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Cuba's Anglo-American Colony in Times of Revolution

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Cuba's Anglo-American Colony in Times of Revolution CUBA’S ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONY IN TIMES OF REVOLUTION (1952-1961) Samuel Roger Finesurrey A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Louis A. Pérez Jr. John Charles Chasteen Miguel La Serna Benjamin Waterhouse Molly Worthen ©2018 Samuel Roger Finesurrey ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Samuel Finesurrey: Cuba’s Anglo-American Colony in Times of Revolution (1952-1961) (Under the direction of Louis A. Pérez Jr.) “Cuba’s Anglo-American Colony in Times of Revolution, 1952-1961” explores how, in the context of revolution, contact between Cubans and U.S. nationals--as well as a smaller number of British and Canadian residents--reproduced existing hierarchies, while simultaneously creating new empathies. Cuba’s Anglo-American residents managed informal empire by developing and cultivating economic, political and cultural authority on the island. These privileged outsiders were able to exert dominance through socio-economic partnerships with Cuban powerbrokers. However, Anglo-American educators, journalists, missionaries, politicians, executives, mobsters and philanthropists crafted a diverse, and often contradictory set of alliances with Cubans. Through archival research and oral histories conducted with former residents of the self-titled Anglo-American colony, this dissertation argues that proximity to Cuban suffering, most powerfully experienced by U.S. educators and missionaries, forged conditions that challenged existing class-and-nationality-based structures on the island. In the context of revolution, where their Cuban colleagues, classmates, students, parishioners, friends and family risked their lives and their privilege for a “new” Cuba, a significant segment of Anglo-American residents entered into cross-cultural solidarities with revolutionary actors. Based on the personal commitments they developed with Cubans, many U.S., British and Canadian nationals residing in Cuba struggled for a socio-economic and political transformation of Cuban society, both before the revolution ousted the Batista government and after the revolutionary government had consolidated power. The influence, presence, and actions of iii Anglo-American residents profoundly impacted the direction of events in Cuba and the United States. This research centers a new set of actors, institutions, and relationships in the narrative of the Cuban Revolution. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the support of countless people willing to invest time in this project and my personal and professional development during this journey through graduate school, my dissertation would never have been completed. Seventy-seven oral histories were collected for this project, yet that number would have been fewer than twenty if not for the incredible contributions of Carroll English and Chris Baker. Carroll English opened up a network of former missionaries in Cuba and Cuban Protestants that added texture to this dissertation through their oral testimonies, as well as their contributions of letters, diaries, memoirs and photos. Chris Baker, the son of Ruston Academy headmaster James Baker, introduced me to a diverse and significant set of Cubans and Anglo-Americans who resided in Havana in the 1950s who painted portraits of life on an island undergoing revolutionary change. Both Carroll English and Chris Baker have contributed enormously to the rich narratives featured in this dissertation. My invaluable research assistants Caleb Finesurrey and Nina Alvarado-Silverman added a depth of original evidence drawn from archival material. Lauren Brown became a partner in this project, transcribing scores of oral histories. Sarah MacCarthy’s transcriptions of the Spanish language interviews I conducted for this project also proved extremely helpful. Archivists and library staff of particular note include Meiyolet Méndez, Gladys Gómez-Rossié, and Rosa Monzón-Alvarez of the Cuban Heritage Collection, Taffy Hall of the Southern Baptist Historical Library & Archive, Frances Lyons and L. Dale Patterson of the United Methodist Archive and Historical Society, Tammy Hamilton of the Hershey Community Archive, and Belkis Quesada Guerra of the Instituto de Historia de Cuba. v Numerous friends, mentors and colleagues helped me along the way by editing sections of this dissertation, providing ideas for further readings, helping me improve my writing, pointing me toward funding, as well as academic opportunities. They include Maikel Fariñas Borrego, Ann Halbert-Brooks, Sam Philipsek, Jeanine Navarrete, Shannon James, Garrett Wright, Daniele Lauro, Joel Hebert, Sarah McNamara, Liz Ellis, John Rhodes, Samuel Farber, Jane Franklin, Alfred McCoy, Mary Layoun and Abigale Vercauteren. Others including Tre’vonte Walker, Amanda Bowers, Ben Legman, Yaw Zeeke, Andrew Ringlee, Andrew Kushner, Andrew Knutson, Patrick Hayes, Matt Wessale, Adam Breihan, Dwayne Parks, Demetrius Rutling, Dorian Kushner, Trenton Moore, Josiyah Blevins, A’zaleyah Walker and Xi’ana Walker supported me during the more trying moments of this process. My committee members struggled through very rough drafts of work throughout my graduate school career. Benjamin Waterhouse’s writing group generously provided me with a space that kept me motivated to continue producing content and provided a community that offered useful feedback. Molly Wothern’s insightful comments on drafts of early chapters afforded clarity and focus for the analysis. My first committee members John C. Chasteen and Miguel La Serna helped my evolution from a confused first year devoid of a clear purpose into a scholar defending his dissertation. To Louis A. Pérez Jr., great appreciation and respect. Dr. Pérez molded in me the values of scholarship necessary to pursue this project while offering both patience and the dedication of significant time so that I might develop the skills and confidence to complete this work. My wonderful partner Alyssa Bowen consistently encouraged me by offering love and care when this project felt overwhelming. My father planted my appreciation of history and vi nurtured that passion throughout my academic life. Finally, my mother spent countless hours reading my work, offering ideas and suggestions with unwavering positivity and brilliance. I thank you all. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 The Birth of Informal Empire in Cuba ............................................................................... 6 Forms of Contact in Informal Empire ............................................................................... 13 Dissertation Outline .......................................................................................................... 16 Anglo-American Identities in Flux ................................................................................... 19 Mapping Sub-Communities Within and Surrounding Cuba’s Anglo- American Colony .............................................................................................................. 21 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER ONE: FORGING INFORMAL EMPIRE .................................................................. 33 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 33 Socio-Economic Partnerships in Pursuit of Transnational Dominance ............................ 34 Networks of Empire Reshape Rural Cuba ........................................................................ 46 Socio-Economic Alliances for Power and Profit Prime Conditions for Systemic Poverty .............................................................................................................. 53 The Mill ............................................................................................................................ 55 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER TWO: FULGENCIO BATISTA: A CUBAN PARTNER “GOOD FOR THE COMPANY” ............................................................................................................... 66 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 66 Batista and Roosevelt (1933-1944) ................................................................................... 67 Batista Returns to Power (1952-1959) .............................................................................. 74 Batista and Cuba’s Moral Decline .................................................................................... 80 viii Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER THREE: THE SEDUCTION AND BETRAYAL OF ANGLO- AMERICAN FARMING COMMUNITIES IN CUBA ............................................................... 85 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 85 Settler
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