A F .RICA. ~ o. 7' (lSU7) Dhananjayarao Gadgil Library REPORT Imnllln~mllm~m~ mmlill GIPE-PUNE-046702 BY' SIR A. HARDINGE ON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS· OF THE EAST AFRICA ~ PROTECTOR~t\.TE FROM ITS ESTABLISHMENT TO THE 20TH JULY, 1897. [WITH MAP.l Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Oommand of Her Majesty. December 1897. LONDON, PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. HARTIN'S LANE, 'PRD'TBBS nr OBDIlJA. .BT TO KU JrU.TBSTY. And to be purchased, either diI'ectly 01' through an, Bookseller, from EYRE AlO) SPOTrISWOODE, EAST IURDIlIG SrIi.BET, FLBET STaRBT, E.C., A...VD 32, ABINGDOJI' STauT. WBS'rKnrSTBB, S.W.; oa JOHN MENZIES & Co., II, HANOVER STRBBT, EDIJrllIlrKGB:; .a........ u 90, WSST NILB STaEET, 3-usGOW'; OR HODG'KS, FIGGIS, &; Co., LJl(ITBD, 1M Gl1&Fl'OlI' STlUIBT, 'DuB:.ar. P)"ice Is. 1d. Vb\1 g. ~'0 c.7 4,"102- CONTENTS. Page GeIieral d.~ription of Protectorate 1 Political dh"isions •• , Administrnti,"o di.il!ions 3 Seyyidieh 3 Vanga IIi.tri.t Momba.... District 6" Malindi District 8 Tanaland 12 Tan" Rh" ... District 12 Lamu DilStrict ,.. 18 l'ort Durnford District•• 15 Sultanate of Witu 16 Jub.land 16 Kismayu District 16 Ogaden and GOBba District 11 Uk.mht, •• 19 'l'.ita and 'faveta District 19 Atbi or ~acbako. District 20 K.nfa or Kikuyu District. 22 Oeneral ~.haracter and produce of Ukamba 24 Territory as yet uninelud,a in any province 24 Population of Protectorate •• 26 e,,"il Administration 21 Military force SO Law and J UBtic. 33 Prisons •• 37 Police .. 31 Religion and education 39 Re ..nue and upenditure .1 Trade nnd shipping (3 Money .. 60 Weights and measures 61 Internal communications-- Roads - 61 Animal t.... nsport 52 Portera 62 Mails H River navigation ... 56 Ugandn Railway 66 Posts and telegraphs 6' Slave 'frade .\ 58 Slavery •• 60 Land, regulations, &e. 62 Land, pr,ce of 63 Gam. Laws 64 Liquor Regulatinns 64 Historical retrospect of the lnst '\YO years 66 Relations with neighbouring Admiuiatrations " 6' Report by Sir A. Hardinge on the Condition and Progress of the East Africa Protectorate from its Establishment to tbp 20th July, Ib97. [WITH MAP.] 1.-General Description of Protectorate. THE British East Africa Protectorate is bonnded on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the west by the Uganda Protectorate, and on the south-west by the Anglo-German frontier, which, starting from the mouth of the River Umba, runs in a generally north. west direction till it strikes the eastern shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza at the point at which it is intersected by the 1st parallel of south latitude. To the north and north-east it is bounded by the Italian sphere of influence from which it is divided by the River Juba up to parallel 60 of north latitude, and thence by a line running along tbat parallel nntil it reaches the Blue Mle. The frontier between the East Africa and Uganda Protectorates is only partially defined: starting from tbe German frontier, it follows the Guaso Masai River "'" far as Sosian, thence strikes north-east to the KedongRiver, which it tollows to its Bource, and thence runs in a northE:rly direction along the Likipia escarpment or eastern lip of the great" meridional rift." It is, however, still undecided whether or not it should be deflected, for greater convenience in dealing with the Uganda Masai, so as to leave to Uganda the region between the southern portion of the Likipia escarpment and the so-called Aberdare range. In view of the uncertainty existing as to the inland boundaries, it is impossible to give the exact area of the territory, though it may be estimated roughly at 280,000 square miles. It will be sufficient here to state that its CQ8st-line, including in the term the Islands of Lamu, Manda, and Patta, which are separated from the mainland by narrow channels, is 405 miles long, whilst its greatest breadth, measured from the centre of ihe district of Gosha on the Juba to the Likipia escarpment, is 460 miles. The Protectorate in its present form was constituted on the lst July, 1895. Previous to that date a Protectorate had been declared on the 4th November, 1890, over those portions of the territory which formed part of the Zanzibar Sultanate, and on the 19th November of the same year over Witu and the whole of the coast between the Tana and Juba Rivers. Tbe administration of this second Protectorate was confided in 1893, with the exception of those portions of the coast between the Tana and Juba which belonged to the Zanzibar Sultanate and were rented by the Imperial British East Africa Company from him, to the Sultan of Zanzibar, but without being fused in or united to the Sultanate. In September 1894 a Protectorate was established under an independent Commis­ sion£'r over Uganda, and wa.q subsequently defined as extending over the whole of the intervening territory from whieh the Imperial British Yoast Africa Company had with. drawn its effective control, that is, as far as the western limits of its district of Kikuyu, whkh still constitutes the frontier between the East Africa and Uganda Protectorates. The remainder of the British sphere between the Zanzibar and Uganda boundaries and the Tana River and lJerman frontier was placed nnder Her Majesty's protection on the 1st July, 1895, and the whole of the above-described territories to the east of the Uganda Protectorate were at the same time fused into one administrative whole under ",", title of the" East Africa Protectorate." [7661 B 2 rC.-S.. 2 Political Divisions. British East Africa includes thr<le district sovereignti'?s, i.e. : .... 1. The mainland territories of the Sultan of Zanzibar. 2. 'l'be Sulianate of Witu. 3. The remainder of the Protectorate consisting of the old" chartered t€.rritory" pf the Imperial British East Africa Company and of the region between the Tana and the Juba not included either in Zanzibar or Witu. 'fhis division, which I propose for the sake of convenience to style British East Africa proper, is not, of course, technically under Her Majesty's sovereignty, and is divided among a. number of tribes and races under our Protectorate, but it differs from Zanzibar and Witu in that the status of the Chiefs exercising authority there is not recognized by international law or at least by any international engagement. 1. Zanzibar.-'fhe mainland dominipns of the Sultan of Zanzibar included in the Protectorate (for he possesses certain coast ports to the north of it now leased to Italy) consist- (1.) Of a strip of const 10 miles deep from high-water mark, extending from the mouth of the River Umba on the south to Kipini on the Ozi on the north; and (2.) Of a series of islands off the coast between the Ozi and the Juba and of the mainland town of Kismayu with a radius of 10 miles around it. These territories were recognized as constituting the mainland dominions of the Sultan by the Anglo-German Agreement of the 31st October, 1886, to which France subsequently became a party, and were leased by successive Sultans under succcssive Concessions granted in 1887, 1888, and 1800 to the Iniperial British East Afric..t Company, which resurrendered them in 1895 to the late Sultan Hamed·bin-Thwain in return for the sum of 200,000/., representillg the purchase money paid in 1890 by the German Government for the Sultan's sovereign Tights in the former Zanzibar possessions between the Umba and Romma Rivers, now included in German East Africa. By an Agreement made verbally in July 1895, but not formally signed till December 1895, between .His late Higbness and mysclf as Her Majesty's Representative these territories were to be administered under his sovereignty lind flag by officers to be appointed by Her Majesty's Government which undertook in return to pay to that of Zanzibar the annual sum of 17,0001. a-year, representing the old rent of the Imperial British East Africa Company (11,0001.), and the interest (6,0001.) on the above-mentioned sum of 200,000l. at :3 per cent. In examining the Budget ot' the Protectorate and estimating the value of the territory from tbe figures shown in it, it must not be forgotten that its revenue is burdened with an annual charge of 17,000/. for the benefit of the sister Protectorate of Zanzibar. 2. Witu.-The State of Witu extends along the eoast from Kipini to Kwyhoo, its northern boundary being a straight line drawn in 1887 by Commissioners representing the German and Zanzibar GO\'ernments d?e west from Kwyhoo to a point a few miles cast of the Ozi River. It was founded, or rather gradually grew up, in the years from 1860 to 1885, round a colony of outlaws who had followed Ahmed-bin-Fumo I,uti, the last of It he old Nabhan Sultans of l'attah, a race dating from the earliest days of Asiatic colonization in East Africa, when, after he bad been conquered, together with his ally Mahommed-bin-Mataka, tyrant of Siu, by Seyyid Majid, Sultan of Zanzibar, he withdrew tirst to Kipini, then to Kau on the Ozi, and finally beillg driven from Kau by Seyyid Bar.,.hash, took refuge in the fore6ts of the district now known as Witu. From this last refuge, where he had collected round himself all the criminals, runaway slaves, and outlaws from jnstice of every description, Seyyid Barghash strove in min to dislodIPe him, and under the name of" Himba" (the lion), by which he was known to the Slvahilis, he attaiueu, notwithstanding all the efforts of the Government of Zanzibar, the positiQn of a powerful and practically independent petty Chief.