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International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “ target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. 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ZEES ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7916011 NYARKOH, EMMANUEL CHRISTIAN TOWARDS INNOVATING EDUCATION FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN GHANA — IMPLICATIONS FOR ART EDUCATION AND CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 University M icrcxilm s International 300 n . z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi u s io e © 1979 EMMANUEL CHRISTIAN NYARKOH A L L RIGHTS RESERVED PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed 1n the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been Identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs ______ 2. Colored Illustrations ______ 3. Photographs with dark background ______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ______ 5. Print shows through as there 1s text on both sides of page _______ 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost 1n spine ______ 8. 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Ml 48106 1313) 761-4700 TOWARDS INNOVATING EDUCATION FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN GHANA — IMPLICATIONS FOR ART EDUCATION AND CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University B y Emmanuel Christian Nyarkoh, B.A.(Hons.), M.F.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Robert Arnold Professor Arthur Efland Professor Kenneth Marantz Department of Art Education To Esther Ehen Mike Emmanuel3 Jr. Nana Poknaa ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Arthur Efland, my academic adviser for his efforts in guiding my Ph.D. program and research to successful completion. I also want to thank the other members of my reading committee, Professor Kenneth Marantz, Professor Bob Arnold and Professor Don P. Sanders for their guidance, instructive criticism and suggestions for improving the manuscript of this dissertation. I am indebted to the officials of the Fulbright- Hays Scholarship Program, the University of Science and Technology - Kumasi, Ghana, and especially The Ohio State University for sponsoring my education here in the United States of America. I also thank the Board of Directors, and the management of the Scio Pottery Company for offering me the chance to under­ take practical training in ceramics. My thanks also go to all my friends in the United States as well as in Ghana for their prayer and financial support. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my wife Esther, whose patience, and moral support were iii essential to the completion of this study. What is more I want to thank my father, mother, grandmother, Uncle Dapaah and all the members of my family, Mr. Osei Kojo and my late mother-in-law for taking care of our three children we left behind in Ghana for the past five years. Finally, I want to give all thanks and praise to Jesus Christ, my Lord who has made me what I am today. EBENEZER Praise the Lordl (Psalms 146) iv VITA September 21, 1936.......... Born Dentin - Ofinso, Ghana 1966 - 6 7 , .......... Art Master, Aduman Training College, Ghana. 1972.................... .... B.A. (Hons.) The University of Science and Technology, Kumas i, Ghana 1972 - 73.................... Teaching Assistant, the Uni­ versity of Science and Tech­ nology, Kumasi, Ghana. 197 5 ....... ................. M.F.A. The Ohio State Univer­ sity (Fulbright Scholar), 1976 - 1978....... .......... Teaching Associate, Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio PUBLICATIONS 1, Pottery Shapes and Decorations in Ashanti. College of Arts Best Thesis of the Year 1972. Published by Mobil Oil, Ghana Ltd. Accra, Ghana. 2. ARTS EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA, published by the United States Society For Education through the Arts (USSEA) The Ohio State University, December 1977. FIELDS OF STUDY Fields Of Study: Interdisciplary 1. Industrial Ceramics. 2. Education (Curriculum instruction and Supervision) 3. Education in the Arts 4. Educational Development 5. Philosophy of Education. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... iii VITA ......................... v LIST OF TABLES ................. ix Chapter I INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 The Background: A Kaleidoscopic View of the Impact of Modern Education in Africa's Development........... 4 Educational Achievements in Ghana and its Defects; Background for Improvement.................................. 9 The Statement of the Problem ............... 23 The Purpose of the Study ................... 24 Assumptions.................................. 25 The Scope and Limitations of the Study . 26 Methodology.................................. 27 Definition of Terms........................ 27 O v e r v i e w .................................... 29 II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA— THE P A S T ............... 31 Education in Traditional Ghana ............. 31 Western Education for Trade................. 39 The Missionary Efforts ..................... 41 Colonial Educational Policy................. 45 Educational Growth in the 20th Century . 48 Summary .................................... 68 III CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1951 ........................ 71 Introduction ................................ 71 The Immediate Effects of the Accelerated Development Plan for Education.................................... 75 vi Chapter Page III (continued) Education and Manpower Development in Ghana During the 1960's ................. 87 Secondary School Curriculum and Courses. 97 Higher Education ............................ 101 The Structure and Content...................... 106 Nursery Education............................ 107 Elementary Education ..................... 10 8 Cu rricul um ................................... 110 Secondary Education.......................... Ill Summary......................................... 115 IV SOME MAJOR PROBLEMS IN GHANA'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: THE DILEMMA OF EDUCATIONAL DE­ VELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT .......................... 119 Differentiation in the School System .... 132 Low Quality Standards in Education ........ 146 The Problem of Examination Mania ........... 14 8 Lack of Link Between Education and Manpower Planning.............................. 157 Excessive Length of Stages of Pre- University Education .......................... 160 Obstacles to Change............................ 161 Problems in Art Education...................... 164 The Problem of Content Development for Art Education — "The Need to Conceive of the Teaching of Art Within the Context of Twentieth Century Dynamics"............................ 174 Elitism and Educational Change ............. 175 The Problem of Lack of Adequate Research in Art Education................... 177 Summary....................................... 178 V STRATEGIES FOR INNOVATING GHANA'S EDUCATION; . 181 Toward a Theory of Education for Cultural Change and Development: Closing the Techno-Cultural Gap.......................... 181 The Need for Change.......................... 194 Towards
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