PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE BILL THEISEN INDUSTRIAL PARK

YORK TOWNSHIP, ATHENS COUNTY, OHIO OH-0182

MAY 15, 2019

Image Credits: Portion of the 1961 (1977 ed.) USGS Nelsonville, Ohio topographic quadrangle map. Inset: Project area, looking southwest by Angela L. Haines, Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc.

PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE BILL THEISEN INDUSTRIAL PARK, YORK TOWNSHIP, ATHENS COUNTY, OHIO

Prepared for BURGESS & NIPLE, INC. 5085 REED ROAD COLUMBUS, OHIO 43220

Prepared by COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE GROUP, INC. 4608 INDIANOLA AVENUE, SUITE C COLUMBUS, OHIO 43214

Anne B. Lee, M.A., RPA, Project Manager/Principal Investigator Angela L. Haines, M.A., GIS Coordinator/Staff Archaeologist

May 15, 2019 Acknowledgements Anne B. Lee served as Commonwealth’s Project Manager and Principal Investigator for this Project. Angela L. Haines completed the literature review, background research, field investigations, and prepared all GIS files and figures. Dave Walker, Environmental Assessment and Remediation Section Director, served as the Project Manager and primary contact for Burgess & Niple, Inc.

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Notice The location of any archaeological site is considered sensitive information and is protected from release under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Site location data should not be released to the public because the information may create a risk, harm, theft, or destruction of a non- renewable resource. Information on archaeological sites should only be shared with those individuals directly involved with the subject project. Archaeological site information should not be used for future unrelated projects. Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Bill Theisen Industrial Park, Athens County, Ohio

ABSTRACT

Burgess & Niple, Inc. contracted Commonwealth Heritage Group (Commonwealth) to perform a Phase I Cultural Resources Survey as one step in the process of having the project area parcel certified for industrial or commercial development under the JobsOhio Site Certification Program. Although there is no federal undertaking at the present time, the JobsOhio Site Certification Program offers property owners and potential developers a site where environmental risks are already known. The cultural resources survey, therefore, was conducted as if it was being conducted under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and this report was prepared to meet the guidelines of the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (OHPO) should coordination become necessary at any point in the process. The project area is an approximately 11.2-acre (4.5-ha), irregularly shaped area bounded by Industrial Park Drive and Industrial Road on the west and north sides and by property lines, buildings, and Poston Road (County Road 110) on the east and south. The project area is largely covered in low grasses except in wet patches where species such as cattails and willow saplings are present. The literature review revealed that there have been no cultural resources surveys conducted inside the project area. Similarly, no previously recorded archaeological sites or above-ground resources (e.g., buildings and structures) have been identified within the project area. Multiple cultural resources surveys have been conducted in the area immediately adjacent to the project area and in the 1-mile (1.6-km) search radius around the project area, although the density of recorded resources is comparatively low in the search radius (three archaeological sites and one building). After completing the literature review, Commonwealth staff investigated the project area on April 24, 2019. Survey consisted of visual inspection and soil probing to assess the level of disturbance and determine if shovel test unit excavation was necessary. The visual inspection and soil probing supported the archival map and aerial imagery review, which indicated that the entire project area had been previously disturbed on several occasions. Given the extensive disturbance of the project area, shovel test units were not excavated because it is extremely unlikely that any archaeological deposits remain in a primary context. Commonwealth staff also found that there are no extant buildings or structures in the project area. Ten structures immediately adjacent to the project area were inspected and found to represent structures that are less than 50 years old and, therefore, do not meet the basic eligibility criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Resources (NRHP). In light of the extensive ground disturbance in the project area and the lack of any buildings or structures in or adjacent to the project area that are over 50 years of age, Commonwealth recommends that no further cultural resources work is necessary at the Bill Theisen Industrial Park site in order to comply with Section 106 of the NHPA or the JobsOhio Site Certification program.

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CONTENTS List of Figures ...... iv List of Tables ...... v Project Overview ...... 1 Summary of Investigations ...... 1 Environmental Context ...... 4 Geology and Physiography ...... 4 Drainage ...... 4 Soils ...... 4 Prehistoric and Historic Context ...... 6 Prehistoric Context ...... 6 Historic Context...... 6 Proto-Historic and Historical Native American Occupation in Ohio ...... 6 Euro-American History of Athens County and York Township ...... 8 Land Use History of the Project Area ...... 9 Literature Review ...... 16 Previously Documented History/Architecture Resources ...... 16 Previously Documented Archaeological Resources ...... 16 Mills’ (1914) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio ...... 16 Previous Surveys and Ohio Archaeological (OAI) Inventory Forms...... 18 Cemetery Records ...... 19 Research Design and Methods ...... 20 Research Goals ...... 20 Criteria for the National Register of Historic Places ...... 20 Field Methods ...... 21 Archaeology Laboratory Methods ...... 22 Survey Results ...... 23 Project Area Description ...... 23 Archaeological Results ...... 27 History/Architecture Results ...... 29 Conclusion ...... 33 References Cited...... 34

Appendix A. Project Photographs with Photo Key Map

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Project area superimposed on portions of USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps ...... 2

Figure 2. Project area superimposed on a recent aerial photograph ...... 3

Figure 3. Mapped soils in the project area ...... 5

Figure 4. Section of 1875 county atlas sheet showing project area ...... 10

Figure 5. Section of 1905 county atlas sheet showing project area ...... 11

Figure 6. 1960 aerial photograph of the project area showing road and buildings ...... 13

Figure 7. 1961 (1977 edition) USGS topographic quadrangle map of the project area showing road, buildings, and rail spurs ...... 14

Figure 8. 1983 aerial photograph of the project area showing reconfigurations of roadways ...... 15

Figure 9. One-mile (1.6-km) literature review study area ...... 17

Figure 10. Locations of visible disturbance, wet areas, and soil probes in project area ...... 24

Figure 11. Overview of project area from location of soil probe 12 showing predominate ground cover, looking southwest ...... 25

Figure 12. Overview of utility disturbance along west edge of project area, looking south from northwest corner ...... 25

Figure 13. Electric transmission line poles along west side of project area, looking northeast ...... 26

Figure 14. Storm water grate and concrete drainage structure in northwest corner of project area, looking southeast ...... 26

Figure 15. Overview of ditch and natural gas pipeline along northern edge of project area, looking southwest ...... 27

Figure 16. Soil Probe 1 showing mottled soils ...... 28

Figure 17. Structures to east of project area, looking east ...... 29

Figure 18. Structure to southeast of project area, looking south ...... 30

Figure 19. Structure to southwest of project area, looking southwest ...... 30

Figure 20. Structures to west of project area, looking west ...... 31

Figure 21. Structures to northeast of project area, looking north-northeast ...... 31

Figure 22. Structures to the far northeast of the project area, looking north ...... 32

iv Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Bill Theisen Industrial Park, Athens County, Ohio

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of Ohio prehistoric cultural periods and their general characteristics ...... 7

Table 2. Previously identified archaeological sites within the 1-mile (1.6-km) radius study area recorded on the OAI ...... 19

Table 3. Summary of soil probe results ...... 28

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

Burgess & Niple, Inc. engaged Commonwealth Heritage Group (Commonwealth) to perform a Phase I Cultural Resources Survey as one step in the process of having the project area certified for industrial or commercial development under the JobsOhio Site Certification Program. Although there is no federal undertaking at the present time, the JobsOhio Site Certification Program offers property owners and potential developers a site where environmental risks are already known. The cultural resources survey, therefore, was conducted as if it was being conducted under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), and identified resources were evaluated for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) using the NRHP criteria. The project area is located near the city of Athens in York Township, Athens County, Ohio, and consists of an approximately 11.2-acre (4.5-ha), irregularly-shaped area bounded by Industrial Park Drive and Industrial Road on the west and north sides and by property lines, buildings, and Poston Road (County Road 110) on the east and south (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The Athens County Port Authority is considering development of the parcel to include construction of a 136,000 SF industrial spec building and a 33,000 SF wet lab and clean room facility for biotech companies graduating from the Innovation Center.

Summary of Investigations

The purpose of this survey is twofold: to identify cultural resources within the project area, and to evaluate the eligibility of these resources for listing in the NRHP. Archaeological cultural resources are defined as any prehistoric or historical archaeological site, while historical cultural resources include aspects of the built environment, including buildings, structures, and landscape features. After completing a literature review, Commonwealth staff investigated the project area, which at that time had a ground cover of tall grasses except where wetland species such as cattails and willow saplings were growing. Survey consisted of visual inspection and limited soil probing to assess the level of previous ground disturbance and determine the need for shovel test unit excavation. The visual inspection and soil probing supported the archival map and aerial imagery review, which indicated that the entire project area had been previously disturbed on several occasions. Given the extensive disturbance of the project area, shovel test units were not excavated because it is extremely unlikely that any archaeological deposits remain in a primary context. Commonwealth staff also found that there are no extant buildings or structures in the project area and none of the structures adjacent to the project area are over 50 years of age. Based on the results of this investigation, Commonwealth recommends that no further cultural resources work is necessary for compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA or for the JobsOhio Site Certification program.

1 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Bill Theisen Industrial Park, Athens County, Ohio

Figure 1. Project area superimposed on portions of USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps

2 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Bill Theisen Industrial Park, Athens County, Ohio

Figure 2. Project area superimposed on a recent aerial photograph

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Geology and Physiography

The project area is located within the Muskingum-Pittsburgh Plateau region of the Allegheny Plateaus physiographic section (Brockman 1998). This area is characterized by moderately high to high relief, dissected plateaus, broad major outwash valleys, and smaller tributary valleys containing lacustrine deposits. The local bedrock consists of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, shale, and siltstone, laid down during the Pennsylvanian epoch.

Drainage

The project area lies within the Hocking River drainage system, in the Ohio River watershed. The project area is drained by Hamley Run, which flows southwest to northeast along the southern edge of the project area before feeding into the Hocking River. The Hocking River flows east and southeast before emptying into the Ohio River at Hockingport.

Soils

Soils belonging to two soils series (Fitchville and Udorthents) make up the mapped soils in the project area as shown in Figure 3. Udorthents, loamy (Ud) is mapped across the majority of the project area. This soil is found in areas of cut and fill activities such as construction sites and landfills (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA-SCS] 1981:42). Soil profiles for Udorthents are highly variable. Fitchville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, (FcA) is mapped along the far western edge of the project area. This soil type is a deep, somewhat poorly drained soil that forms in Wisconsin-age glacial lake sediments and is found on stream terraces (USDA-SCS 1981:25). The upper horizon is a dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam underlain by a yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam subsoil with iron depletions and accumulations (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service [USDA-NRCS] 2019).

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Figure 3. Mapped soils in the project area

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PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC CONTEXT

Prehistoric Context

In lieu of a detailed and lengthy prehistoric culture history narrative, a summary table (Table 1) of the different periods in Ohio prehistory is presented. The table also contains the general life- way characteristics for each period. These life-way characteristics serve as general indicators of the material remains expected to be encountered in the field if occupations from a particular culture history period are identified within the survey area.

Historic Context

Proto-Historic and Historical Native American Occupation in Ohio A definitive beginning to the proto-historic period in Ohio is difficult to establish, since so little is known about the early 1600s. Europeans had at least indirect contact with Late Prehistoric Native American populations in the Ohio Valley, as indicated by European trade goods recovered at two Fort Ancient sites (Drooker 1997). But Knepper (1997:14) states that the Ohio country was “uninhabited” from the demise of the Fort Ancient people until the early 1700s. Others believe that the only truly indigenous historical groups are the Shawnee in the southern region, and the Erie in the extreme northeastern portion, of what is now the state of Ohio (Hunter 1978). Scholars have established, however, that many indigenous populations were pushed westward, out of Ohio, during the Beaver Wars of 1654–1700. For example, the Seneca, an Iroquois group, invaded what is now Ohio, expelled the Erie, and used the area for hunting territory to acquire furs for trade with the British and French. After the Iroquois and other groups signed a peace treaty at Montreal in 1701, many different non-indigenous Native American cultures repopulated the Ohio Valley area. These cultures fall within two major language groups: (1) the Algonquian, which includes the Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa, and Delaware; and (2) the Iroquoian, which includes the Erie, Wyandot (reformulated), and Seneca. By the time Europeans began to settle in the Ohio area, it was not unusual for different populations with different life ways and material cultures to congregate within a single village, banding together for protection from Europeans and hostile Native American groups (Hunter 1978). The French began to search for a river called the “Ohio” in the 1670s after they learned of its likely existence from Native American groups in the Great Lakes region. France subsequently claimed all the Ohio territory. However, only in the 1750s and 1760s did Europeans begin to settle the Upper and Middle Ohio Valley in larger numbers. A long struggle between the French and British for control of the Ohio lands culminated in France forfeiting all official claims to North America in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. At the same time, European encroachment sparked Pontiac’s Rebellion in 1763–1764, an uprising of Native American groups in the Great Lakes region that was intended to end British settlement and push the Europeans out of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley areas (Knepper 1997:24–46).

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Table 1. Summary of Ohio prehistoric cultural periods and their general characteristics

PERIOD TIME (BP) & GENERAL ARTIFACT TYPES SITE TYPES FEATURE TYPES SUBPERIODS SUBSISTENCE Single-season camps Few to no features, but possibly some Hunting and Point types: Clovis, 13,500 Limited/special-use small number of food-processing and gathering; adaptation Cumberland, Dalton, and PaleoIndian camps preparation features: basins and PALEO PALEO to boreal forest Beaver Lake Extractive camps hearths Hunting and Point types: Big Sandy I, Single-season camps Few to no features, but may find small 10,000 gathering; adaptation Kessel, Kirk, Charleston, Limited/special-use number of food-processing and Early Archaic to expanding MacCorkle, Kanawha, and camps preparation features: basins and deciduous forest St. Albans Extractive camps hearths Small number of food processing and Hunting and Single-season camps Point types: Raddatz, preparation features: basins and 8,000 gathering; adaptation Limited/special-use Stanly Stemmed, and hearths Middle Archaic to expanding camps Morrow Mountain No storage features, no midden, and no deciduous forest Extractive camps architectural features Storage pits, basins and hearths, small Point types: Brewerton, Base camps Hunting and middens, and possibly some structural Matanzas, Lamoka, (multi-season) gathering; elements 5,500 Merom/Trimble, development of more ARCHAIC Late Archaic McWhinney Heavy Single-season camps Food-processing and preparation extensive exploitation Stemmed, and Saratoga Limited/special-use features: basins and hearths strategies cluster camps No storage features, no midden, and no Extractive camps architectural features Storage pits, basins and hearths, small Base camps middens, and possibly some structural Point types: Buck Creek (multi-season) Hunting and elements 4,000 Barbed, Wade, gathering with Terminal Archaic Susquehanna Broad, Single-season camps Food-processing and preparation incipient horticulture Turkey-tail, and Motley Limited/special-use features: basins and hearths camps No storage features, no midden, and no Extractive camps architectural features Storage pits, basins and hearths, small Point types: Base camps middens, and possibly some structural Turkey-tail, Cresap, Adena (multi-season) Mixed hunting and Stemmed, Kramer, and elements 3,000 gathering, and Robbins Early Woodland Seasonal camps Food processing and preparation horticulture Pottery types: Half-moon, Limited/special-use features: basins and hearths Fayette Thick, and Adena camps No storage features, no midden, and no Plain Extractive camps architectural features Point types: Storage pits, hearths, basins, earth Snyder and Semi-permanent hamlets ovens, circular structures, and small Lowe/Steuben/Chesser middens 2,400 Increased importance cluster points, and Middle Woodland of horticulture Food-processing and preparation bladelets Extractive/specialized features: basins and hearths WOODLAND WOODLAND Pottery types: Adena Plain camps No storage features, no midden, and no and McGraw architectural features Point types: Jack’s Reef Storage pits, hearths, basins, earth Semi-permanent villages Maize added to Cluster, Raccoon notched, ovens, structures, and small middens horticulture; hunting Lowe/Steuben/Chesser 1,600 and gathering cluster, Hamilton, and Food processing and preparation Late Woodland supplements Levanna Extractive/specialized features: basins and hearths horticulture Pottery types: Newtown camps No storage features, no midden, and no and Childers architectural features Large, nucleated villages All feature types plus structures and Point types: Madison, on floodplains large middens. Hamilton Incurvate, Maize horticulture 1,000–1,300 Nodena Banks, and Fort dominates Food processing and preparation Ft. Ancient Ancient subsistence Extractive/specialized features: basins and hearths Pottery types: Parkline, camps No storage features, no midden, and no LATE PREHISTORIC Baum, and Buffalo architectural features

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During the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783), most Native American groups allied with the British and fought against the Americans and French. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War. Great Britain retained Canada, but the Northwest Territory, which included all land west of the Ohio River, became part of the new American nation. The United States government gave plots of land in the Northwest Territory to veterans of the American Revolution as compensation for their efforts. Many Native American groups signed treaties with the United States in which they relinquished all claims to vast tracts of land. Such was the case in the Treaty of Fort McIntosh signed in 1785. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a procedure through which territories could become states, provided a guide for how a state should be governed, and allowed for the surveying of the Northwest Territories (Dean and Speas 2001:37–38). However, despite a statement in the Northwest Ordinance protecting Native American land claims and various treaties, tension continued in the Ohio country. In 1789, another series of hostilities began between Native Americans and Europeans in the Northwest Territory, culminating in 1794, when General Anthony Wayne defeated a confederation of tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The following year, the Treaty of Greenville was signed by representative tribes in Ohio, who ceded the southern two-thirds of the state to the United States. Ohio became a state in early 1803 (Dean and Speas 2001:70; Knepper 1997:95) and expanded its borders through treaty negotiations with Native American populations. The north-central portion of Ohio was ceded to the United States in 1805 with the Treaty of Fort Industry, while the Treaty of Fort Detroit in 1807 ceded the Toledo area and parts of Michigan to the United States. In 1817, Native Americans relinquished the northwest portion of Ohio, including what would become Defiance County, in the Treaty of the Maumee Rapids, and in 1818, the Miami ceded the last large tract of Native American land, located west of Wapakoneta. After 1818, Native Americans resided only on small reservations in northwestern Ohio. The Wyandot relinquished the last official Native American reservation in Ohio near Upper Sandusky in 1842. After this time, all Ohio tribes were relocated to reservations west of the Missouri River in the present states of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (Dean and Speas 2001:77–78; Hunter 1978).

Euro-American History of Athens County and York Township The land that is now Ohio was originally claimed by the English and was considered part of the state of Virginia before the Revolutionary War. Although claimed by the English, the French were the ones to use the land for trapping. After the French and Indian War, the land was given to Quebec, which angered the Virginians and became a cause for fighting during the Revolutionary War. After the war, Virginia gave up claims to the land, leaving it to the new United States government (Martzolff 1916:9–10). After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. government passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 to provide for the surveying of the land in the Ohio Country. This act prompted the formation of the Ohio Company in Boston, Massachusetts: in 1786, a group of Revolutionary War Veterans, led by Benjamin Tupper and Rufus Putnam, met at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern and agreed to buy and sell a large section of land in Ohio. The men sent Reverend Manassen Cutler to New York to purchase about 1,500,000 acres in southeastern Ohio. In 1787, the federal government passed the Northwest Ordinance and sold just under a million acres to the Ohio Company for 66 2/3 cents per acre. The land included two townships to be set aside for a university, with land in each township to be used for schools and churches (Daniel 1997:14–15).

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In 1788, a group of 48 men from the Ohio Company, led by Rufus Putnam, set out for the Ohio territory and laid out the first town, Marietta, located on the Ohio River. In the spring of 1797, the first settlers arrived by boat via the Hocking River to the area that would later be Athens County (Martzolff 1916:12–13). Athens County was created out of Washington County in 1805 and initially encompassed 1,053 square miles. The present area of 484 square miles was achieved in 1850 after portions of the county were lost as the surrounding counties (Perry, Vinton, Hocking, and Meigs) were formed (Walker 1869:143–146). The county originally included four townships: Athens, Ames, Alexander, and Troy. Athens and Alexander Townships were set aside as college land. The act that created the county provided for the county seat at Athens (Walker 1869:143–146). The county is known for its rich iron ore, salt, and coal deposits. In 1886, Athens County had 41 coal mines in operation and was the second largest coal-producing county in the state, after Perry County (Howe 1888:282). Nelsonville and Chauncey in the northern portion of the county were the main centers of the coal industry (Walker 1869:192–193), although Nelsonville also had a flourishing brick-making industry. Agriculture is also important to the county’s economy. Although the area has a rocky terrain, it also has an abundance of small streams that create fertile soil conducive to raising corn, and its limestone ridges produce rich pasture grounds for livestock (Martzolff 1916:18). What is now York Township began as part of Ames Township in 1811 and then became a part of Dover Township until finally being recognized as an independent township in 1818 (Walker: 1869:541). The Hocking River, which flows northwest to southeast through the township, is not only a prominent landscape feature but also played a significant role in the early development of the township because it served as the primary transportation route for goods and people. Movement along the river was supplemented by transport of coal and other products along the Hocking Valley canal in the first half of the 19th century. The railroad, which runs roughly parallel to the river, later became the primary method of transporting the township’s coal and bricks to market. The most prominent settlement is Nelsonville on the northern edge of the township. Today, Athens County has a population of over 65,000 and includes two colleges, Hocking College in Nelsonville and Ohio University in Athens; Ohio University is the largest employer in the county. Coal production has decreased dramatically, and the county’s economy is now fueled by educational services, the hospitality industry (particularly as associated with associated with the Wayne National Forest, the Hocking Hills region, and historic sites), and retail trade (DATAUSA 2019). There are fourteen townships now located within Athens County; in 2010 the official population of York Township was 7,761 (Ohio Township Association 2019).

Land Use History of the Project Area The project area appears to have been open agricultural land from the time of the earliest available plat map (1875) until the 1940s when the power generating facility was developed. The 1875 atlas of Athens County (Lake 1875; Figure 4) shows that the project area was part of a 528- acre parcel owned by George Putnam. Putnam continued to own a 438-acre parcel, including the project area, in 1905 (Centennial Atlas Association 1905; Figure 5). The project area remains undeveloped on the 1905, 1937, and 1947 USGS topographic maps.

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Figure 4. Section of 1875 county atlas sheet showing project area

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Figure 5. Section of 1905 county atlas sheet showing project area

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The OHI for the E. M. Poston Generating Station states that the facility was constructed ca. 1949. It is not, however, depicted on the 1958 USGS topographic map of the area. By the time of the 1960 aerial photograph, E. M. Poston Generating Station is present. A road runs southwest to northeast through the entire project area and a small rectilinear building is located on the northwest edge of the project area, oriented parallel to Industrial Drive (Figure 6). Rail spurs are depicted in the northern one-third of the project area on the 1961 topographic maps (Figure 7). This basic configuration remains the same on the 1969 and 1977 USGS topographic map. The 1983 aerial photograph of the project area shows a reconfiguration of the roads within the project area (Figure 8) and by the time of the 1994 aerial photograph the entire project area has been decommissioned and replaced by what appears to be grass ground cover. In addition, the E. M. Poston Generating Station (ATH-633-2) is no longer present in the facility to the west of the project area. The land use history of the project area demonstrates that the entire project area has been significantly disturbed in the past and that all the extant adjacent structures were constructed after 1970.

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Figure 6. 1960 aerial photograph of the project area showing road and buildings

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Figure 7. 1961 (1977 edition) USGS topographic quadrangle map of the project area showing road, buildings, and rail spurs

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Figure 8. 1983 aerial photograph of the project area showing reconfigurations of roadways

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Commonwealth staff conducted a literature review in April 2019 to identify any previously recorded cultural resources within or immediately adjacent to the project area; to provide information on the expected types and settings of resources in the region; and to identify any cultural resources investigations that had taken place in the vicinity. For this project, the literature review covered previously known cultural resources within a 1-mile (1.6-km) search radius of the project area (Figure 9). Commonwealth staff reviewed the following sources as part of the literature review:

 Ohio Historic Preservation Office (OHPO) documents;  Ohio Historical Inventory (OHI) forms;  Ohio Archaeological Inventory (OAI) forms;  National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) files, including the Determination of Eligibility (DOE) files;  National Historic Landmarks (NHL) list;  Cultural resources reports;  OHPO Online Mapping System (cultural resources GIS database);  Archaeological Atlas of Ohio (Mills 1914);  USGS 7.5-minute and 15-minute series topographic maps;  Sanborn Fire Insurance maps;  Ohio Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) Historic Bridge Inventory; and  Cemetery records.

Previously Documented History/Architecture Resources

There have been no surveys of buildings and structures within the project area and there are no previously recorded above-ground resources in the project area. Surveys that examined above- ground resources have not been conducted within the 1-mile (1.6-km) literature review study radius, despite report titles containing the phrase “cultural resources” rather than just archaeological survey. There is, however, one structure previously recorded on the OHI: ATH- 633-2, the E. M. Poston Generating Station, a vernacular energy facility constructed in 1949 and demolished ca. 1990 based on information on the site form and a review of recent aerial photographs (Figure 9).

Previously Documented Archaeological Resources

Mills’ (1914) Archaeological Atlas of Ohio A review of Mills’ Archaeological Atlas of Ohio (1914) shows that 77 prehistoric sites were documented in Athens County: 63 mounds, 12 enclosures, and two village sites. Of the 77 prehistoric sites in Athens County identified by Mills, only one mound was located in York Township.

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Figure 9. One-mile (1.6-km) literature review study area

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Note that sites recorded by Mills (1914) were not professionally documented and the locations of many remain unconfirmed. Surface evidence of sites recorded by Mills, particularly mounds and earthworks, may have been erased by historical Euro-American farming practices and development. While Mills’ spatial data is less than perfect, care should be taken in areas where Mills has reported prehistoric remains, as subsurface signatures, such as the base of earthwork walls or the footprint of a mound, may still exist. Mills’ data also provides general information on the intensity with which prehistoric peoples utilized certain landforms. The floodplain and terraces of major and minor drainages in Athens County, as well as ridge tops, were intensely used throughout prehistory, particularly in the Hocking River valley. A moderately high density of archaeological remains should therefore be expected anywhere testing is conducted along the major waterways, provided that the area has not been disturbed by historical or modern development.

Previous Surveys and Ohio Archaeological (OAI) Inventory Forms A review at the OHPO of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic maps, cultural resources GIS database, OAI files, NRHP files, and cultural resources reports revealed that no previously identified archaeological sites or previously reported investigations are win the project area (Figure 9). There are, however, three archaeological sites (Table 2) and 14 archaeological surveys compiled as reports that are recorded wholly or partially in the defined literature review study radius. Twelve of the previous investigations were completed in association with proposed transmission line projects while the thirteenth was completed for a proposed water line and the fourteenth for a proposed cell tower. The earliest survey in the area was not compiled into a report of findings; Nancy Wilson from the University of Michigan completed a survey of portions of the Hocking Valley in 1973. Wilson’s field records were later used to complete OAI forms for identified sites, one of which was 33AT485. Little is reported on this site other than that it has a temporally unaffiliated prehistoric component as well as an undetermined historic component and appears to be located on the floodplain and terrace of Hamley Run just west of the waterway’s confluence with the Hocking River. The next professional, and reported, survey in the search radius was completed by the Ohio Historical Society in 1976 on behalf of Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric Company. Although numerous archaeological sites were identified as part of this early survey, none of the sites are within the search radius (Otto 1976). Otto’s survey, however, initiated a nearly 40-year period in which 11 other surveys, all completed by Weller and Associates (Weller 2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d, 2017e, 2017f, 2017g; Zink and Weller 2013), were conducted in association with transmission line and upgrade projects that originated at the AEP Poston Station adjacent to the Bill Theisen Industrial Park area. Only one of the 11 surveys by Weller and Associates identified an archaeological site: 33AT1036, identified by Zink and Weller (2013). Site 33AT1036 represents three temporally non-diagnostic lithic artifacts found eroding from the side of a roadway. The site was recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP. Other surveys in the search radius include the small 2003 cell tower survey completed by ERM, Inc. (Payette 2003) and a 52-mile long water line corridor survey by BHE Environmental, Inc. (Leary and Bergman 2007). Only the survey by ERM, Inc. recorded an archaeological site within the search radius. Payette’s survey identified an isolated prehistoric artifact that was assigned the site number 33AT959.

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Table 2. Previously identified archaeological sites within the 1-mile (1.6-km) radius study area recorded on the OAI

Site Site Site Temporal Common Site Type Landform Dimensions: Dimensions: NRHP Status Identifier Period Name Feet2 Meters2 Prehistoric: Hartman Floodplain of 33AT0485 Temporally Unknown Not recorded Not recorded Not assessed Gas Hocking River Unassigned Prehistoric: Ridgetop/Hill Recommended 33AT0959 Temporally Isolate n/a 10.7 1 slope not eligible Unassigned Prehistoric: Recommended 33AT1036 Unknown n/a Saddle 129.2 12 Archaic not eligible

Cemetery Records

A review of the Ohio Genealogical Society’s (OGS) publication Ohio Cemeteries: 1803–2003 (Troutman 2003) indicated that there are no previously recorded cemeteries within the project area. However, there is one previously recorded cemetery within a 1-mile (1.6-km) radius of the project area, as depicted in Figure 9. The previously recorded cemetery is the Perry Cemetery (OGS# 724).

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RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Research Goals

The primary research goal for this investigation is to determine the presence or absence of cultural resources, whether below-ground archaeological sites within the defined project area, or above- ground resources within visual range of the project area. If above ground resources are present, then a secondary goal is to collect enough historical and structural information to allow an evaluation of integrity and NRHP significance. If archaeological sites are present, then a secondary research goal is to attempt to understand why the sites are located where they are and what function they performed in the past, in order to relate them to wider regional cultural contexts. Addressing these research goals allows Commonwealth staff to make recommendations on site eligibility for the NRHP, the criteria for which are described below.

Criteria for the National Register of Historic Places National Register Criteria (Advisory Council for Historic Preservation [ACHP] 1998): To be eligible for the NRHP, a property must possess the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association; and it must: (A) be associated with events that have made significant contributions to the broad patterns of our history; or, (B) be associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or, (C) embody the distinctive characteristics of type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or, (D) have yielded, or be likely to yield, information important to prehistory or history.

To be included in the NRHP, a property must meet one of the criteria for evaluation and must possess integrity. Integrity may be defined as the authenticity of a property’s historic identity as demonstrated by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during the historical or prehistoric period of the property, and is defined here as a characteristic of a property that both renders it significant to modern cultural groups and is representative enough of its historic quality so that a person from the represented period would theoretically be able to recognize its value as it exists today. To retain historic integrity, a property will always exhibit several, if not all, of seven necessary aspects: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. A property that has retained the physical characteristics that it possessed in the past has the capacity to convey associations with historic patterns or persons, architectural or engineering design and technology, or information about a culture or people (Andrus 1997). Archaeological sites are typically evaluated under Criterion D, whereas history/architecture properties are usually assessed under Criteria A, B, and C; however, all of these criteria can be

20 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Bill Theisen Industrial Park, Athens County, Ohio applied to both archaeological and architectural properties. Integrity of archaeological sites is based upon the site’s potential to yield specific data that may be addressed by vital research questions. Spatial relationships of deposits at archaeological sites may be altered by cultural processes (farming, development) and natural processes (erosion, plant, and animal disturbance), which affect the integrity of these sites. For example, sites that possess a high density of artifacts but are highly disturbed are considered to have low integrity. Archaeological integrity is typically considered in two ways: the physical condition of a site and the utility of the site in addressing important research questions (its information potential). The physical integrity of an archaeological site is measured through the degree of disturbance that has occurred at the site since the time of the primary deposition of the artifacts. Artifacts that are no longer in their primary context of deposition often retain little information that could be useful in answering research questions. In terms of the information potential of a site, the integrity of a site can be measured through its visibility and focus. Hardesty and Little (2000:46) define visibility as “the relative abundance of material remains. It is the extent to which the physical remains of a historic property have survived and are observable today.” They define focus as “the degree to which the physical remains are readable or interpretable and can be linked to the historic property” (Hardesty and Little 2000:46). Sites with very small assemblages that lack diversity in terms of artifact classes are usually considered low in visibility. The degree of disturbance at a site will affect focus. Sites with secondary artifact deposits or multiple temporally vague occupations mixed in a plow zone would be considered to lack focus. Isolated find spots of a single artifact or very few artifacts lack both visibility and focus, as very low densities of artifacts found in a very small area can be difficult to interpret in terms of function and association. As most archaeological sites are evaluated for NRHP eligibility under Criterion D, the visibility of a site is not as important as its degree of focus (Hardesty and Little 2000:46). If sites are difficult to interpret due to a lack of visibility and focus, then the sites may not be considered useful for adding significant knowledge to a region’s archaeological record. However, if a site has good focus but lacks visibility, the site could still be considered important in understanding an area’s archaeological record.

Field Methods

The project area was identified in the field through the use of images included in the July 24, 2018 Request for Proposals for Third Party Engineering Consultant Select Due Diligence Studies issued by JobsOhio. The project area boundary was digitized and downloaded into a global positioning system (GPS) unit to assist the field crew in accurately delineating the survey area. Prior to beginning the archaeological survey, the project area was photo-documented and assessed for the appropriate survey method, given the existing ground surface conditions and indications of disturbance. Based on preliminary site research and existing ground conditions, it was determined that the project area should initially be investigated with soil probes to confirm the previous disturbance. Soil probe samples were taken with an Oakfield 1.9-centimeter (0.75- in) soil probe. Shovel test units were to be excavated if areas of undisturbed soils exhibiting a natural soil profile were identified through soil probing. Above-ground structures were photo-documented from public right-of-way and from within the project area with basic notes taken on the type of structure and observable building materials.

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Archaeology Laboratory Methods

No artifacts were recovered as a result of this investigation, so a discussion of analytical methods has been excluded from this report.

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SURVEY RESULTS

Project Area Description

The project area consists of an undeveloped meadow-like area with patches of disturbance and standing water (Figure 10). Ground cover is predominately grasses, as shown in Figure 11. The ground surface in areas that did not have standing water is hummocky with patches of tall grasses surrounded by moss. Soils appeared to be saturated even in areas without standing water. Eight individual areas with standing water contain wetland plant species such as cattails, willow saplings, and reeds.

Three distinct areas of visible disturbance were documented. The southern edge of the project area along Poston Road (CR 110) has areas of rock and asphalt on the surface, likely the remnants of a former driveway. The western edge of the project area along Industrial Park Drive contains electric transmission line poles and a man-made ditch (Figure 12–Figure 13). A storm water grate and a concrete drainage structure are located in the northwest corner of the project area (Figure 14). In addition, the remnants of a former roadway extend east from Industrial Park Drive. A ditch and natural gas pipeline border the entire northern edge of the project area (Figure 15). Additional project photos can be found in Appendix A.

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Figure 10. Locations of visible disturbance, wet areas, and soil probes in project area

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Figure 11. Overview of project area from location of soil probe 12 showing predominate ground cover, looking southwest

Figure 12. Overview of utility disturbance along west edge of project area, looking south from northwest corner

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Figure 13. Electric transmission line poles along west side of project area, looking northeast

Figure 14. Storm water grate and concrete drainage structure in northwest corner of project area, looking southeast

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Figure 15. Overview of ditch and natural gas pipeline along northern edge of project area, looking southwest

Archaeological Results

Seventeen soil probes were placed across the entire project area to verify previous disturbance (Figure 10). Soil probes were not located in utility corridors, areas with obvious ground disturbance such as ditches and sewer grates, or in areas with standing water. All seventeen soil probes exhibited mottled fill soils, such as shown in Figure 16, which is indicative of mixed soil horizons caused by cutting, filling, and grading activities. Additional soil probe photos can be found in Appendix A. Table 3 presents a summary of the soils present in the probes. No cultural materials were observed in the soil probes apart from random small fragments of brick and asphalt.

Because of the archival results indicating previous disturbance and verification of disturbance through visual inspection and soil probing, excavation of shovel test units was deemed to be unnecessary; the likelihood of finding archaeological remains in a primary context is extremely low.

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Figure 16. Soil Probe 1 showing mottled soils

Table 3. Summary of soil probe results

Probe Total depth Depth to Number (cm) Subsoil Notes 1 20 3 Hydric fill 2 9 N/A Fill with asphalt 3 10 2 Fill 4 13 2 Fill 5 12 2 Fill 6 15 2 Fill 7 11 2 Fill 8 17 2 Fill 9 24 2 Fill 10 19 7 Fill with asphalt 11 18 2 Fill with asphalt and brick fragment 12 13 2 Hydric fill 13 15 N/A Hydric fill 14 20 8 Hydric fill with ashy inclusions 15 18 1.5 Hydric fill 16 20 N/A Hydric fill 17 17 3.5 Fill with asphalt

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History/Architecture Results

There are no extant structures within the project area. There are, however, a minimum of ten structures immediately adjacent to the project area that, if determined historic or eligible for listing on the NRHP, could have their viewsheds impacted. All ten of the structures inspected are simple industrial structures constructed after 1970. Figure 17–Figure 22 show overview photos of these ten structures, beginning on the east side of the project area and moving clockwise to end with the structures to the northeast of the project area. Additional photos of structures can be found in Appendix A.

Figure 17. Structures to east of project area, looking east

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Figure 18. Structure to southeast of project area, looking south

Figure 19. Structure to southwest of project area, looking southwest

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Figure 20. Structures to west of project area, looking west

Figure 21. Structures to northeast of project area, looking north-northeast

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Figure 22. Structures to the far northeast of the project area, looking north

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CONCLUSION

Commonwealth was engaged by Burgess & Niple, Inc. to perform a Phase I Cultural Resources Survey as one step in the process of having the project area certified for development under the JobsOhio Site Certification Program. Although there is no federal undertaking at the present time, the JobsOhio Site Certification Program offers property owners and potential developers a site where environmental risks are already known. The cultural resources survey, therefore, was conducted as if it was being conducted under Section 106 of the NHPA The purpose of this survey was twofold: to identify cultural resources within the project area, and to evaluate the eligibility of these resources for inclusion in the NRHP. Archaeological cultural resources are defined as any prehistoric or historical archaeological site, while historical cultural resources include aspects of the built environment, including buildings, structures, and landscape features. The literature review revealed that there have been no cultural resources surveys or previously identified cultural resources in the project area. Numerous cultural resources surveys, three previously recorded archaeological sites and one previously recorded structure were identified in the 1-mile (1.6-km) search radius around the project area. After completing the literature review, Commonwealth staff investigated the project area on April 24, 2019. Visual inspection and soil probes confirmed that the entire project area had been previously disturbed as indicated by the mapped soils and review of archival imagery. Commonwealth staff also inspected ten structures immediately adjacent to the project area and found that none were greater than 50 years of age. Because of the degree of previous ground disturbance in the project area and the absence of any NRHP-eligible above-ground resource in or adjacent to the project area, Commonwealth staff recommend that no further cultural resources work is necessary for compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA or for the JobsOhio Site Certification program.

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REFERENCES CITED

Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) 1998 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Andrus, P. W. 1997 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin No. 15, revised edition, edited by R. H. Simpson. Interagency Resources Division, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Brockman, C. S. 1998 Physiographic Regions of Ohio (Map). Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geologic Survey, Columbus.

Centennial Atlas Association 1905 The Centennial Atlas of Athens County, Ohio. Centennial Atlas Association, Athens, Ohio.

Daniel, Robert L. 1997 Athens, Ohio: The Village Years. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio.

DATAUSA 2019 Athens County, Ohio entry. Accessed April 24, 2019. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/athens-county-oh/#about.

Dean, T. W., and W. D. Speas 2001 Along the Ohio Trail: A Short History of Ohio Lands. Published by Jim Petro, Auditor of State, State of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio.

Drooker, Penelope B. 1997 The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.

Hardesty, Donald L., and Barbara J. Little 2000 Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California.

Howe, Henry 1888 Historical Collections of Ohio, vol. 1. Laning Printing Company, Ohio.

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Hunter, W. A. 1978 History of the Ohio Valley. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15 – The Northeast, edited by B. Trigger, pp. 588–594. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Knepper, George W. 1997 Ohio and Its People. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.

Lake, D. J. 1875 Atlas of Athens County Ohio. Titus, Simmons, and Titus, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Leary, Christopher G, and Christopher A. Bergman 2007 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of ca. 52 miles of Waterline Corridor for the LE- AX Water District's Hocking Expansion in Hocking and Athens Counties, Ohio. Submitted by BHE Environmental. Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. Submitted to Mara Engineering, Inc., Logan, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 17611.

Martzolff, Clement L. 1916 A Brief History of Athens County, Ohio. Published by Clement L. Martzolff, Athens, Ohio.

Mills, William C. 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.

Ohio Township Association 2019 Township Population by County, 2010 Census Data. PDF. Accessed April 25, 2019. https://ohiotownships.org/sites/default/files/pop%20by%20county%202010.pdf

Otto, Martha Potter 1976 An Archaeological Survey of the Poston-Kirk Transmission Line. Submitted by The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric Company, Columbus, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 11820.

Payette, Jacquie 2003 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey of OH Hamley Run Project Area, Poston Station Road, The Plains, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Environmental Resources Management, Inc. (ERM), Cleveland, Ohio. Submitted to ALLTEL Communications, Inc. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 16161.

Troutman, K. Roger (editor) 2003 Ohio Cemeteries: 1803–2003. The Ohio Genealogical Society, Mansfield, Ohio.

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United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA- NRCS) 2019 Official Soil Series Descriptions. Accessed April 23, 2019. https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdname.aspx

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA-SCS] 1981 Soil Survey of Athens County, Ohio. USDA-SCS, Washington D.C.

Walker, Charles M. 1869 History of Athens County, Ohio, and Incidentally of the Ohio Land Company and the First Settlement of the State at Marietta, with Personal and Biographical Sketches of the Early Settlers, Narratives of Pioneer Adventures, etc. R. Clarke & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Weller, Ryan J. 2016a Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Approximately 1.57 ha (3.89 ac) Lemaster 138kV Station Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20321.

2016b Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations (with Addendum) for the Approximately 8.9 ha (22 ac) Lemaster 138kV Station Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20355.

2016c Phase I Archaeological Investigations for the 30.6 km (19 mi) of the Poston-Good Hope 138 kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project in Hocking and Athens Counties, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20409.

2017a Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Approximately 596 m (1,954 ft) Long Poston-West Lancaster 138kV Reroute Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20428.

2017b Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Lemaster-Lick 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20528.

2017c Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Lemaster-West

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Lancaster 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20529.

2017d Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Lemaster-Strouds Run 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20530.

2017e Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Lemaster-Rosewood 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20531.

2017f Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations (with Addendum) for the Lemaster-Ross 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20532.

2017g Phase I Cultural Resource Management Investigations for the Poston-Harrison 138kV Transmission Line Relocation Project in York Township, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Gahanna, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 20533.

Zink, Justin, and Ryan J. Weller 2013 Phase I Cultural Resource Management Survey for American Electric Power's 5.0 km (3.1mi) Poston-Rosewood 138 kV Line Project in Athens, Dover, and York Townships, Athens County, Ohio. Submitted by Weller & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. Submitted to American Electric Power, Columbus, Ohio. On file at the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus, Ohio. NADB# 19074.

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APPENDIX A.

PROJECT PHOTOGRAPHS WITH PHOTO KEY MAP

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LIST OF PHOTO KEY MAPS

Photo Key 1. Map showing the locations of project photographs superimposed on a recent aerial ...... 43

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo 1. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking south ...... 44

Photo 2. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking southeast ...... 44

Photo 3. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking east ...... 45

Photo 4. Soil probe 1 ...... 45

Photo 5. Concrete drainage structure, drainage grate, and power poles, looking southeast ...... 46

Photo 6. Soil probe 2 ...... 46

Photo 7. Project overview from south of location of soil probe 2 at western entrance off Industrial Park Drive, looking west ...... 47

Photo 8. Project overview from location south of soil probe 2 at western entrance off Industrial Park Drive, looking northwest ...... 47

Photo 9. Soil probe 3 ...... 48

Photo 10. Project overview from location of soil probe 3, looking west-northwest ...... 48

Photo 11. Soil probe 4 ...... 49

Photo 12. Project overview from location of soil probe 4, looking north ...... 49

Photo 13. Soil probe 5 ...... 50

Photo 14. Project overview from location of soil probe 5 showing asphalt and rock under turf, looking south ...... 50

Photo 15. Soil probe 6 ...... 51

Photo 16. Project overview from location of soil probe 6, looking west ...... 51

Photo 17. Soil probe 7 ...... 52

Photo 18. Project overview from location of soil probe 7, looking southeast ...... 52

Photo 19. Soil probe 8 ...... 53

Photo 20. Project overview from location of soil probe 8, looking southeast (note cattails on left of photo)...... 53

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Photo 21. Project overview from location of soil probe 8, looking southwest ...... 54

Photo 22. Soil probe 9 ...... 54

Photo 23. Project overview from location of soil probe 9, looking east ...... 55

Photo 24. Soil probe 10 ...... 55

Photo 25. Project overview from location of soil probe 10, looking west ...... 56

Photo 26. Soil probe 11 ...... 56

Photo 27. Soil probe 12 ...... 57

Photo 28. Project overview from location of soil probe 12, looking southwest ...... 57

Photo 29. Project overview from location of soil probe 12, looking northeast...... 58

Photo 30. Soil probe 13 ...... 58

Photo 31. Project overview from location of soil probe 13, looking north ...... 59

Photo 32. Soil probe 14 ...... 59

Photo 33. Project overview from location of soil probe 14, looking south...... 60

Photo 34. Soil probe 15 ...... 60

Photo 35. Project overview from location of soil probe 15, looking north ...... 61

Photo 36. Soil probe 16 ...... 61

Photo 37. Soil probe 17 ...... 62

Photo 38. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking north-northeast ...... 62

Photo 39. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking east ...... 63

Photo 40. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking south...... 63

Photo 41. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking southwest ...... 64

Photo 42. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking west ...... 64

Photo 43. Project overview from northeast corner of project area, looking southwest ...... 65

Photo 44. Project overview from southwest corner of project area, looking northeast ...... 65

Photo 45. Project overview from southwest corner of project area, looking north-northeast ...... 66

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Photo Key 1. Map showing the locations of project photographs superimposed on a recent aerial

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Photo 1. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking south

Photo 2. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking southeast

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Photo 3. Project area overview from northwest corner, looking east

Photo 4. Soil probe 1

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Photo 5. Concrete drainage structure, drainage grate, and power poles, looking southeast

Photo 6. Soil probe 2

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Photo 7. Project overview from south of location of soil probe 2 at western entrance off Industrial Park Drive, looking west

Photo 8. Project overview from location south of soil probe 2 at western entrance off Industrial Park Drive, looking northwest

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Photo 9. Soil probe 3

Photo 10. Project overview from location of soil probe 3, looking west-northwest

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Photo 11. Soil probe 4

Photo 12. Project overview from location of soil probe 4, looking north

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Photo 13. Soil probe 5

Photo 14. Project overview from location of soil probe 5 showing asphalt and rock under turf, looking south

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Photo 15. Soil probe 6

Photo 16. Project overview from location of soil probe 6, looking west

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Photo 17. Soil probe 7

Photo 18. Project overview from location of soil probe 7, looking southeast

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Photo 19. Soil probe 8

Photo 20. Project overview from location of soil probe 8, looking southeast (note cattails on left of photo)

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Photo 21. Project overview from location of soil probe 8, looking southwest

Photo 22. Soil probe 9

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Photo 23. Project overview from location of soil probe 9, looking east

Photo 24. Soil probe 10

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Photo 25. Project overview from location of soil probe 10, looking west

Photo 26. Soil probe 11

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Photo 27. Soil probe 12

Photo 28. Project overview from location of soil probe 12, looking southwest

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Photo 29. Project overview from location of soil probe 12, looking northeast

Photo 30. Soil probe 13

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Photo 31. Project overview from location of soil probe 13, looking north

Photo 32. Soil probe 14

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Photo 33. Project overview from location of soil probe 14, looking south

Photo 34. Soil probe 15

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Photo 35. Project overview from location of soil probe 15, looking north

Photo 36. Soil probe 16

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Photo 37. Soil probe 17

Photo 38. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking north-northeast

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Photo 39. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking east

Photo 40. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking south

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Photo 41. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking southwest

Photo 42. Project overview from location of soil probe 17, looking west

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Photo 43. Project overview from northeast corner of project area, looking southwest

Photo 44. Project overview from southwest corner of project area, looking northeast

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Photo 45. Project overview from southwest corner of project area, looking north-northeast

66