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Home , Madagascar Current, Mozambique Channel

Mozambique Channel eddies as transport mechanisms: The case of Red Water

T. Morris1, J-F Ternon2 and M.J. Roberts3

1 Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Cape Town, South 2 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, La Réunion 3 and Coast, Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town,

[email protected]

“20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry” Symposium including the 4th Argo Science Workshop Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012

Outline

• The Indian and Channel circulation • Water – how is it thought to be transported through the and why is it so important? • Argo and SLA Altimetry historical data analysis – what does our data show? • Future Argo Projects

Photo credit: www.webbresearch.com

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 The Southern and Indian Oceans The large-scale perspective •  Antarctic Circumpolar Current  Flow around the globe completely unhindered  Fronts and areas of convergence  Source of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) •  Seasonal monsoonal circulation  No temperate and polar to the north  (SEC) flows east to west, strengthening en route  Fed by throughflow of Pacific water through the Indonesian Sea  SEC bifurcates around : NEMC – Northeast (S)EMC – (South) Black – mean current flows without seasonal trends Gray – Monsoonal reversing circulation Talley et al (2011) 4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 The Mozambique Channel

• South Equatorial Current Bifurcates around Madagascar: NEMC and (S)EMC  NEMC – splits flow northwards into the East African Coastal Current (EACC) and southwards around the Islands  (S)EMC – flow retroflects south of Madagascar shedding eddies to the west and flow eastwards as an equatorial counter current

• Mozambique Channel  Flow southwards is dominated by train of mesoscale eddies  Northward flowing undercurrent through the channel carrying AAIW and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)  Water from the Channel and (S)EMC flows into the Greater

Ridderinkhof et al (2010)

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Red Sea Water – The Source • Red Sea Water forms as a high-salinity water mass due to intense evaporation • It flows over the 160 m deep sill at Bab al Mandeb and sinks into the • On leaving the Red Sea: Temperature of 22˚ C and a salinity of 39 • Seasonal outflow: 0.6-0.7 Sv during Winter Monsoon, near zero during Summer Monsoon • Transport through Gulf of Aden by means of mesoscale eddies • On leaving Gulf of Aden, Red Sea Water has a salinity of 35.7

Yemen Red Sea Bab al Mandeb Gulf of Aden Socotra Socotra Passage Tadjura Rift

Arabian Sea

Bower and Furey (2012) 4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy Bower and Furey (2012) 24-29 September 2012 Red Sea Water – The distribution

• Flow out from Gulf of Aden into • Monsoonal driven circulation in northern Indian Ocean • Extends eastwards into Indian Ocean • Southwards into Mozambique Channel • Red Sea Water has been recorded within the southward flowing Agulhas Current and even in Agulhas Rings shed into the South

After Wyrtki (1971) • The Agulhas Current contributes significantly to the • The salt from Red Sea Water travels along this powerful current and enters the South Atlantic, in a less pure form, but contributing to the salt budget nonetheless

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy Lutjeharms (2006) 24-29 September 2012 Research Question

Is Red Sea Water transported through the Mozambique Channel by means of mesoscale eddies as suggested by previous studies in the region?

RSW

Roman and Lutjeharms (2009) de Ruijter et al (2002) 4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Methods

• Argo data downloaded from all data centers from the USGODAE website for the area: 7˚ - 29˚ S, 32˚ - 50˚ E • October 2002 – December 2010 • Float profile data plotted in Ocean Data View and analyzed for Red Sea Water: Salinity: 34.7 – 34.9 Temperature: 5 – 7˚ C STSW • Red Sea Water positive profiles extracted out along with latitude, longitude and date SICW

Mozambique Channel Water Masses: STSW – Sub-tropical Surface Water AAIW SICW – South Indian Central Water AAIW – Antarctic Intermediate Water RSW RSW – Red Sea Water NADW – North Atlantic Deep Water NADW Float 409 data

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Methods

• Automatic eddy detection script developed by Alexis Chaigneau, IRD (Chaigneau et al, 2008) • ¼ degree delayed time SLA product, using re-processed AVISO data • Mean dynamic topography is RIO9 processed • Eddy detection scheme used for 1992 - 2010 • Red Sea Water positive profiles were matched up to the closest SLA date and plotted to determine where the Argo profile was collected in relation to the eddy field • Three possible areas within the eddy field: • Anti-cyclones (+ve SLA) • Cyclones (-ve SLA) • Background flow

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Data Limitations

• Argo floats drift for 9 days between profiles • Depth of float during drift may be underneath the eddy

• SLA delayed time data every 7 days • Some Argo profiles and SLA plots link up for the same day (10 % of data), but the rest are mismatched (maximum of four days)

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Results - Total RSW positive profiles

All data RSW positive

76 floats 510 profiles (8 bad data) 28.06 %

1817 profiles

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Results – RSW water structure

RSW limits used

N. Channel Mid Channel SE Madagascar

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Results – Eddies vs. background flow

15/12/2004 20/10/2004 12/01/2005

RSW positive profiles within RSW positive profiles within RSW positive profiles outside anti-cyclonic eddies cyclonic eddies of mesoscale eddies, i.e. within back ground flow

113 cases 111 cases 277 cases 22.15 % 21.75 % 54.30 %

9 cases (1.8 %) of RSW positive floats cannot be linked to SLA images (end December 2010)

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis a) Results – Seasonality of RSW in eddies? 15 Cyclones 14 13 12 11 10 Seasonality of mesoscale eddies linked to 9 RSW positive profiles: 8 7 6 5 a) Cyclones (n=111) 4 3 b) Anti-cyclones (n=113) 2 1 0

15 Anticyclones 14 b) 13 12 11 10 Cyclones are more prominent in 9 winter, mirroring a decrease in 8 7 anti-cyclones over the same time 6 5 period, suggesting some 4 3 seasonality to eddy transport of 2 1 RSW water through the 0 Mozambique Channel

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Results – RSW transport within eddies

8 scenarios of this RSW positive Argo float entrapped within mesoscale eddies for an extended period of time (minimum 28 days):

Cyclones Anti-cyclones November/December 2004: 43 days July – September 2005: 64 days (example next slide) January/February 2006: 31 days May – July 2005: 32 days

May/June 2007: 33 days November/December 2008: 43 days

July – September 2009: 48 days April – June 2009: 42 days

One float (1900180) became entrapped first in the anti-cyclone for 32 days, before moving into the cyclone for effectively 64 days, showing a strong example of RSW being transported between eddies through the Mozambique Channel

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Argo and SLA historical data analysis Results – RSW transport within eddies

10/11/2004 24/11/2004 01/12/2004

15/12/2004 22/12/2004 05/01/2005

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Results Summary

• RSW positive profiles were found primarily in the north and central Mozambique Channel and accounted for 28.06 % of the total Argo profiles of the study area

• RSW was found 54.30 % of the time in the background flow of the Mozambique Channel with the remaining time divided between cyclonic (21.75 %) and anti- cyclonic (22.15 %) mesoscale eddies

• Seasonality of mesoscale eddy transport is suggested with cyclonic eddies dominating mesoscale eddy flow in winter and anti-cyclonic eddies in summer.

• Eight scenarios of transport of RSW with mesoscale eddies exist – four for anti- cyclones and four for cyclones – with one scenario of a float being transported from an anti-cyclone to a cyclone

Results suggest that RSW is not transported primarily by mesoscale eddies through the Mozambique Channel as concluded by previous work, given the limitations of both the Argo profile data (9 day drift) and delayed SLA data (7 day gap)

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Future Argo Projects Western Indian Ocean Argo Deployments

Historical Argo deployments*:

Global Ocean 8871 Western Indian Ocean (WIO) 340 WIO Mozambique Channel (MC) 17

*As at 31 August 2012. Source: JCOMMOPS website

In partnership with Agulhas Large Marine Ecosystem (ASCLME) Project and the Western Indian Ocean Sustainable MC Ecosystem Alliance, the objective is to build on deployments within these two , particularly where piracy has put a stranglehold on oceanographic observations in the north

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Future Argo Projects Mesoscale eddy aging

Work planned: •CTD and S-ADCP survey •XBT •Underway CTD •Satellite drifters Argo survey • 2014 2013 (detail below)

4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012 Future Argo Projects Mesoscale eddy aging

“Argo Dance” • 6-8 (Bio)Argo floats • 1 day profiles • ~300 m depth • Deployed in a EKE transect across eddy • Aim: to capture the Time euphotic zone pumping of a cyclonic eddy and 4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy thus its sustainablility 24-29 September 2012 References

These data were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu, http://argo.jcommops.org ). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System.

• Bower, A.S. and Furey, H.H. – 2012. Mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Aden and their impact on the spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water. Progress in Oceanography. Volume 96. 14-39 • Chaigneau, A., Gizolme, A. and Grados, C. – 2008. Mesoscale eddies off Peru in altimetric records: Identification algorithms and eddy spatio-temporal patterns. Progress in Oceanography. Volume 79 (2- 4). 106-119 • de Ruijter, W.P.M., Ridderinkhof, H., Lutjeharms, J.R.E., Schouten, M.W. and Veth, C. – 2002. Observation of the flow in the Mozambique Channel. Geophysical Research Letters. Volume 29, No. 10..3 pp • Lutjeharms, J.R.E. – 2006. The coastal oceans of south-eastern Africa, in: The Sea. Volume 14. Ed: Robinson, A.R. and Brink, K. H. 781-832 • Ridderinkhof, H., van der Werf, P.M., Ullgren, J.E., van Aken, H.M., van Leeuwen, P.J. and de Ruijter, W.P.M. – 2010. Seasonal and interannual variability in the Mozambique Channel from moored current observations. Journal of Geophysical Research. Volume 115. 18 pp • Roman, R.E. and Lutjeharms, J.R.E. – 2009. Red Sea Intermediate Water in the source regions of the Agulhas Current. Deep Sea Research I. Volume 56. 939-962 • Schlitzer, R. – 2007. Ocean Data View, http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV, 2005 • Talley, L.D., Pickard, G.L., Emery, W.J. and Swift, J.H. – 2011. Descriptive : An Introduction. Elsevier. 560 pp • Wyrtki, K. – 1971. Oceanographic Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Experiment. National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. 4th Argo Science Workshop: Venice, Italy 24-29 September 2012