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Reducing Disease Risk in Aquaculture

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Reducing Disease Risk in Aquaculture Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 PAPER SERVICES DISCUSSION ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURE IN AQUACULTURE IN REDUCING DISEASE RISK RISK DISEASE REDUCING WORLD BANKREPORT NUMBER 88257-GLB JUNE 2014 AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE WORLD BANK REPORT NUMBER 88257-GLB International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations © 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Email: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone: 978-750-8400, fax: 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax: 202-522-2422, e-mail: [email protected]. Cover Images: Courtesy of Randall Brummett. They are of aquaculture production, clockwise from the top left: Pangasius, Thailand; seahorses, Indonesia; African Catfish, Nigeria; and tilapia, Mexico. CSONTENT iii CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �vii Acknowledgments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xi Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �xiii Chapter 1 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 1.1 The Study �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 Chapter 2 Case Study I: The Infectious Salmon Anemia Outbreak in Chile � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 2.1 Origin and Evolution of the Salmon Farming Industry in Chile� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 2.2 The Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14 2.3 Measures Taken in Response to the ISA Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 2.4 The Recovery and Outlook for the Future �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24 2.5 Sustainability of the New Chilean Salmon Industry� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 Chapter 3 Case Study II: The Shrimp Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome Outbreak in Vietnam �� � � � � �33 3.1 Background �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34 3.2 Description of EMS/AHPNS �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 3.3 The EMS/AHPNS Crisis �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 38 3.4 Discovering the Cause �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 40 3.5 Measures Taken in Response to the EMS/AHPNS Crisis �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 41 3.6 Recovery and Planning for Improved Biosecurity � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 43 3.7 Summary and Conclusions �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 44 Chapter 4 Case Study III: Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus Outbreak in Mozambique and Madagascar � � � � �47 4.1 White Spot Disease� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 48 4.2 The Shrimp Farming Industry on the Mozambique Channel� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 50 4.3 The Madagascar Shrimp Farming Industry� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 53 4.4 The WSD Outbreak on the Mozambique Channel � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 56 4.5 Management of WSSV Outbreaks Worldwide � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 4.6 Farm-Level Strategies for Controlling WSSV �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 60 AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 iv CSONTENT 4.7 Hatchery-Level Strategies for Controlling WSSV �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 64 4.8 Status of Farm-Level Implementation of Biosecurity Plans �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 68 4.9 National Responses to the Mozambique Channel WSSV Crisis� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 70 4.10 Response of the Madagascar Government � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 72 4.11 Subregional Shrimp Aquaculture Biosecurity Plan for the Mozambique Channel �� � � � � � � � � � � � � 73 4.12 Conclusions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 80 4.13 Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 82 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �87 References� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �93 BOXES Box 2.1: Mandatory Reporting � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �20 Box 2.2: A Summary of the Immediate Measures Taken by the Government (2007–2008) � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 Box 2.3: Biosecurity and Sanitary Regulations Adopted by the Chilean Authorities � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 Box 2.4: Essential Changes with Long-Term Effect �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �22 Box 4.1: Results of an Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to the Successful Management of Aquatic Animal Health (AAH) in the Mozambique Channel �� � � � � � � � � �75 Box 4.2: Mozambique Subregional Aquatic Animal Health Program Components, Elements, and Activities �� � � �76 FIGURES Figure 2.1: Total Reported Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Aquaculture Production in 2005 � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Figure 2.2: Evolution Phases of the Chilean Salmon Industry �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Figure 2.3: Volume (a) and Export Value (b) of the Chilean Salmonid Aquaculture Industry (2001–11) � � � � � � � 11 Figure 2.4: D istribution of Seawater Salmon Grow-out Farms in Chile (Regions X and XI) Comparing 2006–07 (Pre-ISAV) versus 2009–10 (Post-ISAV) �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Figure 2.5: Evolution of Aquaculture Regulations in Chile Relative to Export Volume � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12 Figure 2.6: Timeline of Salmon Disease Occurrence, Production, and Egg Imports in Chile � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 Figure 2.7: Production and Sea Lice (Caligus) Infestation Immediately Prior to the ISA Outbreak � � � � � � � � � 15 Figure 2.8: Poor Management and Decline of Productive Ratios pre-ISA � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16 Figure 2.9: Number of Operating Atlantic Salmon Farms, ISA Positive Farms, and ISA Prevalence from July 2007 to November 2010 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18 Figure 2.10: Evolution of Salmonid Production in Chile and Projections for the Recovery �� � � � � � � � � � � � �25 Figure 2.11: Average Sea Lice Load per Fish (a), ISA Confirmed Sites per Quarter (b) , and Monthly Mortality for the 3 Salmonid Species (c) over the Course of the ISA Outbreak and Recovery.� � � � � � � � � � �25 REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE CSONTENT v Figure 2.12: Accumulated Growth Rates for Atlantic Salmon Groups Harvested in 2008–10, Expressed as SGR and GF3 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26 Figure 2.13: Productivity in Terms of Kilograms Harvested per Smolt Stocked (a) and Average Harvest Weight (b) of Atlantic Salmon, Pre- and Post-ISA Crisis �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26 Figure 2.14: Atlantic Salmon Smolt Transfer into Seawater per Month (a) and Number of Fish in Seawater (b), Pre- and Post-Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �27 Figure 2.15: U nemployment Rates in the Capitals of the Xth Region
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