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34270 2012Stateoftheclimatelow.Pdf STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2012 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Chapter Editors Howard J. Diamond Martin O. Jeffries Ahira Sánchez-Lugo A. Johannes Dolman Michele L. Newlin Wassila M. Thiaw Ryan L. Fogt James A. Renwick Peter W. Thorne Margarita C. Gregg Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Scott J. Weaver Bradley D. Hall Ted A. Scambos Kate M. Willett Technical Editor Mara Sprain AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY COVER CREDITS: FRONT: Kate Stafford — 2012 RUSALCA Expedition,RAS-NOAA, Wrangel Island in the early morning BACK:Terry Callaghan,EU-Interact/Sergey Kirpotin,Tomsk State University — Trees take hold as permafrost thaws near the Altai Mountains in Russia HOW TO CITE THIS DOCUMENT Citing the complete report: Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2013: State of the Climate in 2012. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), S1–S238. Citing a chapter (example): Jeffries, M. O., and J. Richter-Menge, Eds., 2013: Arctic [in “State of the Climate in 2012”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), S111– S146. Citing a section (example): Tedesco, M., and Coauthors, 2013: [Arctic] Greenland ice sheet [in “State of the Climate in 2012”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), S121–S123. EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (ALPHABETICAL BY NAME) Achberger, Christine, Department of Earth Sciences, University Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College of Gothenburg, Sweden Park, MD Ackerman, Stephen A., Cooperative Institute for Meteorologi- Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range cal Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom WI Bernhard, Germar, Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, CA Albanil, Adelina, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Berrisford, Paul, NCAS Climate, European Centre for Medium- Mexico Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Alexander, P., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, City College of New York, New York, NY United Kingdom Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Bhatt, U., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Fairbanks, AK Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Bidegain, Mario, Dirección Nacional de Meteorología, División Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre de Climatología, Uruguay (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Bindoff, Nathan, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Research Centre, Hobart, Australia; and CSIRO Marine and Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School Atmospheric Laboratories, Hobart, Australia of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Nairobi, Kenya FL Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Direction de la Me- Blunden, Jessica, ERT Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic teorologie Nationale de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar Data Center, Asheville, NC Antonov, John, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Booneeady, Raj, Mauritius Meteorological Services Center, Silver Spring, MD; and University Corporation for Bosilovich, Michael, NASA/GSFC, Global Modeling and Assimila- Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO tion Office, Greenbelt, MD Aravequia, Jose A., Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copen- Climáticos, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil hagen, Denmark; and Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio Arendt, A., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, State University, Columbus, OH Fairbanks, AK Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Cen- Arévalo, Juan, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de ter, Silver Spring, MD Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Research Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Division, Geneva, Switzerland Asheville, NC Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio Ashik, I., Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, State University, Columbus, OH Russia Brown, R., Environment Canada, Climate Research Division, Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Montreal, Quebec, Canada Centre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya Brown, L., Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Asheville, NC Bruhwiler, Lori, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Boulder, CO Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Information, Obninsk, Russia Aires, Argentina Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Barriopedro, David E., Universidad Complutense de Madrid Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (UCM), Spain Burrows, John, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Beard, Grant, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Co- Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, OR lumbia University, Palisades, NY STATESTATE OFOF THE CCLIMATELIMATE IN 20122012 AUGUSTAUGUST 20132013 | Si Campbell, Jayaka, Department of Physics, University of the Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Labora- West Indies, Jamaica tory, Boulder, CO Cao, Y., Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA Cappelen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Denmark Earth and Life Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Netherlands Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Domingues, Catia M., Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Coop- Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, University of erative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL Dong, Shenfu, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteo- Chang’a, L., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, rological Laboratory, Miami, FL; and Cooperative Institute for Tanzania Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL Chappell, Petra, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Dorigo, Wouter A., Department of Geodesy and Geoinforma- Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand tion, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Chehade, Wissam, University of Bremen FB1, Bremen, Germany Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Cheliah, Muthuvel, NASA/GSFC, Global Modeling and Assimila- Duguay, Claude R., Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change tion Office, Greenbelt, MD & Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Christiansen, Hanne H., Geology Department, University University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Norway; and Department of Geosci- Dunn, Robert J. H., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United ences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Kingdom Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Dúran-Quesada, Ana M., Center for Geophysical Research and AL School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Ciais, Phillipe, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de Rica l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, Dutton, Geoff S., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environ- France mental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Forecasts Ehmann, Christian, Institute for Meteorology und Climate and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karl- Cogley, J. G., Department of Geography, Trent University, Peter- sruhe, Germany borough, Ontario, Canada Elkins, James W., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Labora- Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United tory, Boulder, CO Kingdom Euscátegui, Christian, Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Cross, J.N., School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Famiglietti, James S., Department for Earth System Science, Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, University of California, Irvine, CA Asheville, NC Fang, Fan, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Cunningham, Stuart A., Scottish Marine Institute Oban, Argyll, Center (ADNET), NASA, Greenbelt, MD United Kingdom Fauchereau, Nicolas, National Institute of Water and Atmo- Dacic, Milan, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, spheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; and Ocean- Belgrade, Serbia ography Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosh, De Jeu, Richard A.M., Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of South Africa Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amster- Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental dam, Netherlands Laboratory, Seattle, WA Dekaa, Francis S., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Fekete, Balázs M., CUNY Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, Nigeria The City College of New York at CUNY,
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