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Social Innovation and Its Relationship to Social Change: Verifying Existing Social Theories in Reference to Social SI-DRIVE Social Innovation: Driving Force of Social Change SOCIAL INNOVATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOCIAL CHANGE Verifying existing Social Theories in reference to Social Innovation and its Relationship to Social Change D1.3 Project acronym SI-DRIVE Project title Social Innovation: Driving Force of Social Change Grand Agreement number 612870 Coordinator TUDO – TU Dortmund University Funding Scheme Collaborative project; Large scale integration project Due date of deliverable April 30 2016 Actual submission date April 30 2016 Start date of the project January 1 2014 Project duration 48 months Work package 1 Theory Lead beneficiary for this deliverable TUDO Authors Jürgen Howaldt (TUDO), Michael Schwarz Dissemination level public This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 612870. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all partners of the SI-DRIVE consortium for their comments to this paper. Also many thanks to Doris Schartinger and Matthias Weber for their contributions. We also thank Marthe Zirngiebl and Luise Kuschmierz for their support. SI-DRIVE “Social Innovation: Driving Force of Social Change” (SI-DRIVE) is a research project funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme. The project consortium consists of 25 partners, 15 from the EU and 10 from world regions outside the EU. SI-DRIVE is led by TU Dortmund University / Sozialforschungsstelle and runs from 2014-2017. 2 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Social Innovation Research and Concepts of Social Change ............................ 8 3 Theories of Social Change – an Overview ........................................................ 14 3.1 Social Innovations in Theories of Social Change ........................................................................................................ 14 3.2 Theories of Social Change in scientific Discourse ...................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Demands on the Analysis and Explanation of Processes of Social Change ...................................................... 19 4 Selected Approaches to recording Processes and Mechanisms of Social Change ................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Social Change from a Structuration Theory Perspective.......................................................................................... 23 4.2 Morphogenesis and Mechanisms Approach .................................................................................................................. 25 4.3 Capability Approach and Social Grid ............................................................................................................................... 30 4.4 Institution-Theory Perspectives on Change .................................................................................................................. 33 4.5 Post-Structuralism and Actor-Network Theory ............................................................................................................ 36 4.6 Multilevel Perspective (MLP) ............................................................................................................................................. 38 4.7 Transformation Research and transformative Research ......................................................................................... 43 4.7.1 Transformation Research ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.7.2 From Transformation Research to transformative Research .................................................................................. 43 4.7.2.1 Social-ecological Research ................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.7.2.2 Social Contract for a major Transformation .................................................................................................................. 45 4.7.2.3 Transition Management ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 4.7.2.4 Transition Design .................................................................................................................................................................... 48 4.7.2.5 Transformation Design ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 4.8 Social Change as a rational Transformation of Ways of Life ................................................................................. 51 5 Summary – Social Innovation as a Key Element of an Understanding of Social Change Processes that is grounded in Social Theory .......................... 53 6 Conclusion – The Conceptualisation Of Social Innovation and Social Change ................................................................................................................. 57 7 Next Steps ........................................................................................................... 63 8 References ........................................................................................................... 64 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Basic diagram ................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Fig. 2: The Extended Social Grid Model and Social Innovation ............................................................................................... 32 Fig. 3: A schematic conceptual Model of the Social Innovation Process.............................................................................. 34 Fig. 4 Combining the MLP and SPT .................................................................................................................................................... 41 Fig. 5: Conceptual heuristic to explore the Dynamics of transformative Social Innovation ......................................... 42 Fig. 6: The Transition Framework ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 2 1 INTRODUCTION The harder task for social innovation research is to understand the place of social innovation in much bigger processes of social change. (Mulgan, 2015, xiii) The task of understanding and unlocking the potential of social innovation is on the research and policy agenda alike: While “in recent years, social innovation has become increasingly influential in both scholarship and policy” (Moulaert et al. 2013a, p. 1), there is still no sustained and systematic analysis of social innovation, its theories, characteristics, and impacts. “Recent work on social innovation has been mostly practice oriented” (Choi/Majumdar 2015, p. 7) and practice led. A plethora of vastly diverging subject matters and problem dimensions as well as expectations for resolving them have been subsumed under the heading ‘social innovation’ without making distinctions between different social and economic meanings, the conditions governing its inception, its genesis and diffusion, and without clearly distinguishing it from other forms of innovation (European Commission 2013). Often, social innovations were studied quite comprehensively, but without being labelled as such. Today, there are countless approaches and successful initiatives that illustrate the strengths and potentials of social innovations in the area of social integration through education and poverty reduction, in establishing sustainable patterns of consumption, or in coping with demographic change (cf. Yunus 2010; Rey de Marulanda/Tancredi 2010; Murray et al. 2010; Moulaert et al. 2013). At the same time, social innovations are gaining in importance not only in relation to social integration and equal opportunities, but also in respect to the innovative ability and future sustainability of society as a whole. “Although social innovation is widely recognised as an important development phenomenon, it has traditionally been perceived as being limited in scope” (Millard 2014, p. 35). One key reason for this is that for a long time, the social innovation discussion focused predominantly– and still is in many parts of the world - on concepts of social entrepreneurship (cf. Nicholls 2012; Phills et al. 2008; Short et al. 2009; Young 2012). Yet, such a limited understanding is not sufficient for developing the potentials of social innovation for the purposes of human and sustainable development (cf. Davies 2014; Howaldt et al. 2015). Instead, it is necessary to develop a concept of social innovation that is, on the one hand, grounded in social theory, which, on the other hand, looks at its various manifestations, actors, and cultural contexts and, hence, frees the term from the narrow confines of an economic orientation that is focused on the concept of social entrepreneurship (Howaldt et al. 2014b). Developing a theoretically grounded concept of social innovation is the essential condition for meeting the demand for an integrative
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