded · Mr. MciNTIRE. Mr. Speaker, the ber of the all-Republican Governor's lif-e, breathing his last few unconscious . sudden passing of the Governor of Council, and he has; I believe, very well minutes of life, without any even remote Maine, the Honorable Clinton Clauson~ expressed the feelings of all citizens of chance of recovery. It was a tragic and on December 30 last, took from among Maine. . bitter experience. 442 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 It was even more tragic and bitter The SPEAKER. Is there objection faced" is contained in the Rockefeller Broth because of its impossibility of human to the request of the gentleman from ers Fund report, the conclusions of which explanation or understanding. West Virginia? are set forth below. 3. In the world of today, the inexorable Here was a man of apparent iron con There was no objection. trend is toward dominance in the world by stitution. His powers of endurance and Mr. DOOLEY. The provocative article a single power. Rival powers or rival group his stamina, tested to the utmost during entitled "Fight or Surrender?" which was ings of powers inevitably will develop antago 7 mo.nths of the most intensive political published in the December 21, 1959, issue nisms-military or economic-and those an campaigning during the primary and of the U.S. News & World Report pro tagonisms are likely, in the future as in the general election campaigns of 1958, ap vides several viewlJoints on the current past, to lead to a test of strength. Only peared to be limitless. I, personally, Mr. struggle for world, supremacy between through world dominance by a single power can assurance of safety from nuclear war be Speaker, have observed "Doc" Clauson, the United States and Russia. established. as our. people of Maine affectionately The comparative ease with which a 4. The United States, at the end of World called him, extend himself for hours and nation can be destroyed by means of War II, was in a position to assume world days, continuously, as he met and shook nuclear attack is frightening to contem domination. That opportunity was rejected. hands with thousands of Maine citizens plate, and there seems to be no· answer The United States, ever since, has been re during those grueling campaigns. It was to the dilemma in which nuclear armed treating gradually from one position after always with a smile of warmth and sin nations currently find themselves. The another. Soviet Russia, on the other hand, is demonstrating a determination to rule the cerity to which the people of every rank power to destroy is offset by the danger world. At the end of World War II, Russia and station of life responded spontane of being destroyed by the opposing was prostrate. Today-<>nly 15 years later ously. The political odds were against nation. she is able to challenge America. There is no my friend and he knew it. This only The article follows: record in history of such a reversal of posi made him the more determined to win. THE COMING CHOICE FOR UNITED STATES: tions between nations in so short a time. Hard work, long hours, and his friendly FIGHT OR SURRENDER?-8TORY OF THE BLACK• This Russian success breeds Russian confi personality overcame the odds. He was MAIL BEHIND THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR dence and strengthens Russian determina tion to push ahead. elected in spite of the odds. (Despite the talk of peace and disarma- 5. Soviet Russia, pushing out as United He entered upon his duties immedi ment, military experts, key officials are wor States draws back, is tilting the balance of ately after the election, even though his ried about the safety o{ this Nation; balance power steadily in her direction. When that responsibility of office did not officially of terror is seen as no longer an assurance tnt seems to her rulers to be decisive, she against a nuclear war; Russia-ahead on mis then will be tempted to offer the United start until January 7. The interim siles, gaining in power, dedicated to world months· were spent at budt;et hearings dominance--is in a position to blackmail the States the fat.eful choice: surrender or fight and in other wearisome details of mak a nuclear war. There may be much testing United States under threat of a nuclear of strength and many alarms before that ing himself familiar with his guberna attack; a new official report says the United showdown comes. torial responsibilities. He took no time States is vulnerable, 1f that attack comes; Said an official who sits in the top councils off to rest. "Doo" was the type of man here are the facts about the danger-from the of the U.S. Government: who never would shrink from duties and studies of experts and the analyses of men in "I hold the deepest pessimiSilll concerning a position to know.) this Nation's future. The American people obligations. At some point, not many years from now, Then,· after being sworn in as Gover appear to lack interest in the life-or-death the American people are likely to be offered problem they face, and appear to lack the nor, he continued conscientiously, as al this choice: Surrender or fight a nuclear will to make the sacrifices that their safety ways, to administer the affairs of Maine war. And, the way things are going, the calls for. The American Nation seems to lack and to deal with a legislature predomi United States· could lose that war. any tangible objective other than that of nantly controlled by the opposition These are the studied conclusions of some making life easier and more enjoyable. party. He made his opponents not only key officials in the innermost councils of the "The American Government, to hold · respect him but also like him. This, in U.S. Government. power, is forced to direct its effort toward Why? What accounts for this pessimistic satisfying the voters' desire for more and my opinion, Mr. Speaker, is one of the attitude at a time when opti.nlism is bursting greatest attributes of successful lead,er more of the good things of life instead of out on all sides and the world's leaders are toward assuring safety for the Nation ship. Governor "Clint" was just at the talking of peace and disarmament? through a dominant position in the world. start of a career of political leadership The answer, as given by Americans whose "Soviet Russia, by contrast, is hard. As a which would have entrenched in Maine lives are spent in assessing powerful forces nation, its objective is fixed. Every move, the two-party political system which is at work in the world, is complex. It is given every action, all the nation's power is di fundamentally necessary for good and in part by a study made for the Senate For rected toward reaching that objective of eign Relations Committee by a research world domination. Sometimes its progress is responsible government. group at Johns Hopkins University. This This phase of the late Governor's ca slow. Sometimes there are detours. But report was made public December 6. A sec always the objective is to tilt the world's pacity, Mr. Speaker, points up, as I see ond study, published by Stanford Research balance of power against the United States. it, the real public tragedy inherent in his Institute on December 8, gives another part. Today, Russia's challenge is reaching cau passing. Public affairs suffer real loss Yet another study came on December 7 from tiously into Latin America. It is beginning when men of such stature die. the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. to be felt in Africa. The tide keeps running." It will be most difficult to replace him Add to these reports the views of highly Leading where? As this man and other informed Government officials, and the full key thinkers on the power balance of .the in our governmental and political pic answer emerges. It is based upon' the follow ture. It is impossible to replace him ing conclusions: world see it, the answer is: Toward a time from the family standpoint. With Ellen, when the United States will be in a corner, 1. The United States. is now open and vul facing a choice of surrender or nuclear war. his wife, and with Anne and Neil, his nerable to a direct attack by nuclear mis daughter and son, and with his grand siles-and this country's vulnerability is THE SHIFT THAT KHRUSHCHEV BROUGHT children, we deeply sympathize. As a steadily increasing. This was the warning Soviet Russia, these men say, has rejected close political and personal friend, we contained in the December 6 report of the the doctrine that a nuclear war is too hor mourn over his decease. Our only com Johns Hopkins University research group, rible to contemplate, or that a balance of whose conclusions are presented later in this terror makes nuclear war too ·dangerous for fort and solace is to determine to carry text. either side to start. This rejection was made on in our feeble efforts to emulate him 2. There can be no guaranteed security in at the time Khrushchev took power. Soviet and to help do the job with which he the world when rival systems of government policy, as now being assessed, is based on the was struggling in order that Maine peo exist, each possessing the means of mass beliefs that nuclear war would not neces ple might prosper as "Doc" envisioned destruction. Nuclear weapons are a fact. sarily mean mutual annihilation, that one that they should. Nothing-no agreements, no treaties, no end nation could emerge as a real winner, and to tests-can wipe out that fact or can stop that the odds increasingly favor Russia ·as science. and the human mind from develop that winner. ing weapons of even greater destructiveness. A hard, factual appraisal of what nuclear FIGHT OR SURRENDER? Nuclear weapons, within a few years, will be war might mean, both for Russia and for the Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I ask possessed by many more nations than at United States, is given in the study published unanimous consent that the gentleman present. And the horror of nuclear war may by the Stanford Research Institute. Accord prove no det~rrent 1! a showdown comes. from New York [Mr. DooLEY] may ex ing to that study, it would be possible for This is brought out in the Stanford Research Russia, striking first, to weather a nuclear tend his remarks at this point in the Institute study of December 8. Another counterattack with no more damage than she REcORD and include an article. warning that "the possibility of war must be suffered in World War II. 1 .' 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 443 It is this analysis of Russia's nuclear phi Soviet Russia sees an advantage in it for morality of their acts or the attitudes of the losophy that underlies much of the pessi herself, or she would not be sponsoring this voters. m ism of American planners. deception." . "Can you imagine President Eisenhower But isn't disarmament now in the air? But isn't Russia behind the United States threatening to create a nuclear holocaust Haven't both United States and Russia in number and variety of atomic weapons? over Berlin or Formosa? Yet the Soviets did· stopped testing nuclear weapons? Isn't Would not this indicate that, from Russia's this over Suez, when Britain and France President · Eisenhower going to talk again viewpoint, it would be better for tests to attempted to move in there in 1956. And this with Nikita Khrushchev to help· ease tensions continue, so she could catch up? What is year they appeared to be doing it again over in t h e world? the advantage that Russia sees in agitating Berlin. Khrushchev, just a few days ago, The answer to these questions is: Yes. for an end to tests? Just what is the declared that Russia has enough n uclear But military men whose business . it is to Kremlin's game? armed rockets 't o raze to the ground all of d elve deeply into problems of n ational se Here is the answer given by one American our potential enemies.' " curity say this: Things are not what they analyst: On missiles, though, the United States is seem on the surface. No dictator with a goal "To anyone not blinded by wishful think considered to be behind, Russia is conceded and m aking progress toward that goal ever ing, the basic motives of current Russian a lead. Then why doesn't Russia agitate for h as given up his advantage-or ever will. tactics seem quite clear. They grow out of an end to missile tests, instead of an end to No agreement ever wlll l;>e made by a Soviet t he simple fact that all of the Soviets' ag nuclear tests, in order to freeze its missile dictator that does not involve a gain for him, . gressive aims could be achieved more easily · advantage and keep the Un ited States from or what he thinks is a gain for him. Only if they encountered no nuclear opposition . . catching up? the United States, among powers which have "The Soviets, therefore, h ave every reason In answer to thl:s question, you get from h ad the opportunity to accept world direc to stop all testing and development of nu some experts another question: t ion, has shrunk from that responsibility and clear weapons. Look what they could gain "Suppose Russia gets an agreement with drawn back, leaving the field to a dangerous thereby: the United States to halt nuclear tests and rival. "Flrst, halting t ests would slow or stop the then follows u p by proposing an end to development of nuclear weapons which could NO END IN SIGHT FOR THE NUCLEAR RACE missile tests. Would the United States be fn be used defensively by the United States a position to accept that challenge-and thus Even while disarmament t alk goes on, against . missile attack. This would insure accept a permanent disadvantage in mis alarms are being sou nded of arms d evelop the continued vulnerability of America to siles? Yet, if the United States refused, Rus ments to come that wlll add to war dangers nuclear attack. · sia would then have the same propaganda in the years ahead. "Second, by blocking the use of nuclear advantage on the missiles issue that it has Missiles of awesome power and accuracy weapons Russia would free its own superior had on the nuclear-test issue." are being perfected. France today is on the con ventional forces for blackmail or military Then there's this question: Can the de· verge of producing atomic weapons, prepar aggression. velopment of missiles really be stopped, any ing to test those weapons in the Sahara "Third, Russia would slow the spread of more than you can stop the development of Desert. West Germany now possesses the nuclear weapons to other nations on which nuclear weapons? know-how and probably the means to pro it has designs, and thus hamper their re Key an alysts say: "No. What you are really duce atomic weapons. In one way or an sistance to bullying tactics of aggression. up against is the impossibility of stopping other, the Germany of the near future is What if there had been a way· to· arm the human thought. seen as certain to possess all the modern Hungarians with nuclear weapons in their "Who is going to keep Communist China,· weapons of mass destruction. So, probably, revolt? as one example, from driving ahead to de will Japan ~ "Fourth, ending tests would stop our de velop these weapons? Who is able to police It is being predicted that Communist velopment of 'discriminate' nuclear weap China's vast territory to make sure that this China will join the circle of nuclear powers ons-clean ones which could be used in 'lim is not being done? If Communist China within 10 years. If Red China gets nuclear ited wars against minor Communist aggres . gets such weapons, is it likely that India weapons, then India wlll feel that she needs sions. them, too. · will be willing to overlook. the dangers in "Even if the United States remained tech volved?" An official, who is deeply versed in the nically ahead on nuclear weapons, such an whole subject, commented: edge would have no significance so long as This further point is made: John Foster Dulles, as Secretary of State, was guided "There is no way to stop men from think the Soviets gained tactical advantages of the kind just listed." by one simple conclusion-that the United ing. The knowledge needed to produce · States cannot be secure so long as a dictator nuclear weapons is widely held by scientists Assuming that the spread and d evelopment of nuclear weapons cannot be stopped, as rules a powerful nation, heavily armed and in nations large and small. In spite of any operating in secrecy behind an iron curtain. agreements or treaties, those weapons will these experts believe: Who suffers the most be devised and, if necessary, will be tested." thereby? It is reported that the late Senator Brian McMahon, who was chai.rman of the Joint This further statement was made by the H~re is one analyst's answer on that: "Of course, the spread of nuclear weapons Committee on Atomic Energy when Russia same official ·and supported by· others: acquired the atom bomb, wrote to the then "The talk of preventing nuclear war by to other powers has disadvantages for both Russia and the United States. But, on bal President Harry S. Truman, warning him banning tests of nuclear weapons is deceiv of the dangers that this development gen ing. Its effect is to lull the American peo ance, th~ Soviets have much more to lose thereby than we. The Soviets, in their ag erated. According to these reports, senator ple into a false sense of security. McMahon urged that the United States "The facts are simply these: The United gressions, would be forced to move much more cautiously in the face of possible oppo should tell Russia either to agree to an ef States and Soviet Russia both possess large fective plan for control of atomic weapons stockpiles of nuclear weapons. The stock sition by nuclear weapons. The United States, with no aggressive aims, would not or to expect attack. This suggestion was not pile of the United States at this time almost followed. surely is larger and more varied than that of have this problem. "If the spread of nuclear weapons is in Today, weapons are much more powerful Soviet Russia. But Russia's stockpile is than then, the abllity to develop these weap sufficient to destroy most of America's evitable, slowing it down is clearly to the Soviets' gain." ons is widely dispersed through the world,. biggest cities. A ban on tests will not de and no real chance is seen of stopping this stroy those stockpiles of nuclear weapons. WITH BE'I"l'ER MISSILES, MORE DANGER development. . "The means thus exists for each side to What about missiles? Then what is the answer? Is there any inflict tremendous damage on the other. A Most analysts agree with this man's alternatives to the prospect, for the United • stop to testing will not remove that fact. size-up: States, of surrendering or fighting a nuclear "Both sides, too, possess the means to "It is in mlsslles that the armament race war in which there is . grave· danger of de deliver those weapons on targets · in the really centers now. We already have the feat? other's territory. The United States holds nuclear warheads on hand. As you improve It is here that you run into a sharp dif an edge in delivery by manned aircraft. the means of delivering those warheads to ference in official views. The Soviets hold an edge in delivery by their targets, the danger of nuclear war in View 1: This is the present official view ballistic missiles. creases. of the White House and the Department of "If nuclear war is really to be curbed, the ••Also, with missiles, the potentialities of State. It is based on the concept that you only way that· it can be curbed in today's nuclear blackmail become enormous. A can do business with Soviet Russia, that it world is by destruction of every means of powerful nation can be held in terror of a is possible to reach agreements which . will delivering nuclear weapons. sudden surprise attack for which there is, permit a stopping of nuclear tests and then "Politicians are not even talking about so far, no defense--only retaliation. lead to gradual disarmament. destroying all aircraft and all missiles and .. When it comes to blackmail, the Rus It is in keeping with this view that the all other possible means of placing nuclear sians have a tremendous advantage over· the United States is now negotiating with So weapons on targets. United States. or any other free and demo viet Russia and Great Britain at Geneva., "Thus, this whole exercise of talks be cratic nation. Dictators are able to threaten seeking a formula for effective inspection tween United States and Soviet Russia and blackmail far more effectively because and enforcemen1; of an agreement to halt about ending nuclear tests is misleading. they don't have to be concerned about the bomb tests. / 444 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.-I-l0u.J.2 January 13 ·n is recognized by the-U.S~ Government by -Mr. Kahn fn the Stanford Research In- ··"To indicate how this ·conclusion about that halting tests is of itself no disarma.- stitute Journal for the fourth quarter of the feasibility of thermonuclear war was ment move. But the hope is that an agree- 1959, released on December 8. That ~rticle reached, it is necessary to describe a thermo ment on tests will be a. first step, that, 1! summarizes a book by Mr. Kahn, 'Three nuclear war and the kinds of risks that can mutual confidence and cooperation can be Lectures on Thermonuclear War,' which is arise against which the decision makers established in this field, then further steps . to be published next spring by the Princeton must compare the alternatives of going to toward actual disarmament can follow. University Press.) war and not going to war. This is the real meaning of the Geneva talks. · . · "(By Herman Kahn) "What all-out war would be like View 2: This is largely a. military view. It rests upon evidence of rapid expansion of "We are now entering th~ 15th year of "Genetic effects: Many biologists and gen.- the soviets' missile capacity and recurring the nuclear era. We are becoming increas- eticists are worried about the genetic eff ects new evidence of the soviets' threatening ingly aware that much is still to be learned · of even the peacetime testing of n u clear policy of expansion. about the likely effects of a nuclear war weapons: some even . talk as if the future Said an _exponent of this view: and the conduct of international relations of the human race is being jeopardized by "The only solution, it seems to me, is for .in a world in which force is tending to be in- exploding a few bombs a year in the Paci:llc the United States to get· into this arms·race c.reasingly less usable. Basic foreign policies Ocean 0r the Soviet Arctic. It is certainly with· both feet and win it. And to tell the formulated earlier in the nuclear era require true that a lot of bombs exploded inside a Russians frankly what you are doing. Leave review anp. examination. , . c.ountry would be far more dangerous than a them in no doubt about your determination. . ':Fir!)t, and perhaps most ~mportant, d.oubt few . exploded farther .away. But would it "The main element in our weakness has has been cast recently on the widely ac- be cataclycmic? been t.he lack. of determin~tion-deter~ina- cepted . t.heory that existence of nuclear "Calculations in this field are inher.ent;ly tion to stand up to Khrushchev every' time· weapons has created a reliable balance of uncertain. In additic;m, .experimental ell'i he makes a threatening move. This is .not terror. The theory most commonly held in- dence is insufficient to· be .conclusive about advocating preventive war. It is· jU:st· acivo- .dicates .that a thermon1,1clear war would some of the important effects. One can, eating a realistic view of the world ·situation. mean certain and automatic annihilation· of however, make orienting st~die s. · One study It is facing up to the . fact that·,· the .way· both antf1; gonists, if not tlle end of civiliza-. indicated. that the survivors. of- the. war · things are going, the U.nited States some day tion. . . - , ~i gl)t avex:age al;lout 200. or. 30.0. roentgens. is likely to be faced with the .choice of "In many ways, this concept has been of radiation to their rep~oducti.ve organs be fighting or surrendering under threat of nu- comforting. It makes plausible that, as fore age 30. This is an ·enormous amount cle·ar destruction." · · · soon as. governments are informed of the of radiation. It is abo·ut 1,000 or 2,000 times Vi~w 3: This view is ·tending to grow ·terrible c0nsequences of a nuclear war, they as much as people in the United States among those in Government~both military -will realize that there could. be no victors would. receive as a byproduct of the test pro and civilian-who are closest to strategic ,and, therefore, no sense to such a war; gram. It is about 50 to 100 times as much problems. It is a pessimistic view.: That it therefore, no sane leader w0uld ever start as they · would normally get from natural is impossible for the United states to ov.er- one. · Hence the hope that the very violence· sources. It is a large and frightening dose. take. the soviet advantage i.n missiles with- of war would' deter it. It would result in much damage, but there out an all-out effort. But that, instead of "Many proponents of the mutual-annihila- is no evidence that it would be annihilating. making this·all-out effort, the Unitea States tion view believe that it is important to "If present beliefs are correct, the most is tending to restrict its arms effort in the emphasize the horror and impracticability of . serious genetic effect of this amount of radi interest of avoiding a rise in Government thermonuclear war in order to establish the ation would be to raise the number of spending and an increase in taxes. urgent necessity to settle our differences by children born seriously defective about 25 The position that soviet Russia holds in peaceful means and to remove temptation/ percent, or from the current 4 to a new·level the arms race is encouraging her to be bold from adventurers. . of 5 percent of the total. This is a large in her ma~1 euvers abroad. The policy of . "The success of such a program depends on penalty to pay for a war, and, more horrible deterrence by a "balance of terror" is seen the fears thus generated being mutual and. still, one might have to continue to pay a as losing its effectiveness as Russia's missile . reliable. • • • The mutual-annihilation similar though smaller price for 20 or 30 capabilities increase. . The possibilities for : t:P,eory can be successful in forestallirtg . an or 40 .generations, but. 'it is still far frem Russia to .impose its will upon the United all-out nuclear attack only if both sides com- annihilation. • • • States by nuclear blackmail are seen as grow- pletely accept it. "Medical problems: There, are medical ing enormously, in a situation where she "If only the West buys it and because of problems otper than the genetic ones . for holds an arsenal of missiles against which this drops it guard, the' negiigence can b'e 'example, the bone cancers and leuke;n,ias there is, so far, no real defense. incredibly dangerous. Even mutual belief that might be caused by strontium-90, and This warning is being heard with increas- · in -the automatic-annihilation theory can· the other life-shortening effects of the in ing frequency: If the United States fails still lead to trouble. It is an open invitation ternal and external radiation from fission to realize what is happening, and prefers to to blackmail of the Munich type. products. take the easy rpad, she may find the power "Therefore, to the extent that the theory "Here, again, examination indicates that balance tilting so far in Russia's direction may not be true-or the Communists think while the. problems are horrible, they may that it cannot be righted in time. It is then it isn't-we should not weaken ourselves to well be Wlthin ~he range we are accustomed that a. soviet dictator most probably would the point where we are courting either 'Pearl to. • • • issue his challenge. Harbors' or 'Munichs.' It is important to "The situation devolves to this: More and All this is why the optimism that is so understand this problem objectively even if closer bombs will cause more trouble than widespread with the American public ap- analyses aimed at doing so give an impres- fewer and further ones-but not necessarily pears not to be shared by many of those sion of callousness. that much more. If a country is hit hard whose business it is to assess the U.S ..fl.:ture. "The mutual-annihilation view is not hundreds· of bombs more or less on target- The two reports that follow, each made unique to the West. Malenkov [former but people take advantage of the moderate independently, bear on this whole problem: Soviet Premier Georgi M. Malenkov] intro- protection that is available in existing build •·wHY RUSSIA wouLD RISK NUCLEAR WAR ON duced it in the Soviet Union several years ings and take other simple measures-things ago. • • • A different view seems to have which the Russians, for example, seem to be UNITED STATES-WILL THE THREAT OF NU• been held by Khrushchev and the Soviet . doing or thinking of doing; today-then CLEAR RETALIATION BY UNITED STATES REALLY military. They agreed that War WOUld be both the long- and short-term effects of DETER RUSSIA FROM A SURPRISE ATTACK ON horrible, but argued that this was no reason fall-out are mitigated drastically. With THIS couNTRY?-~ STUDY OF NUCLEAR WAR for the Soviet Union to drop its guard-that, such preparations and some advance warn AND ITS PROBABLE ·EFFECTS SUGGESTS THAT with sufficient preparations, only the capi- ing (the more preparation the less warning RUSSIA WOULD BE WILLING TO RUN THE RISK talists would be destroyed. With some mod.. is needed) most people can survive the .. (Herman Kahn, an experienced analyst of ifications tb,eir views seem to have prevailed. short-term fallout effects. The long-term defense problems, warns that Russia may not "So much depends on this notion of the effects are less avoidable. The war might share the view that a nuclear war is too ·· balance of terror. Is it really true? Would result in a~ average life' shortening of less horrible to contemplate-or consider a. sur- only an insane man initiate a thermonuclear than 1 or 2 years, for those who were lucky prise attack on the United States as too war? Or, are there circumstances in which and 5 or .10 for those who were not. I~ . dangerous to attempt. Herman Kahn is a a. nation's leaders might rationally decide any case, life will go on. physicist. For 5 years, as an employee of the that a thermonuclear war would be the most "Economic recuperation also looks more Rand Corp., he has been making studies of preferable of the possible alternatives? feasible than is generally supposed. Most strategic systems of" defense, mostly for the "Perhaps, not surprisingly, one can con- people-laymen and some experts-looking U.S. Air Force. Mr. Kahn, 37, was educated elude on examination . that, with current at the highly integrated charll-Cter of a mod at the University of California. at Los An- tech~ology, there are plausib!e, even prob- ern economy, argue that a nation is like a geles and at California. Institute of Tech- able, circumstances in which the leaders of a body; destroy the heart or other vital organs nology. Mr. Kahn's views are based on in- country might decide that war was the best and the body dies. • • • ' tensive studies with the Rand Corp. and at alternative. · Equally unsurprising, many "This view is questionable. Suppose the the Center of International Studies at Prin- people get very annoyed or angry at anyone United states were divided into two coun ceton University. In these studies, Mr. Kahn making such a. statement, although recog-· tries-an A country with the largest 50 to has had access to much official information. nition of a situation is not necessarily en- . 100 cities, and a B country the remainder. The following excerpts are from an article dorsing it. The A country cannot survive without a B 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE 445 country, but the B country, as far as we can "1. They could do nothing. This could 50 to 60 million. If these estimates are rele see, can survive without the A country. almost automatically mean a Polish and-East vant-which is .doubtful, since they gener Further, B . has the resources . and skills German revolt. Such a revolt would mean ally assume a Soviet Union surprise attack needed to rebuild A in, say, 10 years . . In serious polltical repercussions within Russia, on an unalert United States-then we are other words, a country should not be con which we know worries them. already deterred ' from living up to our alli sidered analogous to a body, but rather con 2. Secondly, they could fight a limited . ance obligations. If they are not relevant, sidered as two semi-independent p~eces that action. But that too, is risky. If we fight a t!J,en we ought· to make relevant estimates trade with each other. limited action with conventional high-exp19- for both now and the future. "Further, it ·is possible, by utilizing exist sive weapons, we would lose: jU:st by the sheer "The critical point is whether the Soviets ing construction and otherwise improvising weight of numbers. If we go to atomic believe we can keep our casualties to a level fallout protection to prepare the B country weapons, it is still doubtful that we would we would find.acceptable, whatever that level to receive evacuees frem the A country and win and even more doubtful that the war may _be. protect them reasonably satisfactorily. If would stay limited. In particular, the So "If so, they will be de-terred from very preparations have been made, then, for most viets might easily believe that we were quite provocative aggressions, such as a ground at of the year, either the Soviets or :the United capable of suddenly expanding the scope of tack on Europe,or evacuating their cities and States could improvise fallout protection on the war with a surprise attack at their present~ng us witP, an ultimatum. just days' or hours' notice. • • • strate~Zic forces. "But if they do not believe we can keep · "Current (1958) Russian civil defense "3. The third possibility might. appear c~ualties to an acceptable level, the Soviets manuals indicate that they are making such safer. Rather· than wait for the satellites to m_ay' _feel safe hi undertaking these ex preparations. In addition, the Russians revolt or for the limited war to erupt into tremely provocative military adventures. claim to have given every adult in Russia a general war at a time chosen by the Or at least the Europeans may ~eel that the something between 20 and 40 hours of in Americans, they might decide -to hit us right Soviets will feel safe, which creates an ex structions in civil defense followed by a com away. They could .argue that this guaran tremely dangerous pressure and bll,lckmail pulsory examination. Perhaps most impor teed them the all important first strike, at situation. tant of all, their program seems to include least if they hurried. "But what deters the Russians from a se preparations for evacuation to improvised "It is clearly possible that such poten ries of Koreas a.nd Indochinas? It is prob fallout protection. tially dangerous situations could arise again, ably less the fear of a direct U.S. attack with "How effective would such an evacuation and in some of them · we may be deeply, if our current forces than the probability be? involuntarily, involved. (Consider an East in response to such cr1ses-that the United "About 50 million Russians live in the larg German revolt in which a rearmed West States and its ailies will greatly increase both est 135 Soviet cities. If they evacuated, say, Germany felt obligated to intervene, or a their military strength and their resolve. 80 percent of these 50 million to their B United States-Chinese war which became all "The deterrent. effect of this possibility country and left the remainder to operate out.) can be increased by making explicit prep the cities, all essential functions would be "Our retaliatory capability must always be arations for a capability for increasing our maintained . while exposing only about 10 good enough that, even if the Soviets evacu strength very rapidly whenever the other million citizens. Also, having evacuated ate their cities, they will still feel that it is · side provokes us. For example, in June most of the urban population, it would be more risky to strike than to accept what 1950 the United States was engaged in a possible to evacuate those remaining com ever alternative seems in store. • • • great deb~te whether our defense budget paratively easily. "Even, or especially, if the 'balance of ter should be 14, 15, or 16 billion dollars. Along "As lo.ng as our ICBM (intercontinental ror' theory is correct and we don't have to came Korea. Congress quickly authorized ballistic missile) force is small they don't worry about a deliberate Soviet at~ack on the $60 billion, an increase by a factor of 4. even have to do the evacuation before they United States, we are still faced with impor "No matter what successes the Russians launch an attack·. They have time-to do so tant strategic problems. In 1914 and· 1939, had in Korea, that authorization represents before our retaliatory bomber force reaches it was the British who declared war., not the an enormous military defeat for them. the majority of these cities. - Germans. Such a circumstance might arise However, it was almost 3 years before that "Under these circumstances, 1! the Rus again, but, if the 'balance of terror' were authorization was fully translated into in sians strike first and are reasonably success correct, then .we are as likely to be deterred creased budgets and increased military ful, our attack should kill not more than as the Soviets; it is doubtful that the United power. It is very valuable to have a capa 5 or 10 niillion· Russians; probably much less, States would resort to an all-out attack on bility ·to increase .our defense expenditures, unless things go incredibly badly for them. the Soviets, even to correct or avenge major but this capability becomes many times Thus, they might lose only a fraction as Soviet aggression in Europe. more valuable if authorizations can be trans many people as they lost in World War II. "Consider a hypothetical situation in lated into military strength in a year or so. which American defenses were so weak and "If the Russians know that, 1f they allow "Calling a Soviet .bluff Soviet retaliatory forces so strong that, if internatio:p,al relations to deteriorate, we will "'In some tense situation the Soviets could the United . States responded to a · Soviet probably go into an effective crash program, 4eliberately evacuate th~ir A country in order ground attack on Europe, the Soviet counter then they .may be much less willing to let to put the pressure on us. By this they retaliation would kill all 177 million Ameri international' relations deteriorate. make it credible that they intend to go to cans. Suppose, also, that the Russians have "The problem. of course, is: 'Would we war unless we back down. While. this gives forced us to think for a day or so as to have the time to put in a useful program?' us a sort of warning, we may not act on the whether to start a thermonuclear war in For example, phe basic military posture--in warning. We may resolutely ·refuse to be co1d blood in the full consciousness that the . cluding installations-must. be of the proper "bluffed." In any case, unless we are williJilg Russian retaliatory blow will mean the anni sort if it is to be possible to expand it, within to accept a Soviet retaliatory blow, the only hilation of every American. a year or so, to the point where it is prepared practicable counteraction we may have might "Who, if he were President of the United to fight a war in addition to being able to well be to back down or · to put our SAC States, would initiate such a blow? Under deter one. Our current posture is probably (Strategic Air Command) on alert and to such conditions it would not be surprising far from optimum for doing this. evacuate our own cities-an action, inci if neither the Europeans nor the Soviets "Particularly if these preparations were at dentally, for 'which we have made almost found the U.S. promise to come to the aid of least moderately expensive and very explicit, no realistic preparations-in order to try to Europe credible. the Russians might find it credible that we make them back down. . The other possibil "If the Soviets and the Europeans would would initiate and carry through such a pro ity-to make the assumption that they d.on't not believe that we would honor our com gram if they were even provocative, say, on mean what they seem to mean-may be too mitments to our allies if it means 177 mil the scale of Korea or even less. The Rus risky. lion American deaths, what level of casual si~ns would then be presented with three "Such maneuvers are risky for the Soviets ties do they believe we would accept? How alternatives: because we may attack first. But the prob many, indeed, if the decision were -yours, "1. They could strike the United. States, ability of such an attack is small and they would you accept? One hundred million? before the buildup got very far. This might might be willing to face this prospect. If we Fifty million? Ten million? One million? look very unattractive, especially since the don't attack or back down, they may go to It's a hard question, bulldup would ~lmost certainly be accom war. In particular, the Soviets could start "I have discussed this question with some panied by an increased alert and other meas such a wax in any circumstances in whtch EuropeanG, asking them to guess how the ures to reduce the vUlnerability of SAC. the risks of not going to war appear larger American President would act. I have "2. They could try to match the U.S. pro to Khrushchev than going to war. found no European who believed we would gram. This would be very expensive. "Consider a very plausible circumstance, initiative a war if the casualties would be . "3. They could accept a position of in the Hungarian },"evolution, which the Rus niuch over 20 m1llion, and some believed we feriority. This would be serious, since we sians bloodily suppressed. Much pressure would be deterred at less than 2 million. would now have a 'fight the war' capability was applied to the United States to inter dne thoughtful critic thinks we would be as well as a 'deter the war• capability. vene. • • • deterred just at the prospect of the Russians "In all cases the cost and -risk of their "Assume that we had acced.ed to that pres destroying 5 or 10 empty cities. provocation would have been increased, and sure and intervened. The Russians would "Published unclassified estimates of the it is not at all unlikely that the Soviets would then ha;ve been faced with three fairly amoUnt o! damage that the United States take these extra costs and risks into ac serious choices·: . would suffer in a war generally run around count before they attempt provocation. If 446 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January ·t3 they were not deterred, then we could launch budget by a factor or two really -would mean "No matter how inimical the ·Soviets feel into the crash program ao that we would some sort of immediate bankruptcy or other toward us, they have common interests with be in a position to correct the results of their financial catastrophe, then the ·Russians can us in this· field. This does not mean that past provocation or at least. sl:> that they: present :us with alternatives which may in they will not try to use the common threat would be deterred, in ·the future, from ex the end result in their getting the diplo to obtain unilateral advantages: it · just ploiting these results. matic,· political, and foreign-pollcy victory. means that there is an important area for "'Nc :: d: 'Limited-war program' . It is important that we understand.our own bargaining here and one which we must fully strength. exploit. "It might be particularly valuable to have "Conclusions "As a prerequisite to exploiting it we must credible and explicit plans to institute an "Even if we have acquired the highest do our homework. We must know what we adequate civil-defense program and a quality deterrence capability, we must still are trying to achieve, the kind of concessions limited-war program. The institution of a have a capability for fighting and surviving that we can afford to give; the kind of con crash program would make it very credible wars as long as it is possible to have such a cessions that we insist on getting from the to the R~sians, our allies, and neutrals that capability. This is true not only because it Soviets. All of this will require, among we would go to war at an-appropriate level if is prudent to take out insurance against a other things, much-higher-quality prepara we were provoked again. war occurring unintentionally, but also be tions for . negotiations than ·have been "It is important to understand that we cause we must be able to stand up to the common. · · - have this asset, the ability to spend large sums of money rather rapidly. - · threat of fighting a war or even be able to "Aside from the ideOlOgical differences and credibly threaten to wage war ourself. We the problem of security itself, there does "Let us, for example, assume a new Berlin must have an "alternative to peace," as crisis • • • It would be most- improbable not !;leem to be any objective -quarrel be long as we don't have a world government tween the United State-s and Russia that that we would wage a war if the Russians and as .long as it is technologically and gradually put the squeeze on Berlin. Never justifies the risks and costs that we subject economically possible to have one. each other to. The big thing that the Soviet theless, in all likelihood State Department "Under current programs the United negotiators negotiating with the Russians Union and the United States have to fear States may not be willing in a few years to from each other is fear itself. • • • · will try to tell them that they couldn't afford accept a Soviet retaliatory blow, no matter to push us out of Berlin because in some what the provocation. The occurrence of "But, even if it were conceded that all we vague way we will do· .something· very vio such a situation is equivalent to breaking have to ~ear is fear itself, this would not lent; that we would use our military forces. our alliance obligations and signing a non . imply that the problem is simple or easy., But our negotiators would be afraid to spell aggression treaty with the Soviets-a non or even that it can be eliminated by any· our threat out, for nothing that they could aggression treaty ' with almost 200 mil kind of arrangements that are practical for spell out would be credible. lion American hostages to guarantee the next decade or so; it' is only to say that "Even today the Russians have told ·.ts performance. there dp not seem to be any fundamental that, if we send soldiers, they will kill them; "Since it now seems most unlikely that blocks ~o ~aking things more manageable that, if we send tanks, they will burn them, the Soviet menace will go away by itself and safer than is the current arrangement,. and that they can deter us from an all-out and since we have eschewed preventive war namely, an almost uncontrolled arms race war, because they · have rockets trained on as a possibility, we must seek the solution to ameliorated by some vague implicit· agree our cities. The Soviets are saying that, at our problems along the path of some degree ments and unilateral practices. any level of violence that we. care to use, of coexistence or collaboration. "Progress is so fast, the problems are so they can either meet that level on the spot "If we are to do this effectively, we must unprecedented and the lead times for cul or promise such a severe punishment that t.ural assimilation so long that it is difficult we wlll be deterred. The Russians have also appear extremely competent to the Soviet leaders. They must feel that we are putting to believe that muddling through will work. pointed out that Berlin is a chess game, We will need much better mechanisms for· not a poker game; that everybody can see adequate attention and resources into meet ing our military, political, and economic forward thinking, for imaginative research ~hat our position is. problems. This is not a question of at into problems of strategy and foreign policy, "If the Soviets are right, that our only for anticipating future developments and alternatives are violence or defeat--where tempting to bargain from strength, but one of looking so invulnerable to blackmail and for planning to meet them than we have defeat would be an acceptance of some new had. and unsatisfactory status of Berlin-then aggressive tactics that Soviet leaders will "These mechanisms can be made available~ the Soviets could probably be successful in feel it is worth while to make· agreements and foolish not to. · The tools actually or potentially available talking us into adopting a face-saving to the analyst, planner, and decision maker, method of losing Berlin, rather than one "How Russians see U.S. leaders both organizational and technical, are many which made it clear to all that we have suf "One _gets the impression that up to about . orders of magnitude better than anything fered a serious defeat. 1956 or 1957, the average senior Russian did we have had before; it is just barely possible "In actual fact,_we have some very strong have an enormous respect for U.S. 'planners that, with-a determined effort by large num-· cards to play, but if we do not know what and decision makers-a respect which they bers of responsible people, we can achieve these cards are we may be tricked out of have now begun to lose. Many of the com enough to make a significant difference. playing them. ments they make on remarks that some of The survival of out civilization may depend "If we refuse to accept a face-saving de our milltary and political leaders have made on this effort being made. Let us hope that feat and, in fact, force the Russians to rub are contemptuous--and, a sober examina it can be done." our noses in the dirt, then it would be clear tion indicates, properly contemptuous. In to all in NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Or the precarious present and the even more "UNITED STATES NOW FACING ITS GREAT DANGER ganization·] and the United States that un precarious future it would be well to go to THIS WARNING. IS CONTAINED IN A NEW OFFI• less we· do something spectacular to re~over some trouble not only to be competent as ClAL REPORT: THE UNITED STATES IS NOW OPEN the situation, the NATO nations can no an antagonist to the Russians, but to look TO A DEVASTATING NUCLEAR ATTACK-RUSSIA'S longer rely on us for any kind of protection. competent. LEAD IN MISSILES IS SEEN AS CONFRONTING "Under these circumstances the U.S. Gov "Ideally, winning the cold war would mean THE UNITED STATES WITH THE GREATEST DAN• ernment would have to go into enormous GER J:~ ITS HISTOR~ defense budgets, probably close tO at least _the establishment of peaceful democratic and pro~perous nations everywhere and the "(Here is an official report on the peril that $100 billion a year level. These defenSe complete elimination of all international menaces this Nation in this age of missiles budgets would be d~signed not only to im confilcts of greater significance than those and nuclear bombs. It was made for the plement our . current forces but also to buy that, for example, occasionally plague United Senate Foreign Relations Con;unittee by the large limited-war forces, and to buy things Washington Center of Foreign Policy Re like civil defense and the corresponding mil States-British relations. "No sober student of the international search of Johns Hopkins University. Re itary forces that would give us a credible searchers at Johns Hopkins have been making capab1lity for initiating a war if a hum111at scene visualizes anything of this sort occur ring. Even a more limited. objective, .the studies of military problems for the U.S. Gov ing crisis should be repeated. ernment for many years. Following are ex "There will also, under these circum attainment of a physical security that is independent of Soviet good will, is probably cerpts from the report, released by the stances, be enormous pressure on the NATO Senate committee on December 6, 1959:) nations to combine into an even tighter alli unattainable. • • • But the situation is worse than 'this. It "The military position of the United States ance and to mol:>1lize their resources for has declined in the short span of 15 years their defense also. This would mean that._ is most -unlikely that the world can live with an uncon¥"olled arms race lasting for several from one of WlChallenged security to that of as in Korea, even 1f we lost Berlin in the a nation both open and vulnerable to direct military sense, the Russians would have lost decades. It is not that we could not match . and devastating attack. this particular campaign. While Berlin is Soviet expenditures; it is simply that, as important both · ethically, . politically and technology advances, as weapons become "This decl~ne coincides with the rising even resourcewise, its loss would not com more powerful and more diverse, it is most military power of the Soviet Union, but the pare to the greatly increased power on the . likely that there -will have to be at least Soviet challenge could not have been made side of the West, . . . . . i:tp.plicit agFeements on their use, distribu with such swiftness and _success were it not "This is the threat we .have against the . tion and character if we are not to run un for developments in mil1tary technology· en Russians. If we don't know that we have acceptably high risks of unauthorized or abling that nation to threaten the security this threat, if we believe that increasing the irresponsible behavior. of the continental United Statts. . - 1960 CONGRESSIONA-L RECORD- HOUSE 447 ·"The advent of the nuclear-missile weap "These agents pr~sent ancillary civil and "Maximum disarmament, down to the ons.generation, heralded by the Soviet ICBM mUitary defense problems, and ~y add to level of national pollee forces, is not synony (intercon tinen tal balllstlc missile] test of the difficulties of arms control, but their mous with maximum stab1lity and may in August 1957 brought a drastic compression present m1litary utility has been exaggerated. fact be inconsistent with it. of the time required for the delivery of "What United States can gain in space "In a - totally <:lisarmed world, even a nuclear explosives at intercontinental ranges small num·ber of secreted or clandestinely and a corresponding reduction in the attack "Operational satellite and satelloid space manufactured nucle!l-r weapons could dis warning time available to the victim of systems promise to become ava~lable in con rupt the international order .and allow one strategic aggression. siderable numbers and sophistication during power to dominate its more trusting adver "These effects, added to the fact that there the next decade. saries. is as yet no active defense whatsoever against "Their military employment for reconnais-. "It is doubtful that any devisable, much an intercontinental ballistic missile in flight, sance missions, attack warning, and the fa less agreeable, inspection system could dis have gravely increased the temptations to cilitation of communications, navigation and close such violations with a sufficient degree strike first in a nuclear war. · weather prediction wm be of relative advan of certainty. "They have also made an opponent's tage to the United States in view of its exist "International disputes over vital political ing needs for intelligence of the Soviet Union and economic issues would, in any event, be manned-bomber force highly vulnerable to and the management of globally deployed surprise attack by the side that first achieves likely to lead to the resumption of a hectic forces. arms race and, in the final analysis, military a comprehensive strategic missile arm. "Their use for these missions will, however, "Should the Soviets be the first to do so power and technology would still decide the sharpen existing tensions between the Uni1jed outcome. · · and this now appears likely'-the marked States and the Soviet Union and provide first-strike advantage now attributed to our "It is highly unlikely that · any foolproof fruitful sources of new ones. arms-control and inspection system can be Strategic Air Command would transfer to "It appears highly unlikely that these prob them. devised or that absolute stability is attain lems can be avoided, or solved, by a distinc able by the most strenuous of efforts in this· "It is this possibility that disturbs those tion between mUitary and peaceful uses of who see in the missile gap of the early 1960's direction. But there are sound reasons for space. . believing that it is in the interest of the the greatest danger to its security that the. "The employment of manned orbiting United States h,as ever faced. United States, the Soviet Union, and other vehicles, and of such maneuverable space- · members of the world community to achieve "It is unlikely that the United States could craft as may be developed in this period, ap close the anticipated missile gap, or appre as high a degree of nuclear stabllity as pos pears capable of radically altering the pres sible in the next decade. ciably shorten this dangerous transitional ent strategic balance only under conditions period, merely by accelerating the produc which do not, as yet, appear probable. "As Russia's strength grows tion of our present strategic weapons. "The unprecedented level of destruction "Increasing Soviet strategic capabilities "Progress in military technology will con that even the aggressor must expect to suffer are reducing the deterrent value of U.S. tinue at an accelerating rate during the next in a thermonuclear exchange is the princi strategic nuclear power. decade, increasing both the performance of pal stabilizing factor in the strategic equa "The possibility of a Soviet surprise attack individual weapons systems and the number tion today, and is likely to remain so for on the United States cannot be ruled out of systems that it becomes feasible to de- the decade ahead. There may remain great as long as the American retaliatory force, velop. · military advantages in striking first, but, composed predominantly of. manned bomb "The arms race is likely to be of such while the aggressor must accurately dellver ers" on unhardened, immobile, and uncon scope and intensity as to provide each of a large number of weapons on military tar cealed bases, remains extremely vulnerable the two great adversaries with repeated gets to triumph, a much smaller number C?f to a missile attack. chances to seize an important lead in areas weapons landing on his industrial and "While the Soviets .may never achieve an to which they assign priority. civilian complexes may rob him of the fruits assured ability to knock out SAC [Strategic "It does not now appear possible to de of victory. Air Command], conceivably they might pre velop active or passive defense systems ca "Opposing this s.tabilizing influence, how fer someday to risk the damage a crippled pable· of fully protecting large areas from ever, are structural instabilities stemming SAC could inflict on them rather · than to nuclear attack, or even to provide those from the characteristics and interaction of risk the dangers of not striking first at the point targets whose locations are known to modern weapons systems, instabilities aris American strategic force. the enemy with invulnerability to multi ing from differences of timing in the devel "Even during the period of its great vul megaton weapons. opment or deployment of weapons, policy nerability, American retallatory power re "A high degree of national security is instabilities r~sulting from the use of war tains considerable deterrent value because of therefore likely to remain a goal unobtain threats. by powerful adversaries, and insta the uncertai:tlties discouraging a Soviet first - • able by military means alone during the · bilities inherent in the spread of strategic strike. next decade. The protection of retaliatory nuclear weapons to a growing number of "However, American security must remain power will continue to depend heavily on the nation-states. · precarious unless SAC's present vulnerabil multiplication, dispersal and, later, the mo "Characteristics of today's strategic-weap ity is remedied within a short period of bilizing of strategic-weapons systems. ons systems which tend toward instability time." "To assume that the level of mutual de include their vulnerability to surprise at struction now possible from a total nuclear tack, the relatively low effectiveness of active RoCKEFELLER STUDY-"POSSIBILITY OF WAR war, or the magnitude and intensity of the defense systems, and the hair trigger MUST BE FACED" accompanying radioactive fallout, is suffi characteristics of warning and reaction sys The danger of Soviet superiority in arms ciently· high to make nuclear war suicidal-- tems that make possible a war by accident is discussed in a report on "The Mid-Century and therefore impossible--is but to evade the or miscalculation. Challenge to U.S. Foreign Policy," publlshed most serious military problem that this "Differences between adversaries in the December 7 by the Rockefeller · ·Brothers Nation has ever faced. time-phasing of weapons systems may tempt Fund, Inc. It is based on a study by a panel "The initiation. of total ·war may be made an aggressive power to exploit a temporary headed by Dean Rusk, former Assistant Sec increasingly hazardous for the potential ag but powerful mUitary advantage before it retary of State. Excerpts.follow: gressor, but it will remain a course open to evaporates or transfers to his enemy. "A foreign policy which devoted itself ex him for at least the next decade. "The fact that modern strategic-weapons clusively to avoiding war would neglect the "The United States, as the potential victim systems take many years to develop and de . constructive aspects out of which a. true . of ·such an attack, should have the ability to ploy in adequate :numbers makes it difficult peace must develop. A free . nation ·which fight such a war in ·a ratimial manner and to avoid such instabilities through prompt sought nothing but peace would gain peace should give the most serious consideration compensatory action. only at the price of its freedom. • • • to those civil-defense measures requisite to ·"The United States could do. much to "The possibility of war must be faced. the protection and recovery of its population. achieve a substantial degree of nuclear sta • • • The nature of the present situation "Foreseeable progress in nuclear engineer bility in the decade ahead regardless of what offers no escape. · ing wm· make possible a reduction in the the Soviet Union does, or does not, agree "The possibility cannot be ruled out that costs, and consequent increase in the avail to do. the Soviet leadership, if it secures a clear abUity, of fissile materials. "Means appropriate to this objective would superiority in the arms race, will use this "Such achievements can be expected to include the variegation, dispersal and pro advantage .to blackmail or to attack its major facilitate the nuclearizing of small wars, the tection of United States retallatory weapons opponent without warning. That possibility nuclear arming of allies, and the spread of to reduce the Soviet temptations to strike must at all costs be forestalled. nuclear power to additional countries. first; mechanical safeguards to moderate the "Under present conditions, and for as long "It seems unlikely, however, that these dangers of accidental war, and changes as necessary, the strength of the Western effects will be significantly asymmetrical in in our policies and military capabilities that deterrent mus'; be maintained, with clear their impact on the U.S.-U.S.S.R. power lessen the free world's present dependence realization that this cannot be done · easily equation. on nuclear threats for its security. or once and for all. "Progress in chemical and biol~gical "Proposals for total disarmament, such as "The abolition of arms has been once more weaponry is still far from the point where those recently made by the Soviet Union, · proposed by . the Soviet Government. toxicological warfare could be considered of should be approached in this regard with Whether the proposal is serious is open to strategic decisiveness. caution. doubt. • * • 448 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOUSE January 13 •"Negotiatiolls ttlust test whether there are attitudes taken, · the opinions held, . the : Were ther,e time I co~ld __ cite a great mant sufficiently significant changes hi the Rus.;; courses of action proposed in 1959. · _ : instances in" which distinguished citizens ~ian posi.tion to make it possible: to move to-· ·. There IS risk ln )this apprbach for we ftnd, with doctor of philosophy degrees earned in ward a mutually acceptable plan for dis· ourselves balancing precariously on the nar some:of America's foremost universities have armament. • • •. : row line ·between: a maze of legal technica1i· been denied the right to regis,ter and to vote "Persistent and unremitting efforts to ties on the one ·hand, and a mass of general on the flimsiest of excuses, the actual reason achieve step-by-step control and reduction 1ties o~ the o~her. being that they are Negroes. of arms should ·not blind the United States. · We learned of· doctors, lawyers, school 1 to the really fundamental issues. involved. • THE COMMISSION ON cxvn. RIGHTS . teac.hers, . r~gi~ter_ed .nurses, and successful If the control of arms becomes effective on. The establishment of the· Commission on businessmen being denied the right to reg-: a broad scale, it will almost certainly be b'e- Civil Rights is of itself of real significanc~ ister an~ to vote, simply because they are cause international institutions will have de-· rn history inasmuch as the act creating it Negroes. · veloped greatly .in scope and authority over approved by the Congress in 1957 was the - We learned of courageous young men who the coming years. · first national civil rights bill passed since h,ave fought in our country's defense, and "This underlying, basic soviet danger [of 1875. The act, while much compromised who will carry crippling battle scars all of expanding . Communist power and isolation during the enactment process, does repre-: their lives, who are being denied the right tO Qf the J]I).ited States] has not been as· well sent a determination to come to grips with vote, just because their skins are black. understood in the ·united States as lt should a thorny problem that has been with us for· It should shock you to learn that today, iri be. Certa.lnly . the situation .will · not be more than 300 years. Dooember 1959, there are at least 16 counties changed by a lull in the crises which. · There is cause to wo"nder why 82 years in the United States in which one-third or have served to keep ·the United States snould pass after 1875 before we again turned i:nore of the population is nonwhite in which awake. • • • · : our attention as a nation to this vexsome hot a single nonwhite is perm1tted·to registet "In any case, the. free world, as a basic issue, for the matter of civil rights concerns· to vote . . In a . fa,r larger num~r of counties tenet of policy, must not permit the Com- the fundamental precepts and principles up With very substantial numbers of Negro citi· munist states to extend their rule. on which our democratic system is being, zens, only a token-and ~ very small token-. "The United States cannot accept, under painfully built, day after day and year after number are permitted to vote . the guise of compromise or the easing of year. Until these issues are finally r_esolved,. . These nonwhite citizens live useful lives; tensions, measures which would abandon we cannot truthfully claim that our ideal pay taxes, serve in our .military forces, and. West Berlin to ·communist rule, dissolve istic, courageous experiment in self-govern- Y,et they are denied the right to any voice in, NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- ment has been wholly successful, nor predict the conduct of a Government they .support tion], allow West Germfl-ny to fall within the that the American dream will ever be fully with their taxes and are willing to defend Soviet orbit, or otherwise undermine the free realized. Perhaps the very complexity of the with their lives if need be. · · states of Europe. • • • , issues, or their emotional overtones, have · This is indefensible. The-record is clear. "Possibillties must be kept open, but the made us reluctant to face up to the fact that. The facts are undisputed .. The case has been West cannot afford to accept illusory there has indeed been a serious hiatus be made. It remains to be seen whether we will agreements." . tween promise and performance ln our have the courage and good sense to do some- democracy. . thing about it: · · · However that may be, the Congress did Early in its work, the Commission. deCided ClVIL RiqHTS take a meaningful if tentative step forward to concentrate upon two other areas in.wliich in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1957. there wa.a subs.tantial reason to believe· that. Mr. MOORE. Mr-. Speaker, I ask And, as if anticipating that subsequent de-· equal protection of the law was not being unanimous consent that the gentleman bate might grow too violent without the extended to all citi2;ens equally. These were from Michigan [Mr.' BENTLEY] may ex restraining force of fact, it created the Coni-' education and 'housing. ' · . tend his remarks ·at this point in the mission on Civil Rights as a fact-finding , · This decision was taken deliberately in full RECORD and include an address. 'Qody with authority and responsibillty to r~alization that there were many other areas The SPEAKER. :i:s there objection inquire and to report, but without authority worthy of attention, including the use of· to the reqQest of the gentleman from : to take corrective or enforcement action. public accommodations, the administration· ~ealization that the Commission is thus re of justice, the content of school curriculums. YV est Virginia? stricted in its activities is essential to any in· which civil rights are stuc;lied, employment_ There was no objection. fair appraisal of its work to date. It has no practices, discrimination in transportation Mr. BENTLEY. Mr. Speaker, I am other answer to those who are critical be and in labor union membership, to name a . including in my remarks an address cause it has not done something to amelio f~w. - given on December 6, 1959, in New York rate the situation. , But the lifetime of the Commission then . City by Dr. John A. Hannah, ·president ';rhe Congress specifically directed the b.eing Umited to some 1~ monthS,-it was de of Michigan State University and Chair Commission to make inquiry into repeated . cided to undertake· extensive investigation · allegations that some citizens were being into voting as spelled out by the· 9ongres- : man of· the- Commission on Civil Rights. deprived of their right to register, vote, and · sional eaict and two other .areas of education Dr. Hannah's address was the first in have their votes counted by reason of their and housing only. The Commission felt that . the series of .Jacob M. Alson Lectures · color, race, religion, or national origin, and these were key areas_ sponsored by the Anti-Defamation to make appropriate recommendations for Now that the life of the Commission has . League and is indeed an ·excellent and action if these allegations were found to be been extended for another 2 years, it pro- ., comprehensive speech on the problem of justified by fact. ppses to venture into some other areas but . civil rights; . · By this directive, the Congress indicated Will continue to place. its first emphasis on The address follows: · that voting is a key issue. If government vothig,· education, and "housing.' derives its just powers· from the consent of · How shocking the situation is in one of the .ADDRESS BY JOHN A. HANNAH, PRESIDENT, . the governed, and votes are the accepted ex- areas to which the Commission proposes to · ' MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, AND CHAIR- _ presslons Of the people's Wlll, then dental Of address its attention-the adm1n1strat1on or MAN, COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS, ALSON the right to vote constitutes an intolerable justice-was vividly portrayed recently when LECTURESHIP, ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, subversion of national self-interest. tbe Attorney General of the United States NEW YORK CITY, DECEMBER 6, 1959 There is no need to labor this point. All reported an exhaustive investigation into a . It is a great honor to pe permitted to in- intelligent, objective Americans will sub- murder of a Negro in a State in which the augurate the Jacob M. Alson Lectures, and scribe to this philosophy, for they appreciate grand jury failed to take any action despite this, the first in the series, is presented in how precious the right to vote is to them. the fact that all the evidence necessary to the hope that it will contribute to a better I believe that most of us understand, even indict the participants in this revolting crime understanding of the whole complex problem though dimly at times, that when one man's had been submitted to local authorities. of civil rights, and help to justify the found- right to vote is denied,. every man's right to The Commission turned its attention to · er's belief that wisdom will grow out of vote is thereby jeopar.dized. education for a number of pressing reasons. 1 understanding. Suffice it for our purposes today to · say The first was that great public interest had Your officers were generous in their that on the basis of affidavfts, investigation, . been aroused.by. the Supreme Court's.declsion demarcation of the area for discussion. They and hearings, the Commission found and against school segregation; and in matters reflected the broad interests of this organi- reported to the President and the Con of public policy, public interest is an essen zation, which has stood for so long in the gress that qualified Americans-and many, tiil1 to informed public action. The second forefront of the struggle to free men's minds many thousands of them-are in fact being was because, in the words of the report, "The of the intolerance and prejudice which are denied the right to vote because they are American system of public education must at the root of our civil rights problems. members of the Negro race, and for no other · be preserved without impairment be<:ause an This lecture will be in two parts. The reason. This deprivation is being accom educated cit izenry is the mainstay of the first will deal briefly with the Commission pUshed through the creation of legal im-: ' Republic . and. fllll educational opportunity on Civil Rights; The second will be an pediments, administrative obstacles, and for each and every citizen is America's major attempt to give historical perspective to to- sometimes through positive discouragement defense against the world threat to freedom." day's situation. Some knowledge of history engendered by fears ' of economic reprisal The 'third, unexpressed but none the less makes . it easter to account for some of the and physical harm. ' compelling, was that traditionally we have 1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 449 looked to education. to free men's minds of · would be an ·efftont '00 human dignity for ship are not raised, new neighborhoods wlll intolerance and pre.judlce, and we must. lookr any- one group of Americans to be restricted degenerate into slums. to education. to work its slow but certain to wearing only hand-me-down clotblng, or . Let Us turn now to a consideration of a miracles in the whole broad area of civil to .eating the leftovers of other's food. Like few of the historical facts without which rights if we are to make substantial progress. food .and Clothing, housing is ·an essential we cannot hope to understand the true na toward achievement of our national ideals. of life; yet most nonwhite American families ture of the situation in which we find our The fourth was because the Commission felt · have ilo choice but secondhand homes in selyes as we approach the close of our that it could make a valuable contribution the most congested and least desirable sec second century of existence as a Nation, by identifying the factors and influences that . tions of our cities. The results can be seen born in revolution and dedicated to the resulted in public acceptance of school de in high rates of disease, fire, juvenile delin e~olutlonary process as a political philosophy. segregation in some communities and com q-uency, crime, and social demoralization · motion and chaos in others. among those forced to live in such condi n. CIVIL RIGHTS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Here, too, the Commission made findings tions. A nation dedicated to respect for the An enlightened audience such as this must of the fact and submitted recommenda human dignity of every individual should be presumed to have familiarity with the tions to the President and the Congress. not permit such conditions to continue. great · basic documents of American history, The report states that "the problem is how · In making its preliminary recommenda but at times great public debates over issues to- comply with the Supreme Court decision tions for corre.ction of abuses in the field of of general concern drive us back to our books while preserving and even improving public housing, the Commission was encouraged to refresh our memories and to adjust our education. The ultimate choice of each by its observations of what has been ac perspectives. Such is the case today when State (and community) is between finding complished in some places, including here the American people are coming to grips reasonable ways of ending compulsory seg in New York and in Atlanta. There are high again with the matter of hqw to make prac regation in its schools or abandoning its walls of racial and religious bigotry still tice fit theory in the field of civil rights. system of free public education." to be torn down, but this is one area in What, they properly ask, is our funda Events and developments of recent months which we can justifiably hope for substantial mental philosophy in this matter? What do have verified the validity of that analysis. improvement in: the years immediately the documents s~y? What does the record Let us turn quickly now to a brief com ahead. show? ment on the housing problem, the third area One basis for this justification is that · Basic to a11 our political thinking is the of major concern to the Commission in the · the Federal, State, and municipal govern Declaration of Independence, the revolu-· early months of its operations. Voting ments are so intimately and actively con tionary manifesto that still amazes us by its rights and schoo.l segregation have long been cerned through slum-clearance and rehabill daring, its eloquence, its timelessness. recognized as issues of paramount impor tation programs of such size as to be heavily You will recall that the Declaration opens tance, but it was not until comparatively lnfiuential. We have recognized slums as an with what the leaders of the revolution recently that we recogniZed that how men intolerable social disgrace, and we are setting against kingly tyranny considered to be a live is affected to a great degree by the ex about eliminating them. Machinery already catalog of fundamental human liberties as tent to which equal protection of the law is in motion and likely to be put in motion bid they understood them to be after years of extend..ed to them. Our concern is. height fair to bring about a great improvement in s'tudying the writings of the social philoso ened by the evidence coming in day after· the housing situation in the foreseeable fu phers who gave to those times the name of day as to the effect of poor housing on ture. Another reason for optimism results the Age of Enlightenment. They asserted juvenile delinquency, crime rates, and other from the fact that the Federal Government flatly and unequivocably their fundamental social 1lls. is so heavily committed in the financing and belief in one Creator who had endowed His' Housing conditions 'and practices are o~ mortgage guaranteeing of such a .Substan human creatures equally. They declared particular importance because abuses here· tial proportion of all new housing-and cer . that from this endowed equality there fiowed do not tend to be concentrated in one sec tainly there is no justification for our Gov political rights to life, liberty, and the pur tion of the country, but are plainly evident ernment itself practicing or encouraging suit of happiness. They espoused the theory in most of our large ci"!;ies everyw:p.ere. Hous housing discrimination. that governments have no inherent powers, ing is no se<:tional problem; ~t is one with In the few busy months of its existence, but derive them from the consent of the which all of us are immediately and un the Civil Rights Commission has learned governed. comfortably concerned. I say "uncomfort that the basic problem is one of securing· · The second great controlling document is, ably" because as Julius Pringle of South .. the full rights of American citizenship to of course, our Constitution. Its preamble Carolina said to his northern countrymen those being denied in any degree "that vital' ·dedicates the Constitution to the establish-· in the days just before the Civil War: recognition of human dignity, the equal ment of justice in the new nation, and to "To preach distant reform is very cheap protection of the laws." It has learned that, securing the blessings of hard-won political· philanthropy-the cheaper in proportion to by and large, the problem is a racial prob liberty to the people of the new country. the distance. The feeling of self-satisfaction l'em. The children and grandchildren of the These had been cataloged in general terms exists without the necessity of personal waves of immigrants from the nations of in the Declaration of Independence. sacrifice." · Europe; reared a1;1d educated as Americans, ' The great American experiment in demo All of us know how much easier it is to have dispersed and strengthened our com- cratic sel!-government has always had a. say "they should do something about it" munities everywhere. Discrimination, once fascinating attraction for political scientists than to admit "we should do something widespread and ·victimizing ·Americans for and social philosophers in other lands. We about it." In housing, all Americans have reasons of race, religion, national origin, and have attracted many foreign observers to the problem on their doorsteps or in their economies, is now largely concentrated upon QUr shores, and we have found our full share ·front yards, and here more than Negroes are our 18 million Negro citizens. of critics among thenr. Some of the ob involved. Her·e in New York, for example, .. It is not surprising that· this is so, for &ervers-notably the Frenchman de Tocque you have the matter of the Puerto Ricans many social philosophers have pointed out vllle and the Englishman Lord Bryce--have as well as of the Negroes in your midst, and. over the years that the existence of a sizable themselves contributed to our store of members of this organi~ation certainly know Negro minority has been "the acid test of knowledge about ourselves, and their works well that rellglous as well as racial discrim-· American democracy." have in time become listed among our basic !nation may play a forceful role in deciding · In part this is the old problem of the. American documents. · who shall live whete. Chicago, as an ex vicious circle. Slavery, economic dlscrimina-· More recently, a renowned Swedish social ample, has its problems with more .than 1· tlon, and second-class citizenship have de-' scientist, Gunnar Myrdal, has contributed to million Negroes living within its city limits, moralized a considerable portion of those foreign observation of the American scene. Including a very large number who have fled suffering these injustices, and the consequent His study of the Negro in American society, the discrimination of the South to find little demoralization has 'then been seen by others' sponsored by the Carnegie corporation and improvement in the North. The west coast, as an excuse for continuing some o! the very published in 1944 under the title of "An where our Commission will hold hearings conditions that cause the · demoralization. American Dilemma," bears the significant late next month, wrestles with the additional . The fundamental interrelationships among subtitle, "The Negro Problem and Modern troublesome task of dealing equitably with the subjects of voting, education, and hous Democracy." This is a monumental work large numbers of Mexican-Americans and.. ing make it impossible for the problem to wen worth reading. Its opening chapters Americans of oriental descent. Some com be solved by the improvement of any one bear especially on the matter of . historical munities find themselves troubled by the factor alone. If the right to vote is secured backgrounds of social conditions as he found records of their treatment of American In but there is not equal opportunity in educa tion and housing, the value of that right will them to be in the course of his scholarly dians. Housing is a problem of greater di study. Myrdalis important to us because his versity and range tllan perhaps any other ~ be discounted by apathy and ignorance. If is the most recent comprehensive study by a thip whole civil rights area. ~ompulsory discrimination is ended in pub The problem is epitomized in one passage lic education, but children continue to be competent foreign observer of one facet of from the Commission's report that I would brought up in slums and restricted areas. the question with which we are dealing like to call to your attention. of racial concentration, the con'ditions for today. Housing, tt is pointed out, seems to be good education and good citizenship will He is another of those who sees the Negro the one commodity, in the American mar still not obtain. If decent housing is made problem as central to the whole issue of the ltet .that is not freely available . on equal available to nonwhites on equal terms eventual success Qf our democratic experi terms to ·everyone who. can a1Iord to pay. It but their edu~ation and habits of c~tizen- ment. In his words "the Negro problem in CVI--29 450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 13 America represents a moral lag in the devel pensity to self-criticism, which sometimes the statute books, the rights Of free men opment of the Nation, and a study of it amazes and pains our friends and gives aid were in -jeopardy." Zealousness t() protect must record nearly everything which is bad and comfort to our enemies, as today when those rights earned converts to the anti and wrong in America." Because of the re world communism capitalizes upon our slavery cause, and events rushed on to the cency of his study, and because the disin· struggles with our own racial problems. ultimate disaster of war. . terested though friendly analysis he makes But viewed in retrospect, our history is one One might apologize for injecting·so much is so appropriate, I will draw heavily upon of great overall progress toward the ideal history into this discussion were it not that his report. istic goals which we hold constantly before the problems of today are inextricably tied Myrdal pays his sincere tri'bute to what. our eyes. into events and developments of the past. he terms the American Creed which, he says, Take as one example the extension pf the Indeed, we need look back to ancient Greece is so generally approved and applauded by voting franchise. At the end of the Revolu for some of our references, for it was Aris all citizens that it explains the periods of tion we were a nation of approximately totle who proclaimed that some men were torment through which we pass periodically 3,250,000. More than 1 million were not natural slaves, fit for no other role in ·life. as we try our honest best to make reality free-they were slaves or bondsmen. Of the His ideal State was ruled by an elite leisure out of idealistic theory. "America," he 2 million free citizens, not more than 120,000 class of ·small size, its wants and necessities writes, "is continuously .struggling for its were allowed to vote. The others were dis supplied by slaves and a middle class of arti.. soul." enfranchised becaues they were women, or sans skilled in their crafts but not in poli• He says later that "for practical purposes did not own property of sufficient value, or tics. the main norms of the American Cre~d as for other reasons. The influence of Aristotle's thinking was usually ·pronounced are centered in the be· Today, the right to vote in most of America enormous. This philosophy was such oon:. lief in equality and in the rights to liberty" is almost universal. Property qualifications venient comfort to those who wanted to ra as expo~ded in the Declaration, in the Con have been eliminated save for token poll tionalize conquest, plunder, and empire stitution, and in the Bill of Rights. Our taxes, and women have won the right to th~ building. blueprint for national existence was, he de ballot. Indeed, the lag in Negro voting in We are told by Lewis Hanke in ·his new clares, the most liberal and enlightened some sections of the South is almost the sole book, "Aristotle and the American Indians," charter yet devised. · remaining disfiguring blot on a record of how a great debate was staged in Spain in Lawyers often appeal to the Constitution which to be proud. By this margin do we the middle of the 16th century in an in their contests in the modern day, but in still fall short of our goal. attempt to reconcile divergent views towards the courts of public opinion the appeal is We could cite many other significant ad treatment of the Indians being encountered more often to the principles of the Declara vances in social reforms: child labor laws, by soldiers of the Spanish King in their con tion and even beyond to what for want of a the abolition of flogging in the military serv quests in the. New World .. Was it right to better term has often been cited as "the ices, our changed penological practices, our make war upon and enslave the he.athen In higher law." The Declaration itself ap more humane treatment of the insane, pro- . dians? Some said it was, and cited Aris pealed to "the· laws of Nature and of Na visions for care of the indigent at public totle as the great authority. Others dis ture's God" and "to the Supreme God of the cost, social security laws, labor legislation, puted this view on grounds of humanitari World for the rectitude of our intentions·." public support of educa,tion and scholarly anism, some even daring to claim that the Looking at these living documents in research, and many others. It is a record Indians had a respectable . culture and reli retrospect, we of this day can clearly see justifying both pride in what we have done gion of their own, and were responsible that what the founders of our Nation did as a people, and hope that we will continue human beings deserving to be treated as was to set up for their new country a set of to make steady progress toward our lofty such. standards-of ideals-so lofty as to be al goals. Quite incidentally, we. find something of most beyond attainment but so attractive One of Professor Myrdal's most penetrating Aristotle's view coloring today the arguments that they would serve as a constant chal observations is that as a people, we are of those who seem to be otherwise intelli lenge to men of good will, so promising that marked by a high degree of disrespect for gent Americans who would have us educate. they would inspire heroic efforts. to achieve the law. He points out that when we as only an intellectual elite and who · would them, so closely in harmony with that which individuals think a law is wrong, oppressive have us set up an intellectual aristocracy on is divine in thinking man that any discord· or unjust, we tend to disobey it, and feel no · the questionable theory that only the bril· ant notes would leave him unhappily dis particular twinges of conscience, justifying liant should inherit the earth. . satisfied and discontented until he had our behavior on a sort of built-in system of But enough of history. It is hoped that found a way to silence them forever. appeals to a higher unwritten law. these sketchy references will sumce to prove The Founding Fathers were not content We need look no farther back in our his that we are n.ot dealing with new problems with voicing lofty idealism. Being eminently tory than to the 18th amendment for the and hence are not curseq by fate beyond all practical men who had risked .their lives in classic illustration. That was added to our previous generations. We are instead in the revolution against a power.ful king · and Constitution in perfectly proper legal form, stream of history in this .as in all other growing empire, they installed the basic ele and prohibition became the law of the land. human affairs, and shall have to make our ments of a political system by which these But many people thought the law was wrong way as best we can, given the benefit of the ideals might be achieved in time. They be· and proceeded to disobey it .willfully. Such experience of those who have gone before us lieved in the perfectability of man, and so corruption of society developed that in time and who have contributed their full share belleving, they trusted those who would come· it was repealed. In this instance, we proved to the solution of. mankin~'s besetting after them to work out the differences, resolve that our political machinery for social re problems. , the confiicts, settle the issues that were form could work in either direction. Your officers have been so kind as to sug bound to arise in a new and expanding But it is of more significance to look to gest that an attempt to look to the future country. the record of the North's reaction in the would be in order. This i~ risky business Both their idealism and the practicality days before the Civil War to the Fugitive_ at best when we are dealing with what are were put to the test at the outset. Slavery Slave Laws and the Dred Scott decision of essentially human relations, which are gov was an established institution, and slavery the Supreme Court. erned by so many emotional and cultural in was inconsistent with their ideals of human , The abolitionists were outraged, and those fluences which laws cannot easily control. freedom and dignity. Being practical men, who did not then share their violent senti But reading of history, and observation of they arrived at a compromise, which was to ments were aroused by appeals beyond the the current scene, lead to the inescapable forbid importation of slaves after a specific courts and the Constitution to "the higher conclusion that our great ideals still stand future date in the hope and belief that with law." before us as bright and shining as ever, and the supply of human chattels cut off, the Dwight Lowell Dumond, in his "Antislav that they may be seen even more clearly to institution itself would eventually wither ery Origins of the Civil war," gives us a day because as a people we have moved much away in the heat and light of public dis succinct account of the reaction of the closer to them than our fathers were. More cussion. Northern States. Some of the actions and over, the machinery of free public discussion That they were wrong we know now; the language seem strangely familiar today. For and decision, on which the founders placed political machine broke down when it was example, laws were passed by many North their hopes, is not only unimpaired, it is called upon to deal with this issue, and our ern States clearly intended to nullify Fed much improved over the first machinery they country resorted to war to settle it, perhaps eral law; ''interposition" was proposed and first designed. needlessly. advocated widely; the use of State and In the current controversy and debate, we All this serves to emphasize the fact that county jails for the detention of fugitive have the advantage of more widespread edu the Negro problem has been with us from slaves was prohibited. cation and better media for the transmittal the beginning of our country, and that our One provision of the Fugitive Slave Laws of information than ever before. For this success or failure in dealing with it has is conceded to have stirred much of the we may well be thankful. always been and continues to be the measure opposition in the North. It specifically for D\lmond is of the opinion that the fact of our success or failure in making practical bade testimony by those alleged to be fugi that the Deep South of prior 'to the Civil reality fit our theoretical idealism. ·tive slaves, and hence the free Negro was War was sealed almost hermetically against All of our history, speaking generally, is a practicalJy defenseless against plain kidnap the intrusion of North~n thought and opin reflection of our constant concern that we ing, even in Northern States. The North ion led almost inescapably to the test of have not as yet achieved the ideals to which was beginning to learn the lesson of the arms. He contends that had ideas been left we officially and traditionally aspire. This indivisi'bility of freedom. As Dumond re free to compete, the decision might have accounts, as Myrdal points out, for our pro- m arks, "so long as these acts remained on evolved less painfully. 1960 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ~HOUSE 451 To those who are impatient with the slow Pleasure, with pain for leaven; nomenon-it has driven short-term in ness of progress, we can point to the lesson' Summer, with flowers that fell; terest rates up above long-term interest of history that great social changes do not Remembrance fallen from heaven, come overnight or totally; they come as the And madness risen from hell; rates. result of the interworking of many forces, . Strength without hands to smite: The topic of immediate interest yes- · among which one of the most powerful is the Love that endures for a breath; terday involved a question of what the inherent desire of i:nost people to be decent.- Night, the shadow of light, interest rate would be on a new issue of Dumond, in an enlightening paragraph on And Ufe, the shadow of death.'' 1-year bills on which the Treasury was this general topic, says: ''We are accustomed Nothing gives me greater hope than the taking bids yesterday. The financial to speak of public opinion as influencing our very experience of being here today and the press was stating in authoritative tones legislative bodies, our executive officers, and freedom I, as a Protestant Christian, have to that the rate would .top 5 percent, and even our judiciary. It is only a partially cor bring to you who are of the Jewish faith, the rect observation. Changes in the basic phi might possibly go as high as 5% percent. message of a great American Catholic as a. The financial press was calling the new losophy of a people are as imperceptible but fitting conclusion. - fully as irresistible as the ebb and flow of the predicted rate on these bills the "biggest tides. Institutional changes-constitutions Father Theodore Hesburgh, the president bargain in history." As I pointed out, and constitutional interpretations, religious of the University of Notre Dame, appended these eloquent words to the report of the the financial community was advertising doctrines, political alinements, .and govern the bargain in advance. Congress was mental policies-follow with equal certainty Commission on Civil Rights, of which he is a and precision. Public opinion rises, falls, member who has served superbly well. Let being blamed for the giveaway of the and changes in course with the fl tfulness of them serve as a summing up and, if you will, taxpayers' money, and apparently all the winds, ever sensitive to fortuitous cir a. clarion call to duty for those who truly concerned wanted the public to know cumstances and the vagaries of the hour. believe in the essential dignity of all indi this. It is indicative of the direction, though not viduals. Furthermore, the predictions of yes of the degree, of a changing philosophy, and "No one who really believes in full fledged citizenship for all Americans should terday turned out to ,be highly accurate, the intellectual ferment produced by its the price at which the Treasury sold tornadic disturbances leaves an indelible im delude himself today regarding the true per pression upon that philosophy. The lag sonal price involved in achieving it. The these bills gives a yield of 5.05 percent, gives stability to our institutions, and pain price will be nothing short of heroism in on the basis of the way the Treasury to our reformers." certain areas. Because of the deep emotional computes the yield on bills. Actually Most of all, I find comfort and hope in our overtones of the problem, and its existence the interest yield is much higher for two lively national conscience, which leads us to in every phase of American life, no Ameri reasons: First, the bills are discounted engage in wars for the freedom of mankind, can can escape taking a stand on civil in advance; and, second, the yield is give and lend billions to nations less well rights. • • • Each of us must choose to deepen the anguish of the problem, by silence computed on the basis of a year of 360 endowed or more unfortunate than our own, days. The real interest yield on the contribute hundreds of millions to private and passivity, if nothing more, or must charity, and in the face of the free world's take a forthright stand on principles that bills sold· yesterday is equivalent to an applause for the humanitarianism of our ac give some hope of eventual solution." - interest yield of 5.36 percent on a Treas tions, still leads us to undertake another The lines are forming all over America; ury bond. searching inquiry into why we have not done on which side shall we stand 'l It should not be necessary to elaborate better by some of our people here at home. on my remarks of yesterday concerning It the Commission on Civil Rights does the phony arguments which are being nothing more. than to prick that national HIGH INTEREST NOW THE AD used to try to justify removing the 4~~ conscience until it will give us no rest as a. MINISTRATION'S TOP PRIORITY people so long as some human wrongs go percent ceiling. Certainly two things unrighted, then it will have justified its PROGRAM-BIG BANKERS HELP ~re clear: First, if the ceiling is removed, existence. · TO PLAN NATIONAL HOUSE-TO all interest rates will be boosted, and the We see many signs of this stirring of HOUSE DRIVE TO LAUNCH average interest rate which the Govern conscience. We find great newspapers and "CITIZENS' CAMPAIGN AGAINST ment will have to pay will be boosted; national leaders preaching the inescapable INFLATION"-PRESIDENT EISEN second, the propaganda slogans which truth that when the rights of one are threat are to the effect that issuing short-term ened, the rights of none are safe. In time, HOWER SUGGESTS MILLIONS OF debt is "more inflationary" than issuing our people will come to believe as one that_ LETTERS, TELEGRAMS, AND long-term .debt do not have a factual leg when a synagogue is bombed, no Christian PHONE CALLS TO MEMBERS OF church is safe; that when one public school to stand on. is bombed, no school is steady on its founda CONGRESS Today I should like to call attention to tions; that when one man is lynched, the Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, Presi some of the other aspects of the or security of each of us is diminished by so dent Eisenhower's first special message ganized squeeze play which has been much; that when one man is denied the right to this session of Congress, which we re planned for this session of Congress. to vote, our own freedom of decision is com ceived yesterday, renews the administra • SMALL CONTRIBUTORS ASKED TO HELP PAT promised. ADVERTISING COSTS 'l;'he indivisibility of freedom is the shield tion's plea for removing the 42-year-old of all other liberties. Our political system ceiling on interest rates which the Last November the heads of many big is still capable of repairing the errors in the Treasury can pay to issue bonds. Of all financial, banking, and insurance organ social order that deny us that indivisibility. the vital issues facing this Nation, in izations met with the President and Vice In that knowledge lies our principal hope. cluding those on which our national sur President here in Washington and laid Judge Harold R. Medina, himself the vic vival .may hinge, the administration has plans for a renewed driv~ in support of tim of cruel persecution, had this to say given top priority to its ambitions to what is called the President's "campaign recently: achieve further increases in interest against inflation." The renewed crusade "Freedom is the study of a lifetime. Our Bill of Rights, which looks so simple when rates. The Wall Street Journal this planned at that time, according to news we first read it in school, is a dynamic, flex morning put it this way: · reports, was to include a national house ible, ever-expanding and growing definition Eisenhower puts priority on end of bond to-house drive and a solicitation of of our fundamental rights. Like the search rate limit. funds in small amounts of $1 to $10 from for truth, the ultimate in freedom ir. always millions of American families, to help Yesterday I discussed some aspects of pay for leaflets, billboard advertising, just over the horizon or just beyond our the organized squeeze play which is be grasp. The trick is not to lose it, or any part and so forth, calling for support of the of it, but rather to get as much more of it ing put on Congress in an effort to ob administration's "fight against infla as we can properly assimilate.'' · tain a further boost in interest rates. tion." This national house-to-house Finally, we must remember that we are The most obvious part of the squeeze drive was to begin shortly after the first dealing with human_ beings and their emo- · play has been the part played by the of this year. tions, and we must be patient in that knowl Federal Reserve. There is a loophole in The dignitaries who helped launch the edge, for man is fearfully and wonderfully the interest-rate law. The law men new crusade include the heads of such made. Swinburne suggested something of tions only marketable bonds and -says organizations as the New York Stock the complexity of man when he wrote: nothing about a ceiling for Treasury Exchange, the Investment Bankers As .. Before the beginning of years bills, certificates, and other forms of sociation, the American Bankers Associ There came to the-making of man short-term borrowing. This has pro ation, the National Association of Time, with the gift of tears: · vided the Federal Reserve a means of Manufacturers, the U.S. Chamber of Grief, with a glass than ran; bringing about a most unusual phe- Commerce, and others. I 452 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE January 13 In his address to this assemblage, Harschel D. Newsom, master of the National NIXON, i:n a luncheon address, emphasized President Eisenhower suggested that: · Grange; John D. Randall, p!fesident of the that "unlike the few ln the Soviet who make American Bar AsSociation; Martin B. Mc the decisions, ours is a nation where millions "I for one hope that you will not for Kenally, national commander of the Amer of individuals work together ln drafting de get what telegrams, letters and p:J:lone ican Legion; Dr. Louis M. Orr, president f)f cisions." calls coming in -by the millions can do the American Medical Association; Erwin. Thus, he added, it's necessary to mobilize to help the congress, and the President D. Canham, president of the United States public opinion in .support of Government and the entire organization he heads, in Chamber of Commerce; John C. Hagan Jr., fiscal policies to combat inflation. doing the right thing. This, I would president of the Investment Bankers Associa ROBERTSON'S VIEWS tion of America, and Kenneth R. Miller, gen feel would be one of the great services Senator RoBERTSON told the conference you'can now ac~omplish for the United eral manager of the National Association of Manufacturers. that the Federal budget must be · kept bal States." anced even if it means additional taxes. He ·We all know of course that the great • . • . • • • . al~o said: "We should permit the Treasury crusade against inflation is not con--., In additiOn, the. group h.oped to form an Department to pay the going rate of -interest 0 1 fined to efforts to boost. interest which will enable it to manage the long-term r~tes. :~~~:-c ~;~~~Y ~~~~;;~ :c~;~:{s~; ¥. debt in the most eftlcient manner." · The crusade is directed at other thu?-gs Palmer ~aid. ' · ' such as appropriation measures which The President and Vice President endorsed the administration does not like. But the general principles of the campaign, SPECIAL ORDERS. GRANTED high· interest has beep an intimate part rather' than its specific deta:tls. of the crusade at all times, anQ. recently . Mr. Eisenhower assured the group of his :SY unanimous ~onsent, permission to . it has become the first and foremost "respect and admiration of what you are try- address the House, following the legisla b ·e tive of the crusade. ing to do." He suggested that they not forget tive program and any special orders 0 J c . . ht b f "what telegrams, · letters, telephone calls It· occurred to me that It mig e 0 coming in by the millions can do to help the heretofore entered, was granted to: interest. to Mem~ers, and perha~s . eve~ congress, and the President and the. entire Mr. BoLLING, fm; 1 hour, on Tuesday, helpful 111 analyz111g r:;ome of the1~ mall organization that he beads, in doing the Janua1:Y 26. problems, if they had a fresh rev1ew of right thing." Mr. CoFFIN, for 1 hour, on Tuesday, some of the newspaper reports written NIXoN urged the group to support a bal January 26. at the time the renewed and more 1n- anced budget, whenever this is appropriate, Mr. CoFFI!Il, for 10 minutes, today, and vigorated crusade was launched last No- llt;fld to support wise me,nagement of the na to revise and extend his remarks and in vember .. I invite the Members' attention t10nal debt. clude extraneous matter. o such reports· one from the St. Another speaker, Senator !s-· WILLIS to tw. . • . . RoBERTSON, Democrat, Virginia, chairman of Mr. MciNTIRE marks in the RECORD and to include fiscal year .ended June SO, 1959 (H. Doc. No. . By Mr. KILGORE: extraneous matter:)· '295); to the Committee on Government op:.. H.R. 9579. A bill to exempt from taxation erations arid ordered to be printed. certain property of the National Guard As Mr. DULsKI. sociation of the United States in the Dis Mr. WOLF. trict of Columbia; to the Committee on .Mr. GALLAGHER. ·REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB the District of Columbia. LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS .By Mr. KNO~: . I H.R. 9580. A bill to amend the Tariff Act of ADJOURNMENT under. ciause 2 of nile :XID:, reports of 1930 to impose a duty upon the importation Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I committees were delivered to the Clerk of bread; to the Cqmmittee on Ways and move-that the House do now adjourn. for printing and reference to the proper Means. calendar, as follows: By Mr. McDOWELL: The motion was agreed to; accordingly H.R. 9581. A bill to incorporate the u.s. EXTENSrONS OF REMARKS The Federal Highway Program Secretary of Commerce,· the Honorable tlons to Congress immediately after it is con Frederick H. Mueller, and myself, in re- · vened in January 1961. This letter Is in anticipation of that re EXTENSION OF REMARKS gard to the Federal highway program.· port. My observations are based on long ex 01' There being no objection. the corre perience in positions closely connected with spondence was ordered to be p:dnted in the Federal highway program since its in HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD the RECORD, as follows: ception and 50 years of work for sound pro OF VIBGINU gressive highway systems. . 0cTOBD 21, 1959. IN THE SENATE OF 'rHE UNITED STATES I have operated toll rQads at a profit when Hon. FREDERICK H. MUELLER, tbat was not easy. As a Governer, I have Wednesday, January13,1960 Secretary of Commerce, planned public highway systems, financed Washington, D.a: Mr. BYRD of Virginia. . Mr. President. them and administered them. I have helped MY DEAR Ma. SEcRETARY: The la.w,requires leglsl:ate for them at ~ levels .of govern I ask unanimous consent to have printed you to make a new estimate of the Pederal ment-local, State, and Federal. fu the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an ex l:Pghway program situation in all its aspects Congress 1n the recent ses51on enacted change of correspondence between the and report your findings and -recommenda- legislation increasing the· ··Federal gas 't8;x