COLONIALISM in JOSEPH CONRAD's HEART of DARKNESS Nur Lailatur Rofi'ah Rizki Mulya Romadhona, ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION What A
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COLONIALISM IN JOSEPH CONRAD’S HEART OF DARKNESS Nur Lailatur Rofi’ah Rizki Mulya Romadhona, ABSTRACT A study was done on a literature work, novel by Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness . this study is done because this novel does not contain a story that entertain but also inform the adequate data about the historical aspect to its reader. The phenomenon that informed is colonialism and its influence toward the changing character of the story. The objective of the study is to describe the colonialism that written in the Heart of Darkness and and its influence toward the changing character of Mr. Kurtz. This study used the qualitative description as research methodology which involved with library research, internet browsing, historical text that related to the research study. The result of this study shown that the colonialism in the novel was a mission of civilization toward the savage that had been distorted in to a force, exploitation violence to the native. And the colonialism spirit and its circumtances can influence person inside become savage too. The conclusion of this study is that civilization can not be the reason of colonialism, whereas the violence and exploitation are only done by savage. Keywords : Heart of Darkness, Colonialism, Changing Character. INTRODUCTION literature work, it is a kind of What a piece of work is a man communication type between the writer How nobel in reason! How infinite in faculty! and the reader. Wonderfully, the reader Inform and movin how express and admirable! In action, how like an angel! who lives in modern time possibly In apprehension, how like a god! The beauty of the word,the paragon of animal. communicating, learning and (Shakespeare) understanding about anything what There are many reasons for happened in the past time through the people reading a literature work. Such book. So, literature is not merely a as, reading for escape, reading to learn, fiction. Defining literary value is a reading to confront experience and matter of observing what happen to reading for aesthetic pleasure texts (Easthope,1991:57) (Hoeper,1990:1). It cannot be denied An important movement in that literature is part of a country’s literature was aestheticism, which heritage, human civilization and claimed that the main aim of art was to reference to history. We can understand evoke feeling and beauty. There are three more about human feeling and social branches of literature, poem, prose and civilization in a country more by seeing drama (Rees, 1973:2). For the writer, through its literature work. Writers reading a literature work carries usually write what they imagine, think different kinds of sensation, for and feel. So, when the reader reads a example, a poem can soften heart, a prose can inspire through its conflict about colonialism such as Plymouth and drown us in to deep reading Plantation by William Bradford, The because its suspense, whereas drama Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Diaz, carries deep emotional feeling. The Slave in Algiers and A Struggle for literature its self can be responded in an Freedom by Susanna Rowson and emotional or intellectual way, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. depending on our moods and Joseph Conrad writes Heart of intellectual and aesthetic needs. Darkness through his journey to Africa Studying literature also an exercises for where he met savagery toward people our brains, and makes us think for in Africa by the pilgrim. ourselves (Hoeper,1990:1). Joseph Conrad was involved in As other literature works, poetry the in his own story and seen the and drama, novel grows in line with savagery in the realtime in 1800th and the phenomenon which happen in its the Heart of Darkness is one of his society. In the year 1800th, In a journal finest book that he has created. posted by WCL students Sarah Stallman (1960:339) says Hymowitz and Amelia Parker at In 1890 he went to Belgian Congo to command a river steamer – realization www.wcl.american.edu/humright/cente of a hope expressed as a child when he put his finger on a map of Central r write : Africa and said he would go there one day. From his experiences in the Congo conrad was physically weakened but “By the mid 1800s, the western powers had psychologically awakened, and his established colonies all along the African coast. writing career dates from this period, Africa provided a source of cheap labor, raw materials and new markets for these countries, for he was then writing his first book, which were going through the Industrial Almayer’s folly. Years later he gave his Revolution. These colonizing powers, Congo story in one of his finest books, however, began to compete with each other “Heart of darkness.” over control. They decided to hold a conference to set up ground rules for colonizing Africa. In 1884, leaders from 14 colonial By reading Heart of Darkness, powers, including the United States, Belgium, Portugal, Germany and Spain held the Berlin we get a good deal information about Conference, where they divided the continent of Africa into 50 countries and claimed them colonial Africa. Literature serves as a for themselves. These divisions were made arbitrarily and without any consideration of the common culture, history and language shared social document and gives us insight to by different groups of African people. They often divided an ethnic group or brought the custom, attitudes and values of the enemies under the same government. The map of Africa today remains largely the same as when it was divided in 1884. time and place in which it was written. The spirits of colonialism was On www.litcharts.com/heartofdarkness well-spread during 1800th. In that time, state: many literary works raise the topic “Joseph Conrad’s novel reside in the There is a close relation transition period between Victorianism, with its strict convention and focus on between the colonialism and the empire polite society, and modernism, which sought to explode old conventions and in controling a land in the some time in invent new literary forms to convey human experience more fully. Conrad’s 1800th because in that time the empire work was instrumental in his effort, particularly his experimentation with of Europe explores the world in order the use of time and non-chronological narrative. Heart of Darkness also fits to civilize, to control their resources, to squarely into the genre of colonial literature, in thich European nation spread religion, etc and this intention from Africa to the Far East in the late 19th and early 20th century.” can be done by hook or by crook. Conrad presented in the Heart of Doyle (1986:46) defines that : Darkness how the moist air and the “Empire is a relationship, formal or pressure that includes the wild African informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of jungle atmosphere that gripping from another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political beginning to end raises the same collaboration, by economic, social, or cultural dependence. Imperialism is atrocities on the human beings who simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining an empire”. trapped in this story was presented in his In relation to this,colonialism, novel that shows colonialism in Africa which is almost always a consequence during 18th century. of imperialism, is the implanting of If we look back at the 1800th settlements on distant territory. century, historically, Congo was firstly (Said,1993: 8). a personal colony of King Leopold II of Even Conrad brings “colonial” Belgium. In Regelind Farn’s theme in his some writing, such as, Victory, desertation (Colonial and postcolonial Nostromo and The Rescue. The history, rewritings of “Heart of Darkness” phenomenon and well-description situation 2005:6) He defines that the borders of in the novel Heart of Darkness that appeals the huge state. Leopold exploited the the writer most to analyze this novel. country ruthlessly and gave it very little Conrad not only shows the colonialism in return. Congo was the name of Heart through his well-description in his novel of darkness land, now change to La but also reveals the darkness side of human Republique du Zaire in the 1800th, being desire to be wealthy by force, when Henry Morton Stanley stepped on violence and exploitation. this land. Based on the objective of the study data contains that describing the writer has purpose as follows: colonialism will be quoted as the prove 1. To describe the colonialism in in the analysis Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Procedure of Data Collection Darkness. 1. Reading The Novel 2. To explain how the colonialism For the writer, the Novel Heart influences the change of the of Darkness is not strange anymore character of Mr.Kurtz in Joseph because this novel is already famous Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. enough and were observed by the literature lover.but still reading the RESEARCH METHODE novel carefully is needed in order to In analyzing this research, the understand the content of the novel study employs qualitative approach. deeply, The writer toke several month Because the data are in the form of to finish reading this novel (about 3 words. As Biklen (1992:32) states that months) “Qualitative approach research is descriptive, the data collected are in the 2. Collecting The Data form of words or pictures rather than number. The written results of the The writer employs library research contains quotation from the data to illustrate and substantiate the research and internet browsing. The presentation. The data include interview transcrippt, field notes, writer searchs conceptual of photographs, videotapes, personal documents, memos, and other official colonialism that occured based on the records.