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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Letras Magical Elements in the Narrative Structure Of

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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Letras Magical Elements in the Narrative Structure Of UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS MAGICAL ELEMENTS IN THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF FAIRY TALES Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do grau de MESTRE EM LETRAS OPÇÃO INGLÊS E LITERATURA CORRESPONDENTE TÂNIA FARAH PREHN Florianópolis 1987 Esta dissertação foi julgada adequada para a obtenção xla grau de MESTRE EM LETRAS Opção Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Profa. Carmen Rosa Caldas Coulthard / ORIENTADORA Dr. José Luiz Meurer Coordenador do Curso de P5s-Graduação em Inglês e Literatura Correspondente BANCA EXAMINADORA Profa. Carmen Rosa Caldas Coulthard Dr. Malcolm Coulthard Dr. José Luiz Meurer To all children around the globe, but especially to JANAiNA and MlGUELZINHO. iv AGRADECIMENTOS À Profã Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard Ao Prof. Malcolm Coulthard^ Ao Prof. José Luiz Meurer Ao Prof. Hilário Inácio Bohn Ao Prof. John Bruce Derrick Ao Prof. Arnold Selig Gordenstein Ao Prof. Raul Antelo Ao Prof. Michael Hoey Aos meus pais Sellby e Ivone Aos meus irmãos Sérgio e Cláudio Aos meus avós Oscar e Olinda Ao amigo Jason Pimenta Miranda À amiga Izabel de Fátima de Oliveira Brandão À amiga Gladys de Morais Maciel À amiga Susana Lauck À amiga Rosa Yoshiko Mochidome Mundim Ao amigo José Roberto Mundim Ao amigo Daniel Santee À amiga Lúcia Benevides À amiga Dirce Zornig À Silvia Caldas Melo Aos professores do Programa de PÓs-Graduação em Ingl <D> e Literatura Correspondente. Aos professores do Departamento de Letras e Artes da Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande - RS. V ABSTRACT The unknown has ever been object of thought for men that tlrough their artistic production try to explain phenomena direct^ ly or indirectly associated with powers and mysteries that rule our lives. Literature is one of the means of imagination that makes possible to express the perplexities and anxieties of the human spirit, and at the same time to find answers for some of the mysteries that cannot be understood by rational laws. FAIRY TALES are the product of the imaginative/creative freedom of men in search for answers (solutions) to existential problems. Fairy tales in their symbolism, through their funda­ mental component, the magic, transmit messages of great interest to life. These messages are mainly expressed by means of two situations which, in general, are responsible for the conductive axis of the narrative of fairy tales: a conflicting situation and a solution. In this thesis fairy tales are analysed at the level of their structural organization - as a variety of the narrative discourse - and at the level of their symbolism. The study of the narrative structure of the tales shows the presence of magical elements - or marvelous existents, in three structural categories : Orientation/Complicating Action/ Resolution. Analysing these narrative structures in relation to the presence of marvelous existents I conclude that there are two possibilities according to their magical behaviour. Mar velous existents may be performers of two distinct actions that create situations of disequilibrium and/or equilibrium which are manifested in fairy tales as problems and/or solutions. Conflicting actions ( situations of disequilibrium ) in vi fairy tales are solved directly and/or indirectly by means of magic. That is, the solution depends not only on the interfer­ ence of magic, but also on the (human) character's attitude when confronting the most different and adverse situations. In this way, the characters involved in a situation of conflict have a compulsory participation for its satisfactory and/or happy denouement. It is mainly in this sense that the symbolism of fairy tales seems to be centered - the message is that al­ though inevitable problems are susceptible of resolution. The solution for problems faced by the main characters is always found and it is this fact that reveals the greatest message of the tales: there will be always a happy ending! In short, this study intends to show the role of magic evinced by the function of marvelous existents (mainly the fal_ ries) through a possible correlation between the narrative structure and the message of fairy tales. vii RESUMO O desconhecido foi sempre objeto de reflexão para o ho- men que, através de sua produção artística, procura gplicar fe­ nômenos que direta ou indiretamente estão associados a poderes e mistérios que regem nossas vidas. A literatura é um dos veí­ culos da imaginação que possibilita expressar as perplexidades e angústias do espírito humano, e ao mesmo tempo encontrar res­ postas para alguns dos mistérios que não podem ser compreendi­ as dos pela razao. Os CONTOS DE FADA são produto da liberdade imaginativa/ criadora do homen à procura de respostas (soluções) para probl£ mas existenciais. Os contos de fada em sua simbologia, através do seu componente fundamental, a magia, trasmitem mensagens de grande interesse para a vida. Estas mensagens são principalmen te expressas por meio de duas situações que, em geral, promo­ vem o eixo-condutor da narrativa dos contos de fada: uma situa­ ção problematizadora e uma situação solucionadora. Nesta dissertação os contos de fada são analisados a ní^ vel de organização estrutural - como uma variedade do discurso narrativo - e a nível de sua simbologia. 0 estudo da estrutura narrativa dos contos mostra a pre sença de elementos mágicos - ou existentes maravilhosos, em três categorias estruturais: Orientação/Ação Complicadora/Resolução. Analisando essas estruturas narrativas em relação à presença dos existentes maravilhosos conclui-se que há duas possibilida­ des quanto ao seu comportamento mágico. Existentes maravilhosos podem ser realizadores de duas ações distintas que criam situa­ ções de desequilíbrio e/ou equilíbrio que se manifestam em -con­ tos de fada como problemas e/ou soluções. viii Ações problematizadoras (situações de desequilíbrio) em contos de fada são solucionadas direta e/ou indiretamente por meio de magia. Isto é, a solução depende não somente da inter­ ferência da magia, mas também da atitude das personagens (hu­ manas) ao enfrentar as mais diversas e adversas situações. As sim, as personagens envolvidas numa situação de conflito têm participação obrigatória para o seu desfecho satisfatório e/ou feliz. É sobretudo neste sentido que parece .estar centrada a simbologia dos contos de fada - a mensagem de que problemas são inevitáveis, porém, passíveis de resolução. Por sempre ser en­ contrada a solução dos problemas enfrentados pelas personagens centrais é que se revela a mensagem maior dos contos: haverá sempre um final feliz 1 Em síntese, este estudo pretende mostrar o papel da ma­ gia, evidenciado pela função ,dos existentes maravilhosos (prin cipalmente as fadas) através de uma possível correlação entre a estrutura narrativa e a mensagem dos contos de fada. ix CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................... V RESUMO ...... ..............................................VII INTRODUCTION ..... ................ ................. ........ 1 CHAPTER I - DEFINING FAIRY TALES 1.1 Marvelous Stories instead of Fantastic Stories ....... 5 1.2 Children as Audience ................................... 8 1.3 Distinguishing Fairy Tales from Marvelous Tales ..... 10 1.4 Concluding Remarks ........ ............................ 13 CHAPTER II - DEFINING NARRATIVE AND STORY 2.1 Defining Narrative as a Type of Discourse ........... 15 2.2 Defining Story ......................................... 19 CHAPTER III - THE OVERALL STRUCTURE OF STORIES OF THE MARVEL­ OUS ( Fairy and Marvelous Tales) 3.1 Abstract ................ .............................. .25 3.2 Orientation ..... ............... ...... .............. ..28 3.3 Complicating Action ....................................31 3.4 Evaluation ........................... ................ .35 3.5 Resolution ...................... .......................37 3.6 C o d a ...... .............................. ............. .39 3.7 Concluding Remarks ................... ................ .42 CHAPTER IV - MARVELOUS EXISTENTS IN THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE 4.1 Orientation ................. .......... .......... 47 4.2 Complicating Action ........ .......................... 51 4.3 Resolution ...... ....... .......... ........ ........... 55 4.4 The Analysis of "The Sleeping Beauty" ................. 60 X 4.4.1 Orientation ................................ .60 4.4.2 Complicating Action ................ ........ .60 4.4.3 Resolution ..... .............................62 4.5 Concluding Remarks ..................................65 CHAPTER V - THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF MARVELOUS EXISTENTS IN FAIRY TALES 5.1 The Meaning of Fantasy in Fairy-Tales ............. 71 5.2 The Never-ending Search for Happiness ............. 74 5.2.1, The Moment of Disequilibrium: the heroine/hero's first step towards her/his quest .................. ...... 79 5.2.2 The Moment of Equilibrium: the heroine/hero's second step towards her/his quest ................... 83 5.2.3 The Moment of a New Equilibrium: the heroine/hero's reward for her/his quest ........... .............. 88 5.3 A Possible Reading of the Symbolic Function Aggressors and Auxiliairies Play Towards the Heroine/Hero .... 91 5.4 Concluding Remarks ............. ............. ...... 95 CONCLUSION ....... ......... ...... ...................... 98 APPENDIX A ......................................... ...... 101 APPENDIX B ............................................... 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 INTRODUCTION The stories that I am concerned with in this thesis de­ rive, as Barrenechea
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